People v. Grant ( 2019 )

2019 IL App (3d) 170185
Opinion filed July 11, 2019
_____________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
THIRD DISTRICT
2019
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
ILLINOIS, ) of the 10th Judicial Circuit,
) Peoria County, Illinois.
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
) Appeal No. 3-17-0185
v. ) Circuit No. 16-CF-264
)
WILLIAM GRANT, ) The Honorable
) John P. Vespa,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.
____________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE CARTER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Schmidt and Justice Lytton concurred in the judgment and opinion.
_____________________________________________________________________________
OPINION
¶1 After a jury trial, defendant, William Grant, was convicted of home invasion (720 ILCS
5/19-6(a)(1) (West 2016)) and was sentenced to 24 years in prison. Defendant appeals his
conviction and sentence, arguing that the trial court erred in (1) granting the State’s midtrial
request to remove the lone African American juror from the jury for cause and (2) considering a
fact inherent in the crime of which defendant was convicted as a factor in aggravation in
defendant’s sentencing. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 In April 2016, defendant, who is African American, was charged with home invasion
(two counts), attempted aggravated criminal sexual assault, and certain other related offenses for
allegedly breaking into a home in Peoria, Illinois, and attempting to sexually assault a person
who was staying at the residence. Four months later, in August 2016, defendant’s case proceeded
to a jury trial. The jury was selected with one African American juror, Juror B., on the jury.
¶4 Following opening statements, outside the presence of the jury, the trial court noted that
two of the jurors were starting to fall asleep. The trial court stated:
“Okay. I’m gonna make a record of this then too. It’s 10:00 in the
morning. At 9:40, less than one half an hour of—of time being on the—being in
the jury box I noticed a juror starting to nod off, starting to fall asleep, and I told
the lawyers about it, indicated which juror it is, and it is Juror [B.].
And I see his eyelids going more and more towards closing, and as—as
that’s happening, his head starts lowering. That whole thing is only maybe five
seconds, and I cannot say that he ever fell asleep.
And, in fact, I don’t think he did ever fall asleep, but I’m thinking at 9:30
in the morning he’s like that, it worries me then about his ability to stay awake the
entire morning.
And by the way, the juror sitting right in front [Juror C.] was doing the
same thing, but nowhere near as much as [Juror B.] so I’m gonna be keeping my
eye on—on both of them.”
¶5 After the testimony of the State’s first witness, the alleged victim of the attempted sexual
assault, the trial court took a recess. Outside the presence of the jury, the prosecutor informed the
trial court that he had asked a victim witness advocate who was employed by the Peoria County
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State’s Attorney’s Office to watch Juror B. during the victim’s testimony. According to the
prosecutor, the advocate indicated that Juror B. was sleeping for a large and significant portion
of the victim’s testimony. The trial court stated that it had been “keeping an eye” on Juror B.
during the testimony but it had not noticed him sleeping. The advocate told the trial court that
Juror B. was nodding off and that he had lowered his head down and jolted awake during the
testimony. The advocate stated further that Juror B.’s tablet had slid off his lap onto the floor two
or three times and had attracted the attention of other jurors. Defendant’s attorney indicated that
he did not see Juror B.’s conduct because he was paying attention to the witness and commented
that, before the trial court considered removing Juror B., it was important for the court to actually
establish that Juror B. was sleeping. The trial court stated repeatedly that it had complete faith in
the advocate’s credibility and noted that there easily could have been times where Juror B. had
done what the advocate claimed but the trial court had not seen it because the trial court was
watching the witness testify a lot of the time and was also watching the lawyers and all of the
jurors. The trial court checked to see if the courtroom security cameras had recorded the
complained-of conduct but was told that the security cameras did not record the jurors. After
some further discussion, the trial court found that Juror B. had been sleeping.
¶6 On the State’s motion and over defendant’s objection, the trial court dismissed Juror B.
from the jury for cause. Defendant moved for a mistrial, and the trial court denied that request. In
denying defendant’s request for a mistrial, the trial court stated that, based upon its own
observations coupled with the observations of the advocate, it had concluded that Juror B. was
sleeping and that it had removed Juror B. from the jury for that reason.
¶7 Defendant reminded the trial court that Juror C. had been falling asleep as well. The trial
court commented that Juror C. “was only doing the eyelids getting heavy thing, nowhere near the
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extent that [Juror B.] was doing” but stated that it was worried about Juror C. and that it was
going to instruct the jurors that they should all stay awake. When the jury was brought back into
the courtroom, the trial court instructed the jurors that it expected the jurors to stay away during
the trial. The trial then proceeded, and defendant was eventually found guilty of home invasion. 1
¶8 A presentence investigation report (PSI) was ordered, and the case was scheduled for a
sentencing hearing. Prior to the sentencing hearing, defendant filed two posttrial motions. One
motion was filed by defense counsel; the other was filed by defendant pro se. In the motions,
defendant (defendant and defense counsel) argued, among other things, that defendant was
denied a fair trial when the trial court granted the State’s motion to remove the lone African
American juror from the jury and that the trial court applied a double standard in doing so. After
a hearing, the trial court denied defendant’s posttrial motions. In doing so, the trial court
commented on Juror B. falling asleep during the trial and stated that there was a big difference in
what the court had observed between Juror B. and any other juror.
¶9 Defendant’s PSI showed that defendant was 48 years old and had a lengthy criminal
history that spanned over 30 years. Defendant had seven prior felony convictions—four for the
Class 4 felony offense of failing to register or to report address change as a sex offender (1998,
2000, 2000, 2002), one for the Class 3 felony offense of failing to report address change as a sex
offender (2009), one for the Class 2 felony offense of aggravated domestic battery (2006), and
one for the Class X felony offense of aggravated criminal sexual assault (1987). Defendant also
had approximately 18 prior misdemeanor convictions (not including traffic offenses), many of
which were for resisting a police officer or correctional employee.
1
Defendant was actually found guilty of two counts of home invasion. A mistrial was declared on
a remaining charge because the jury was unable to reach a verdict on that charge.
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¶ 10 A sentencing hearing was held in December 2016. During the sentencing hearing, the
State recommended to the trial court that defendant be sentenced to the maximum sentence of 30
years in prison because of defendant’s criminal record; the circumstances of the offense
(breaking into a person’s home, holding a knife to a woman’s throat in her own bedroom, and
demanding that the woman take her clothes off); the need to deter others from committing the
same offense; and the need to protect the community from defendant. In addition, the State
suggested to the trial court that defendant’s conduct had threatened serious harm in that the
victim awoke to find defendant on top of her and that defendant had held a knife to the victim’s
throat in her own bedroom. Defense counsel argued that, while defendant had a number of
previous convictions, his record did not warrant the harsh sentence advocated by the State and
asked the court to consider a sentence in the lower portion of the sentencing range. Defense
counsel pointed out to the court that five of defendant’s seven prior felony convictions were for
registration offenses, that defendant’s prior Class X felony conviction was for an offense that
took place a long time ago, and that defendant had already been punished for his prior offenses.
Defense counsel also noted that defendant had obtained his General Education Development
certificate, had a significant work history, and had struggled through some difficulties in his life.
¶ 11 After listening to the arguments of the attorneys, the trial court announced its sentencing
decision. The trial court stated that it found three factors in aggravation: (1) that “defendant’s
conduct caused or threatened serious harm with the holding [of] the knife to the throat *** of the
victim in this case,” (2) that defendant had a history of prior criminal activity, and (3) that the
sentence was necessary to deter others from committing the same crime. The trial court
commented further about defendant’s criminal history, stating:
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“Seven prior felonies is a lot to overlook, to be asked to overlook even if
only figuratively asked that. Seven prior felonies. One is a [sic] aggravated
criminal sexual assault, a Class X. Another is aggravated domestic battery, Class
2. The others are failures to report. I count failures to report. The legislature
counts them and insists that I count them. This [‘]only failures to report,[’] what
do you mean only I would say? Definitely do not rise to the level of an aggravated
domestic battery or a [sic] aggravated criminal sexual assault.”
The trial court ultimately sentenced defendant to 24 years in prison. 2
¶ 12 Defendant filed a motion to reconsider sentence and argued that the sentence imposed
upon him was excessive. A hearing was later held on the motion. When defense counsel finished
his argument on the motion and before the State responded, the trial court commented:
“Sentencing range was six to 30 years. Day-for-day good time applies. I
did not have the option of probation. Defendant had seven prior felony
convictions, just for everybody’s information.”
After the State made its argument on the motion, the trial court announced its ruling—that it was
denying defendant’s motion to reconsider sentence. In doing so, the trial court stated:
“I said what I said between the two lawyers speaking for a reason, laying
out a foundation for my ruling which is to deny the Motion to Reconsider the
Sentence. Six-to-30-year range and you get 24 when you’ve got seven prior
felonies. And the situation I’ve [sic] presented with on file 16 CF 264, the one
that the sentencing was about, looking at my trial notes, and 24 is a fine sentence
that I can easily defend. So Motion to Reconsider is denied.”
2
The trial court imposed sentence on defendant on only one of the two home invasion convictions
(count I) and did not impose sentence upon defendant for the other home invasion conviction (count II).
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¶ 13 Defendant appealed.
¶ 14 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 15 A. Midtrial Removal of Juror for Cause
¶ 16 As his first point of contention on appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred in
granting the State’s midtrial request to remove the lone African American juror from the jury for
cause. Defendant asserts first that the disparate treatment of the lone African American juror
amounted to unconstitutional discrimination that denied defendant equal protection of the law
because the African American juror (Juror B.) was treated differently than the other similarly
situated juror (Juror C.) who was not African American. Second, defendant asserts that he was
denied due process of law when the trial court granted the State undue, outsized influence over
the composition of the jury during defendant’s trial by granting the State’s request to remove
Juror B. from the jury for cause without any factual support and without conducting an inquiry.
According to defendant, there was no independent evidence to support a finding that Juror B. had
fallen asleep or that he had missed any testimony. Defendant also claims that the trial court did
not recognize that it had the discretion to reopen voir dire and conduct an independent
investigation of the State’s allegation of juror misconduct. Instead, defendant maintains, the trial
court essentially delegated its authority to the State and merely adopted the State’s victim
witness advocate’s representations that Juror B. had fallen asleep during the testimony, even
though those representations were contrary to the trial court’s own observations. For all of the
reasons stated, defendant asks that we reverse his conviction and that we remand this case for
further proceedings, presumably a new trial.
¶ 17 The State argues first that defendant has forfeited this claim of error on appeal by failing
to specifically raise it in the trial court. In the alternative, the State argues that the trial court’s
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ruling was proper and should be upheld. As for defendant’s equal protection claim, the State
asserts that the trial court’s ruling did not deprive defendant of equal protection of the law
because Juror B. and Juror C. were not similarly situated, as the trial court noted that Juror B.’s
conduct was far worse than Juror C.’s. Thus, the State contends that Juror B. was properly
dismissed for race-neutral reasons—because he was falling asleep during the presentation of the
evidence. As for defendant’s due process claim, the State asserts that defendant’s claim should
be rejected because it is based upon unsubstantiated statements and selective quotes from the
record. According to the State, a fair reading of the record shows that the trial court exercised its
discretion and made a finding, which is entitled to deference on appeal, that Juror B. was
sleeping during the trial. Thus, the State contends, defendant was not deprived of due process of
the law. For all of the reasons set forth, the State asks that we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
¶ 18 In reply, defendant asserts that he sufficiently raised this claim of error in the trial court
to prevent the issue from being forfeited on appeal. Alternatively, defendant asserts that this
court should reach the issue, nevertheless, as a matter of second-prong plain error.
¶ 19 We need not address plain error because we agree with defendant that he properly
preserved this claim of error for appellate review. See People v. Lovejoy, 235 Ill. 2d 97, 148
(2009) (stating that the issue raised by a litigant on appeal does not have to be identical to the
objection raised at trial and that a court will not find that a claim has been forfeited when it is
clear that the trial court had the opportunity to review essentially that same claim). Even though
defendant may not have specifically referred to equal protection or due process, he raised
essentially the same claims in the trial court when he argued that the trial court erred in granting
the State’s request to remove Juror B. for cause, that the trial court applied an unfair double
standard, and that he was deprived of a fair trial as a result of the trial court’s ruling. We find,
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therefore, that the forfeiture rule does not apply, and we will now address the merits of
defendant’s first claim of error.
¶ 20 The question of whether a defendant was denied equal protection or due process by the
trial court is a question of law that is subject to de novo review on appeal. See People v. Hollins,
366 Ill. App. 3d 533, 538 (2006) (stating that because an equal protection claim is a
constitutional question, the standard of review on appeal is de novo); People v. Williams, 2013 IL
App (1st) 111116, ¶ 75 (stating that whether a defendant’s due process rights have been denied is
an issue of law that is subject to de novo review on appeal). The equal protection clause of the
fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the exclusion of any individual
juror from a jury on account of his or her race. See U.S. Const., amend. XIV; Powers v. Ohio,
499 U.S. 400, 404 (1991); Hollins, 366 Ill. App. at 538. Although a defendant has no right to a
jury composed in whole or in part of persons of his own race, he does have the right to be tried
by a jury whose members are selected using nondiscriminatory criteria. Powers, 499 U.S. at 404.
Because the fourteenth amendment protects an accused throughout the proceedings used to bring
him to justice, the State may not draw up its jury lists pursuant to neutral procedures but then
resort to discrimination in other parts of the selection process. Id. at 409. An equal protection
claim arises when a charge is made that similarly situated individuals were treated differently
without a rational relationship to a legitimate State purpose. Kaltsas v. City of North Chicago,
160 Ill. App. 3d 302, 305-06 (1987). To establish a claim of racial discrimination in jury
selection, a purpose to discriminate must be present, “which may be proven by systematic
exclusion of eligible jury persons of the proscribed race or by unequal application of the law to
such an extent as to show intentional discrimination.” Akins v. Texas, 325 U.S. 398, 403-04
(1945). The burden is on the defendant to establish discrimination. Id. at 400.
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¶ 21 The due process clauses of the United States and Illinois Constitutions protect individuals
from the deprivation of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. U.S. Const., amend.
XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 2; People v. One 1998 GMC, 2011 IL 110236, ¶ 21; People v.
Pollard, 2016 IL App (5th) 130514, ¶ 29. Under the case law, there are two distinct branches of
due process analysis: substantive due process and procedural due process. Pollard, 2016 IL App
(5th) 130514, ¶ 29. When a violation of substantive due process is alleged, such as in the present
case, the appropriate inquiry is whether the individual has been subjected to the arbitrary
exercise of the powers of government, unrestrained by the established principles of private rights
and distributive justice. Id. Substantive due process requires, among other things, that there be an
overall balance—a level playing field—between the prosecution and the defense in a criminal
trial. See United States v. Harbin, 250 F.3d 532, 540 (7th Cir. 2001); Tyson v. Trigg, 50 F.3d
436, 441 (7th Cir. 1995); In re Detention of Kortte, 317 Ill. App. 3d 111, 115-16 (2000).
Substantive due process, however, does not mandate that the rights or advantages granted to the
prosecution and the defense be in absolute symmetry at every stage of a criminal proceeding,
only that the overall total balance between each side be designed to achieve the goal of a fair
trial. See Harbin, 250 F.3d at 540; Tyson, 50 F.3d at 441. Nevertheless, a shift at just one stage
of a criminal trial as to the rights or advantages granted to each side might so skew the balance of
rights or advantages in favor of the prosecution that it deprives the defendant of the right to a fair
trial. See Harbin, 250 F.3d at 540; Tyson, 50 F.3d at 441.
¶ 22 After having reviewed the record in the present case, we find that the trial court did not
deprive defendant of equal protection or due process by granting the State’s midtrial request to
remove Juror B. from the jury for cause. The record clearly shows that a race-neutral reason
existed for the removal of Juror B.—Juror B. had fallen asleep during the presentation of the
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evidence. Although defendant points to Juror C. as a similarly situated juror who was not
removed, the record abundantly shows that Juror B. and Juror C. were not similarly situated. In
fact, the trial court specifically noted that Juror C.’s level of “nodding off” was nowhere near as
bad as Juror B.’s. Furthermore, we are not persuaded by defendant’s suggestion that the trial
court failed to conduct a proper inquiry as to whether Juror B. had fallen asleep during the first
witness’s testimony. The trial court obtained input from the State, the defendant’s attorney, and
the victim advocate; checked to determine whether the jurors’ actions had been recorded by the
security cameras; and considered its own observations before ultimately making a specific
finding that Juror B. had fallen asleep during the testimony of the witness. Contrary to
defendant’s assertion on appeal, there is no indication that the trial court was unaware of its
ability to inquire further into the factual circumstances surrounding Juror B.’s conduct during the
trial if the trial court chose to do so. Moreover, the facts in the present case do not in any way
indicate that the trial court gave the State an improper, unfair, or outsized amount of control over
the composition of the jury at any time during the course of the trial. Rather, the facts show that
the trial court was required to make a difficult decision and to remove a juror for cause after that
juror had fallen asleep during an important part of the trial. We, therefore, find defendant’s
argument on this issue to be without merit.
¶ 23 In reaching that conclusion, we note that we are not persuaded that a different result is
mandated by the decisions in Harbin (cited above) or People v. Brown, 2013 IL App (2d)
111228—the two main cases cited by defendant in support of his argument on this issue. Both
Harbin and Brown involved the prosecutions’ midtrial use of a peremptory challenge (see
Harbin, 250 F.3d at 537; Brown, 2013 IL App (2d) 111228, ¶ 1), which is not the situation
before the court in the present case. Indeed, in both of those cases, the courts recognized,
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although somewhat implicitly, that the result might have been different if the juror at issue had
been removed for cause, rather than pursuant to a peremptory challenge. See Harbin, 250 F.3d at
539; Brown, 2013 IL App (2d) 111228, ¶ 31.
¶ 24 B. Possible Consideration of an Improper Factor in Sentencing
¶ 25 As his second point of contention on appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred in
considering a fact inherent in the crime of which defendant was convicted as a factor in
aggravation in defendant’s sentencing. More specifically, defendant asserts that the trial court
improperly found that the threat of force underlying the incident was a factor in aggravation at
sentencing (that the conduct caused or threatened serious harm), even though that fact was an
element of the offense of home invasion. Defendant acknowledges that he did not properly
preserve that claim of error for appellate review but asks that this court review the error,
nevertheless, under the second prong of the plain error doctrine. For all of the reasons stated,
defendant asks that we vacate his sentence and remand this case for a new sentencing hearing.
¶ 26 The State argues that the trial court did not commit plain error in sentencing defendant in
this case and that defendant’s sentence was appropriate based upon the offense and defendant’s
criminal history. In support of that argument, the State asserts first that even though the trial
court mentioned the allegedly improper factor in sentencing defendant, a remand for
resentencing is not required because the record clearly shows that the trial court did not give
significant weight to the improper factor. Second and in the alternative, the State asserts that
although consideration of that factor would be improper in some circumstances, it was not
improper under the circumstances of the present case where the trial court considered the factor
when it was considering the nature and circumstances of the offense and the degree of harm. For
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all the reasons set forth, the State asks that we honor defendant’s forfeiture of this issue and that
we affirm defendant’s sentence.
¶ 27 The plain error doctrine is a very limited and narrow exception to the forfeiture or
procedural default rule that allows a reviewing court to consider unpreserved error if either one
of the following two circumstances is present: (1) a clear or obvious error occurred and the
evidence in the case was so closely balanced that the error alone threatened to tip the scales of
justice against the defendant, regardless of the seriousness of the error, or (2) a clear or obvious
error occurred and the error was so serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant’s trial and
challenged the integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the evidence.
People v. Walker, 232 Ill. 2d 113, 124 (2009); People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565 (2007);
People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 177-87 (2005); Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(a) (eff. Jan. 1, 1967). Under
either prong of the plain error doctrine, the burden of persuasion is on the defendant. Walker, 232
Ill. 2d at 124. If the defendant fails to satisfy that burden, the forfeiture or procedural default of
the issue must be honored. Id. The first step in any plain error analysis is to determine whether an
error occurred. Id. at 124-25. To do so, a reviewing court must conduct a substantive review of
the issue. Id. at 125.
¶ 28 Whether the trial court relied on an improper factor in sentencing a defendant is a
question of law that is subject to de novo review on appeal. People v. Abdelhadi, 2012 IL App
(2d) 111053, ¶ 8. In general, although a trial court has broad discretion when imposing a
sentence, it may not consider a factor that is inherent in the offense of which defendant has been
convicted as an aggravating factor in sentencing defendant for that offense. Id. ¶ 9; People v.
Phelps, 211 Ill. 2d 1, 11-12 (2004). Doing so would constitute an improper double enhancement.
See Phelps, 211 Ill. 2d at 12. The rule prohibiting such double enhancements is based on the
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rationale that the legislature obviously already considered the factors inherent in the offense
when setting the range of penalties for that offense and that it would be improper, therefore, to
consider those factors once again as a justification for imposing a greater penalty. Id. The
defendant bears the burden to establish that a sentence was based on an improper consideration.
Abdelhadi, 2012 IL App (2d) 111053, ¶ 9. On appeal, a reviewing court will not vacate a
sentence that was based upon an improper factor and remand for resentencing if the reviewing
court can determine from the record that the weight placed on the improperly considered
aggravating factor was so insignificant that it did not lead to a greater sentence. See People v.
Heider, 231 Ill. 2d 1, 21 (2008).
¶ 29 In the present case, we need not determine whether the trial court improperly considered
a factor inherent in home invasion when it sentenced defendant for that offense because we find
that, even if the trial court did so, defendant’s sentence should still be affirmed because the
record clearly shows that the trial court gave insignificant weight to that allegedly improper
factor. 3 Although the trial court mentioned the factor as being one of the three factors it was
considering in aggravation, it is clear from the trial court’s comments, especially those that the
trial court made in denying defendant’s motion to reconsider sentence, that the trial court’s focus
on the aggravating factors in sentencing was upon defendant’s criminal history and his prior
3
Although the State agreed that the trial court considered a factor inherent in the offense, we
make no such determination in this case because we have found it unnecessary to do so. We have made
no ruling upon whether the threat of force, which may be an element of home invasion depending on how
the offense is charged, is the same as the factor in aggravation—that defendant’s conduct caused or
threatened serious harm. While not a determinative factor in our decision in this case, we note that our
supreme court has indicated that it is permissible for a trial court to consider the force employed and the
physical manner in which a victim’s death was brought about (but not the end result—the fact of the
victim’s death) in applying the statutory aggravating factor that defendant’s conduct caused serious harm
to the victim when sentencing a defendant for voluntary manslaughter, an offense in which serious bodily
harm was implicit in the offense. See People v. Saldivar, 113 Ill. 2d 256, 271 (1986).
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felony convictions. We, therefore, reject defendant’s argument on this issue and uphold the
sentence imposed.
¶ 30 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 31 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Peoria County.
¶ 32 Affirmed.
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No. 3-17-0185
Cite as: People v. Grant, 2019 IL App (3d) 170185
Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Peoria County, No. 16-CF-264;
the Hon. John P. Vespa, Judge, presiding.
Attorneys James E. Chadd, Peter A. Carusona, and Matthew Lemke, of
for State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Ottawa, for appellant.
Appellant:
Attorneys Jerry Brady, State’s Attorney, of Peoria (Patrick Delfino,
for Thomas D. Arado, and Richard T. Leonard, of State’s Attorneys
Appellee: Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.
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