Three Angels Broadcasting Network v. Department of Revenue ( 2008 )

NO. 5-05-0724
NOTICE
Decision filed 03/31/08. The text of
IN THE
this decision may be changed or
corrected prior to the filing of a
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
Peti tion for Rehearing or th e
disposition of the same.
FIFTH DISTRICT
________________________________________________________________________
THREE ANGELS BROADCASTING NETWORK, ) Appeal from the
INC., ) Circuit Court of
) Franklin County.
Plaintiff-Appellant, )
)
v. ) No. 04-MR-15
)
THE DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE, )
)
Defendant-Appellee )
)
(Thompsonville Community High School District No. )
112 and Thompsonville School District No. 62, )
Intervenors in the Administrative Proceedings, and ) Honorable
Franklin County Board of Review, Intervenors in the ) E. Kyle Vantrease,
Circuit Court Proceedings, Appellees). ) Judge, presiding.
________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE SPOM ER delivered the opinion of the court:
The plaintiff, Three Angels Broadcasting Network, Inc. (TABN), appeals the decision
of the Illinois Department of Revenue (the Department) to deny its application for a property
tax exemption pursuant to sections 15-40 and 15-65 of the Illinois Property Tax Code (the
Code) (35 ILCS 200/15-40, 15-65 (West 2000)). TABN claims that the Department erred,
inter alia, in the following respects: (1) it found that TABN failed to prove that its property
was used exclusively for a religious purpose, without a view to profit, (2) it found that
TABN failed to prove that its property was used exclusively for charitable or beneficent
purposes, without a view to profit, and (3) the administrative law judge (ALJ) refused to
consider certain items of evidence offered by TABN at the hearing on its application for a
property tax exemption. Intervenor Franklin County Board of Review (the Board) raises
TABN's failure to name the Board as a defendant in the proceedings before the circuit court
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as an additional reason to affirm the decision of the Department. For the reasons that follow,
we affirm the decision of the Department.
FACTS
TABN operates a television and radio station that features an array of programming,
including devotional and inspirational shows, as well as programming devoted to music,
cooking, exercise, and a healthy lifestyle, all of which are consistent with the principles of
the Seventh-Day Adventist Church (Adventist). In 2000 and 2001, TABN filed applications
for a religious-use property tax exemption with the Department. The property at issue,
located on a five-acre parcel of land at 3390 Charlie Good Road in Franklin County, consists
of three buildings. The Board recommended denying the applications. TABN requested a
hearing before the Department, and Thompsonville School Districts No. 112 and No. 62 (the
school districts) were permitted to intervene in the proceedings. The 2000 and 2001
applications were consolidated for purposes of a joint administrative hearing.
Prior to the hearing, a subpoena duces tecum and ad testificandum was issued that
required the president of Tri-State Christian TV (Tri-State), an organization located in
Williamson County which TABN claims has the same or similar methods of operation, to
appear at the hearing and produce certain documents. The subpoena ordered that Tri-State
produce all documents evidencing correspondence with the Department of Revenue
regarding its property tax exemption, its state and federal income tax returns for the years
1999 through 2001, and documents reflecting the content of Tri-State's programming.
Thereafter, the Department and the school districts filed a motion to quash the subpoena and
motions in limine seeking the exclusion of, inter alia, any evidence regarding other property
tax exemption decisions made by the Department, including any decisions made regarding
the exemption status of Tri-State. In addition, the motions in limine sought to exclude the
testimony of Ted Wilson or Denis Fortin, who were to testify that the health and lifestyle
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programming produced and aired by TABN promotes a central tenet of the Adventist faith.
On September 17, 2002, the ALJ entered an order granting the motion to quash and the
motions in limine. Although TABN appeals the ALJ's exclusion of the evidence of Tri-
State's property tax exemption status, which it presented as an offer of proof at the hearing
on its application for exemption, it does not appeal the order granting the motion to quash
the subpoena ordering Tri-State's president to appear and produce documents.
At the hearing before the Department, which began on September 23, 2002, TABN
also contended that it should be entitled to a charitable-use property tax exemption. During
the hearing, Danny Shelton testified that he is the president of TABN and that he is an
ordained Adventist elder but is not a minister. TABN was incorporated in 1985 or 1986 as
a general not-for-profit corporation. TABN's articles of incorporation were admitted into
evidence during Mr. Shelton's testimony. According to the articles of incorporation, TABN's
purposes are "exclusively religious, charitable[,] or educational within the meaning of
Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as amended" (26 U.S.C. §501(c)(3)
(2006)). In furtherance of these purposes, the articles of incorporation state that the
corporation may engage in, inter alia, the following activities:
"(a) develop, plan, promote, produce[,] and direct in cooperation with various
religious organizations, all types of religious programming for electronic transmission
for television and radio broadcasting throughout the world.
(b) to [sic] buy, sell, distribute[,] and otherwise acquire or dispose of all kinds
of television and radio apparatus property incidental to or connected with the purpose
of this corporation.
(c) to [sic] develop, plan, promote, produce, direct[,] and distribute recorded
music and video[-]recorded programs to further the purposes of the corporation.
(d) own or operate facilities or own other assets for the public's welfare.
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(e) solicit support for the corporation's activities from the public generally and
through a board of directors.
(f) promote, by donation, loan[,] or otherwise, the interests of any not-for-
profit and federally tax-exempt organizations which are affiliated with the
corporation, the purposes of which are not inconsistent with those of the corporation."
The articles of incorporation also state as follows:
"No part of the net earnings of the corporation shall inure to the benefit of, or
be distributable to, its members, trustees, directors, officers, or other persons, except
that the corporation shall be authorized and empowered to pay reasonable
compensation for services rendered and to make payments and distributions in
furtherance of the purposes set forth herein."
TABN's bylaws were also admitted into evidence. Section 1.4 of the bylaws sets forth
the procedure to be followed upon the dissolution of TABN. This section states as follows:
"In the event of the dissolution of the corporation, the Board of Directors[,]
after paying or making provision for the payment of all of the liabilities of the
corporation, shall distribute, in any proportions considered prudent, all of the assets
of the corporation in such manner, or to such organization or organizations organized
and operated exclusively for charitable, religious, educational[,] or scientific purposes
to benefit the inhabitants of the State of Illinois, and shall at the time qualify as an
exempt organization or organizations under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue
Code of 1954 (or the corresponding provision of any future United States Internal
Revenue Law), as the Board of Directors shall determine. Any such assets not so
disposed of shall be disposed of by a court of competent jurisdiction of the county in
which the principal office of the corporation is then located, exclusively for such
purposes or to such organization or organizations, as said court shall determine, which
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are organized and operated exclusively for such purposes. Such recipient shall be an
organization whose philosophy is in harmony with the principals [sic] and teachings
of the Seventh-Day Adventist Church."
Mr. Shelton testified that from its creation, TABN has been exempt from federal income
taxes and Illinois sales taxes.
Mr. Shelton went on to explain TABN's operations. According to his testimony,
TABN operates a broadcasting network on the subject property that works with satellite
television and radio to broadcast programs to various downlink sites around the world.
TABN produces most of the programs it airs, but it also sells airtime to other organizations.
Mr. Shelton explained that all of the programming produced and broadcasted by TABN
communicates Adventist doctrines. Although there are programs on health-related issues,
such as quitting smoking, abstaining from drugs and alcohol, and lowering cholesterol and
blood pressure, according to Mr. Shelton the messages contained in this health-related
programming communicate a vital tenet of the Adventist faith. TABN's signal can be
received by anyone with a particular kind of satellite system or cable station. It can also be
received by anyone who subscribes to Sky Angel Network, which can be obtained as a
special programming package through the Dish Network satellite system. The Adventist
Church has 14,000 downlink sites with the ability to receive TABN programming. TABN
sells the satellite-receiving equipment necessary to receive its programming, including the
Sky Angel equipment. It also sells the programs it produces, in the form of videotapes and
compact discs (CDs).
During his testimony Mr. Shelton described the buildings at issue. First, TABN's
main facility is the administrative production center. The administrative production center
is approximately 30,000 square feet. This building houses TABN's production studios and
all of its administrative offices. The production studios consist of several sets, a control
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room, extensive production equipment, and editing bays. The administrative offices house
all of the corporate officers, the financial department, the maintenance department, and a
graphics and publishing department. There are also two pastoral offices on the second floor,
where TABN's pastoral staff takes phone calls from people requesting prayer. About 20 feet
from the back of the main building is a construction and maintenance shed, which serves as
a storage facility for sets, as well as the tools and equipment needed to build the sets. The
third building is a call center, where TABN employees answer calls from customers who
order videos, CDs, books, and satellite equipment. The call center also serves as a storage,
shipping, and receiving facility for the various items available for purchase from TABN.
Mr. Shelton explained that TABN's board of directors is made up of 12 Adventists.
One position on the board of directors is reserved for the president of the Illinois Conference
of Adventists. Several board members are current or former ordained Adventist pastors. The
board of directors meets three to five times a year to discuss financial and auditor reports,
as well as to discuss major expansion projects. In 1997, TABN and the General Conference
of Adventists executed a document called "Joint Declaration of Commitment," which was
admitted into evidence. The General Conference oversees the organized Adventist Church
worldwide. Pursuant to the "Joint Declaration of Commitment," TABN commits itself to
offer resources and work in cooperation with the Adventist Church to proclaim the gospel
to the entire world. The Adventist Church commits itself to establish official communication
with and support TABN and to encourage its departments, divisions, and institutions to
utilize the services of TABN for the production and distribution of programming.
According to Mr. Shelton, most of TABN's programming is conducted by members
of the Adventist Church. Mr. Shelton and his wife, Linda Shelton, travel extensively to
Russia, New Guinea, and the Philippines to sing and preach at churches and auditoriums.
In order for them to do this, TABN purchased a private jet for them to use in their travels.
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The Sheltons also produce music CDs that are sold by TABN. The Sheltons do not receive
royalties from the CDs sold by TABN. TABN pays Mr. Shelton an annual salary of
approximately $50,000, as well as medical and dental benefits and a company vehicle.
TABN pays Linda Shelton, who is the vice president of TABN, an annual salary of $45,000,
plus medical and dental benefits.
During his testimony, Mr. Shelton also discussed a couple of projects that TABN
undertook in conjunction with the Adventist Church. In 2000, TABN participated in a
program called "Pentecost 2000" where an Adventist pastor preached in the auditorium from
the subject property and TABN broadcasted the sermon to Adventist churches around the
world at no cost to the Adventist churches. TABN also helped the Adventist Church to
broadcast its general conference session around the world and worked with church
institutions on various overseas projects.
TABN's financial statements for 2000 and 2001 were admitted into evidence. These
financial statements constitute the only evidence TABN provided regarding the amount and
sources of the income generated by TABN's activities on the subject property. TABN
generated more than $14 million in revenue in 2000. Approximately $11 million was
generated from "contributions." In 2000, TABN's use of the subject property generated
approximately $604,000 in "airtime and productions fees," $3 million in "Sky Angel
equipment sales," and $146,000 in "video sales." TABN's total expenses amounted to more
than $13 million, resulting in an increase in net assets of more than $1 million.
With regard to the breakdown of expenses for 2000, the financial statement reflects
that TABN expended almost $2 million for "airtime." However, the financial statement does
not show what portion of that amount can be attributed to the airtime sold to other
organizations and what portion of that amount can be attributed to the airtime occupied by
TABN's own programming. Similarly, the financial statement for 2000 reflects that TABN
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expended almost $3 million in "Sky Angel purchases." However, there is no indication of
how many of the Sky Angel units that TABN purchased in 2000 were actually sold in 2000
and how many remained in TABN's inventory for future sales. In addition, there is no
indication, based on the financial statement for 2000, regarding the amount of expense
incurred by TABN to produce the video and audio recordings sold by TABN.
The information contained in the financial statement for 2001 contains a breakdown
of TABN's revenue and expenses that is almost identical to that contained in the financial
statement for 2000. TABN generated almost $14 million in revenue in 2001. Approximately
$11 million was generated from "contributions," $858,000 from "airtime and production
fees," $619,000 from "satellite sales," and $251,109.82 from "video and other sales."
TABN's expenses totaled almost $12 million, resulting in an increase in net assets of almost
$2 million. Again, although the 2001 financial statement shows expenses for "airtime" and
"satellite purchases," there is no way to determine what portion of these expenses can be
attributed to the revenue generated from the sale of airtime and equipment in 2001. In
addition, there is no indication, based on the financial statement for 2001, regarding the
amount of expense incurred by TABN to produce the video and audio recordings sold by
TABN that year.
Mr. Shelton testified that TABN sometimes gives away, or sells at a reduced price,
airtime, equipment, and media. However, the order forms for each type of media and the
satellite equipment, which were admitted into evidence, contain no place where a reduced
price or giveaway would be indicated. In addition, there is no official policy for determining
a customer's eligibility for free or reduced-cost items. Mr. Shelton decides whether to give
an item away for free or at a reduced price. According to Mr. Shelton's memory, TABN gave
away approximately six satellite systems in 2000 and about the same number in 2001.
Sometimes, pamphlets and books are given away for free. However, no records were
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admitted into evidence regarding the amount of time TABN's facilities were used to print
giveaway literature.
TABN's sales catalog was also admitted into evidence. Episodes of TABN's programs
are available for sale at a price of $22 per 120-minute episode. The sales catalog is extensive
and contains hundreds of programs, which have various prices. There are several parenting
programs, as well as health and lifestyle programs, for sale. In addition, there is a host of
CDs and books for sale at various prices. No evidence was introduced regarding how the
prices of TABN's products are determined.
Larry Ewing testified that he has been the director of finance for TABN since January
2002. The ALJ only allowed Mr. Ewing to testify regarding the year 2001, because he
prepared the documentation to be submitted to the auditor for that year but was not involved
in the preparation of the audit for 2000. Mr. Ewing testified that, in his opinion, TABN
operated consistently with a not-for-profit corporation, with no personal profit benefit
inuring to a private individual.
Alan Lovejoy testified that he conducted an audit of TABN's finances in 2001 and
2002. Mr. Lovejoy testified that based on his audit, TABN operated at a loss on sales both
years. However, on cross-examination, Mr. Lovejoy testified that his audit does not break
down the direct expenses that are related to a line item of revenue. He also gave his opinion
that there were no items in TABN's operations that are inconsistent with its not-for-profit
status. However, as of 2001, TABN had accumulated $42,350,373.94 in total assets, real
estate included, although about $16 million of those assets was tied up in "revocable" trusts.
Dr. Walter Thompson testified that he is the chairman of the board for TABN. He is
a member of the Adventist Church and a physician. He receives no compensation or travel
reimbursement. He is responsible for TABN's health programming. Billy Bishop testified
that he is on the pastoral staff at TABN. He is a licensed Adventist minister. There are four
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pastoral staff members whose duties include answering the phones for prayer calls and
viewing recordings for content. In addition, they conduct 15-minute, private worship
services on the premises once or twice a week.
Kenneth Denslow testified that he is the president of the Illinois Conference of the
Adventist Church and a credentialed, ordained minister. He was on the board of TABN in
2000. He testified that the Adventist Church did pay the costs incurred by TABN to produce
and broadcast the "Pentecost 2000" program to TABN, although TABN did not charge an
additional fee for the use of its facilities and equipment.
Mollie Steenson testified that she is the department coordinator for TABN. She
coordinates the activities of TABN between the call center, marketing, pastoral, construction,
accounting, and master control departments. She leads an in-house morning worship service
daily and has a 15-minute scripture reading program on TABN. She testified that the TABN
videos are not copyrighted and copying is encouraged. The employees at the call center are
not authorized to provide materials to customers for free or at a reduced cost. If a caller
requests an item for free or at a reduced cost, she screens the request and determines if it
seems to be a "worthy" request and then takes the request to Danny Shelton, who has the
ultimate authority to determine whether to grant the request. Mrs. Steenson could not testify
regarding how many of these requests were made and/or granted in 2000 and 2001.
Linda Shelton testified that she is the vice president of TABN. She oversees
production, programming, scheduling, and printing. She also writes TABN's newsletters and
promotional magazines. These go out to a mailing list of 100,000 to 150,000 people and
include miracle stories, testimonies, and devotional thoughts. These materials are free but
also contain advertisements for satellite equipment and other products, as well as order
forms. She also sings on four CDs that were produced at TABN and are sold by TABN. She
does not receive royalties from TABN, but her songs are licensed through a company called
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BMI, which pays her royalties for airplay. The largest royalty check she has received was
in the amount of $20.
Following Linda Shelton's testimony, TABN presented offers of proof to the ALJ
regarding the testimony of Ted Wilson and Denis Fortin, which was excluded by virtue of
the ALJ's rulings on the motions in limine that had been filed jointly by the Department and
the school districts. Ted Wilson is the vice president of the General Conference of
Adventists. He would have testified that all of TABN's programming is of a religious
character and that TABN's operations are substantially similar to Adventist mass
communication activities. Denis Fortin is a doctor of theology and professor at the Adventist
Theological Seminary at Andrews University. He would have testified that health and
temperance issues are part and parcel of the Adventist message and ministry.
TABN also presented an offer of proof regarding evidence it wished to introduce
regarding the Department's treatment of Tri-State as exempt from property taxes, which was
also excluded by virtue of the ALJ's rulings on the motions in limine. TABN's offer of proof
on this issue consisted of several documentary exhibits. These consisted of Department
records showing that Tri-State was granted a property tax exemption effective in 1996. The
exhibits show that the Department made this determination after the W illiamson County
Board of Review declined to make a recommendation and requested that the Department
conduct an expert evaluation and determine whether to grant the exemption. An affidavit of
use filed by Tri-State in conjunction with its application for exemption states as follows:
"[The property for which the exemption was granted] is used as corporate offices and
day[-]to[-]day operations of Tri-State Christian TV, Inc. It will handle all corporate
personnel and the operations of all stations in the Tri-State network." Records from the
Williamson County treasurer show that Tri-State continued to be exempt from property taxes
through 2002.
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TABN's offer of proof also included the affidavit of Danny Shelton, who averred that
he visited Tri-State in 1983 and thereafter and has watched telecasts originating from its
studios between 1983 and 2001. According to Mr. Shelton's affidavit, Tri-State's
programming, as well as its method of producing and airing telecasts, is identical to that of
TABN. Tri-State's programming, like that of TABN, includes gospel music, health and
nutrition recordings, marriage and family programs, sermons, live interviews, and call-in
programs. Mr. Shelton also stated in the affidavit, "[T]he only apparent major distinction
between Tri-State and TABN is that Tri-State aspires to sell books, CDs, tapes, and health-
related formulas by infomercial-type programs with the interviews of individuals urging the
purchase of the selected merchandise, the display of the station's ordering telephone number,
and display of credit cards accepted."
The school districts called only one witness, Cynthia Humm, who is the supervisor
of assessments in Franklin County. Ms. Humm testified that prior to 2000, the subject
property had been assessed as vacant ground. According to her records, the subject property
was assessed in 2000 due to new construction, although she admitted that there had been
buildings on the property many years prior to 2000. She opined that the property must have
been "missed" by the township assessor prior to 2000.
On January 28, 2004, the ALJ entered a 46-page recommendation, which detailed her
findings of fact and conclusions of law. The ALJ concluded that the vast majority of the
property at issue did not qualify for a religious-use or charitable-use property tax exemption.
The ALJ recommended that the subject property remain on the tax rolls for the 2000 and
2001 assessment years, except for the two pastoral offices located on the second floor of the
administrative production center building and a corresponding amount of land. The ALJ
recommended that area be granted a property tax exemption based on its use for religious
purposes without a view to profit. Subsequently, the ALJ denied TABN's motion to
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reconsider. On April 7, 2004, the Department issued a notice of decision that adopted the
ALJ's recommendation.
On May 11, 2004, TABN filed a complaint for administrative review in the circuit
court of Franklin County, naming the Department and the school districts as defendants. The
Board filed a special and limited appearance and a motion to dismiss the complaint for a lack
of jurisdiction because TABN failed to name the Board as a defendant. The other defendants
joined in the Board's motion. After briefing by all the parties, the circuit court entered an
order on August 20, 2004, denying the motion to dismiss. The Board subsequently filed a
motion for the entry of an order pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308(a) (155 Ill. 2d
R. 308(a)) and an alternative motion for leave to intervene pursuant to section 2-408 of the
Illinois Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-408 (West 2004)). The circuit court denied
the motion for a finding pursuant to Rule 308(a) but granted the alternative motion for leave
to intervene. As an intervenor, the Board was permitted to participate in all the proceedings
before the circuit court and before this court.
On March 8, 2005, TABN filed its brief in support of its complaint for administrative
review in the circuit court. In the "Statement of the Case" section of its brief in the circuit
court, TABN discussed the ALJ's exclusion of the testimony of Ted Wilson and Denis Fortin,
as well as the exclusion of the evidence of Tri-State's exemption status. With regard to the
exclusion of evidence regarding Tri-State's exemption status, TABN argued that the case
relied on by the ALJ to support her ruling was inapposite. However, the argument section
of TABN's brief in the trial court contained no discussion of the legal sufficiency of the
constitutional challenges TABN had intended to make before the Department had the
evidence been allowed.
After all the parties submitted written briefs, the circuit court entered its order on
November 29, 2005. After noting that the parties agreed that the case involves a mixed
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question of law and fact, the circuit court concluded that the Department's decision was not
clearly erroneous. Further, the circuit court found that the testimony of Ted Wilson and
Denis Fortin was properly excluded as irrelevant. Finally, the circuit court found that
although TABN argued that the evidence regarding Tri-State's exemption status should have
been admitted as relevant to a constitutional claim, TABN failed to cite any authority in
support of that claim. Accordingly, the circuit court affirmed the decision of the Department.
On December 21, 2005, TABN filed a timely notice of appeal.
ANALYSIS
1. Joinder
As a preliminary matter, we note that the Board argues on appeal that the circuit court
lacked subject matter jurisdiction over TABN's complaint for administrative review because
TABN failed to comply with the joinder provision of the Administrative Review Law
(Review Law) (735 ILCS 5/3-107(a) (West 2004)) and that the Department's decision should
be affirmed on that basis. Because this is a purely legal issue, our standard of review is de
novo. See Collinsville Community Unit School District No. 10 v. Regional Board of School
Trustees of St. Clair County, 218 Ill. 2d 175, 181 (2006). Section 3-107(a) of the Review
Law provides, in relevant part, as follows:
"[I]n any action to review any final decision of an administrative agency, the
administrative agency and all persons, other than the plaintiff, who were parties of
record to the proceedings before the administrative agency shall be made defendants."
735 ILCS 5/3-107(a) (West 2004).
Although not jurisdictional, the joinder requirements of the Review Law are
mandatory, and the failure to comply with those requirements mandates a dismissal of the
review proceeding. Collinsville Community Unit School District No. 10, 218 Ill. 2d at 183.
We have previously interpreted the joinder provision and found as follows:
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"[T]he plain language of this section *** makes clear that the terms 'administrative
agency' and 'parties of record' are not coterminous. Accordingly, both the
administrative agency that rendered the decision sought to be reviewed and the parties
of record to the proceedings before that administrative agency must be named as
defendants in an administrative review action." Jones v. Cahokia Unit School District
No. 187, 363 Ill. App. 3d 939, 942 (2006).
Here, the Department is the administrative agency that rendered the decision sought
to be reviewed. It is the Department that finally determines "whether the property is legally
liable to taxation." 35 ILCS 200/16-70 (West 2000). Accordingly, the Board was only
required to be joined as a defendant if it was a party of record to the proceedings before the
Department. However, we need not determine whether the Board was, in fact, a party of
record to the proceedings before the Department. This is because section 3-107(a) of the
Review Law further provides as follows:
"If, during the course of a review action, the court determines that a party of
record to the administrative proceedings was not made a defendant as required by the
preceding paragraph, and only if that party was not named by the administrative
agency in its final order as a party of record, then the court shall grant the plaintiff 21
days from the date of the determination in which to name and serve the unnamed
party as a defendant. The court shall permit the newly served defendant to participate
in the proceedings to the extent the interests of justice may require." 735 ILCS 5/3-
107(a) (W est 2004).
We find persuasive our colleagues' conclusion in Villa Retirement Apartments, Inc.
v. Property Tax Appeal Board, 302 Ill. App. 3d 745, 751-52 (1999), that "the only way to
give effect to the language of section[] 3-107(a) *** of the [Review Law] is to give an
appellant the opportunity to name and serve an absent party of record unless the final order
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explicitly states that the party is a party of record." (Emphasis added.) Here, the
Department's order contains no such explicit statement. The only reference to the Board is
contained in the ALJ's recommendation, which is adopted by the Department in its final
order and attached thereto. The reference to the Board is contained in the section entitled
"Findings of Fact," which states, "The Board of Review of Franklin County recommended
denying the requests." Accordingly, irrespective of whether or not the Board was actually
a party of record to the proceedings before the administrative agency, TABN would be
entitled to amend its complaint to name the Board as a defendant. Because TABN was
entitled to amend its complaint to name and serve the Board and the Board was permitted to
participate in the proceedings as an intervenor in the circuit court, this appeal will not be
dismissed for TABN's failure to name the Board as a defendant. See Villa Retirement
Apartments, Inc., 302 Ill. App. 3d at 752.
2. Property Tax Exemption
a. Standard of Review
TABN argues that the Department erred when it denied its application for a property
tax exemption pursuant to sections 15-40 and 15-65 of the Code (35 ILCS 200/15-40, 15-65
(West 2000)) for the years 2000 and 2001. Before reaching the merits of TABN's arguments,
we must determine the appropriate standard of review. "On appeal from the circuit court's
order affirming a final administrative decision, this court reviews the administrative agency's
decision and not the circuit court's determination." Calvary Baptist Church of Tilton v.
Department of Revenue, 349 Ill. App. 3d 325, 330 (2004). The Code provides that judicial
review of the Department's decisions be in accordance with the Review Law. 35 ILCS
200/8-40 (West 2006).
Pursuant to the Review Law, judicial review of an agency decision "shall extend to
all questions of law and fact presented by the entire record before the court." 735 ILCS 5/3-
16
110 (West 2006). The amount of deference given to the agency on review depends on
whether the issue presented is a question of fact, a question of law, or a mixed question of
law and fact. Elementary School District 159 v. Schiller, 221 Ill. 2d 130, 142 (2006).
"Where resolution of the case requires determining the legal effect of a given set of facts, the
agency's determination should be affirmed unless clearly erroneous." Calvary Baptist
Church of Tilton, 349 Ill. App. 3d at 330. Here, like in Calvary Baptist Church of Tilton,
TABN claims that certain uses of the property at issue are exempt from taxation and the
Department disagrees. 349 Ill. App. 3d at 330. However, the determinative facts, i.e., the
actual uses to which the subject property was put, are not in dispute. See Calvary Baptist
Church of Tilton, 349 Ill. App. 3d at 330. In fact, the only evidence regarding the use of the
property was presented by TABN . The Department put on no evidence to refute that
presented by TABN. The issue is whether, given the undisputed facts presented, TABN is
entitled to a religious-use or charitable-use property tax exemption. See Calvary Baptist
Church of Tilton, 349 Ill. App. 3d at 330. Accordingly, we will only reverse the decision of
the Department to deny the exemptions if that decision was clearly erroneous.
When reviewing an agency's conclusion on a mixed question of law and fact for clear
error, we give significant deference to the "agency's experience in construing and applying
the statutes that it administers." Elementary School District 159, 221 Ill. 2d at 143. An
agency's decision will be deemed clearly erroneous " ' "only where the reviewing court, on
the entire record, is 'left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been
committed.' " ' " Elementary School District 159, 221 Ill. 2d at 143 (quoting Comprehensive
Community Solutions, Inc. v. Rockford School District No. 205, 216 Ill. 2d 455, 472 (2005)
(quoting AFM Messenger Service, Inc. v. Department of Employment Security, 198 Ill. 2d
380, 395 (2001) (quoting United States v. United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395, 92
L. Ed. 746, 766, 68 S. Ct. 525, 542 (1948)))).
17
Generally, article IX of the 1970 Illinois Constitution subjects all real property to
taxation. Ill. Const. 1970, art. IX; Eden Retirement Center, Inc. v. Department of Revenue,
213 Ill. 2d 273, 285 (2004).
"Section 6 of article IX of the 1970 Illinois Constitution permits the legislature
to exempt certain property from taxation:
'The General Assembly by law may exempt from taxation only the
property of the State, units of local government[,] and school districts and
property used exclusively for agricultural and horticultural societies[] and for
school, religious, cemetery[,] and charitable purposes. The General Assembly
by law may grant homestead exemptions or rent credits.' " Eden Retirement
Center, Inc., 213 Ill. 2d at 285-86 (quoting Ill. Const. 1970, art. IX, §6).
The Illinois Supreme Court has held as follows:
"Since the terms of article IX of the constitution subject all property generally
to taxation, the courts have strictly construed statutes granting tax exemptions and
have insisted that they keep clearly within the boundaries set forth in the constitution.
[Citations.] The burden of proving the right to exemption is upon the party seeking
it, and in determining whether property is included within the scope of an exemption,
all facts are to be construed and all debatable questions resolved in favor of taxation.
[Citations.] Plaintiffs must show that its organization and the use of its property came
within the provisions of the statute and the constitution." Methodist Old Peoples
Home v. Korzen, 39 Ill. 2d 149, 155 (1968).
b. Religious-Use Property Tax Exemption
We now turn to TABN's argument that the Department erred in denying its application
for a religious-use property tax exemption. Section 15-40(a)(1) of the Code (35 ILCS
200/15-40(a)(1) (West Supp. 2001)) provides, "Property used exclusively for *** religious
18
purposes *** qualifies for exemption as long as it is not used with a view to profit."
" '[P]roperty satisfies the exclusive-use requirement of the property tax exemption statutes
if it is primarily used for the exempted purpose ***.' " (Emphasis in original.) Calvary
Baptist Church of Tilton, 349 Ill. App. 3d at 331 (quoting McKenzie v. Johnson, 98 Ill. 2d
87, 98 (1983)). The Illinois Supreme Court made its seminal pronouncement of what
constitutes the religious use of property for tax exemption purposes in People ex rel.
McCullough v. Deutsche Evangelisch Lutherische Jehovah Gemeinde Ungeaenderter
Augsburgischer Confession, 249 Ill. 132, 136-37 (1911), when it stated as follows:
"While religion, in its broadest sense, includes all forms and phases of belief in the
existence of superior beings capable of exercising power over the human race, yet in
the common understanding and in its application to the people of this State it means
the formal recognition of God as members of societies and associations. As applied
to the uses of property, a religious purpose means a use of such property by a
religious society or body of persons as a stated place for public worship, Sunday
schools[,] and religious instruction." (Emphasis added.)
Several years later, in People ex rel. Carson v. Muldoon, 306 Ill. 234, 238 (1922), the Illinois
Supreme Court explained that its pronouncement in McCullough "was not stated as inclusive
of everything that might in the future be regarded as a use for religious purposes but as
illustrative of the nature of such use." In the case at bar, the Department determined that
TABN is not a "religious society or body of persons" but is rather an "organization of lay
persons that is not part of the Adventist Church." The Department also found that most of
the subject property is not "a stated place for worship, Sunday School, or religious
instruction."
The parties refer us to Scripture Press Foundation v. Annunzio, 414 Ill. 339 (1953),
as relevant to our analysis of whether the Department erred in determining that TABN's use
19
of the subject property is not exclusively religious within the meaning of section 15-40 of
the Code. In Scripture Press Foundation, the Illinois Supreme Court was called upon to
decide whether an organization that published and d istributed religious literature, Sunday
school supplies, and miscellaneous merchandise used by Sunday schools and churches was
exempt from coverage under the Unemployment Compensation Act. Scripture Press
Foundation, 414 Ill. at 341-42. Under the terms of that statute, services performed in the
employ of an organization that was organized and operated for a religious purpose, no part
of the net earnings of which inured to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual,
were exempt from the definition of "employment." Scripture Press Foundation, 414 Ill. at
341. The Illinois Supreme Court determined that producing, distributing, and selling
religious literature and supplies to religious organizations are secular activities and are not
exclusively religious, "the same as any other commercial service organization furnishing to
a religious institution necessary services such as fuel, lights, building material[,] or any other
item necessary to its ordinary and customary functioning." Scripture Press Foundation, 414
Ill. at 356. Our colleagues in the Second District have applied Scripture Press Foundation
when determining whether or not publishers and distributors of religious literature and
supplies were operated exclusively for religious purposes under section 15-40 of the Code.
Inter-Varsity Christian Fellowship of the United States v. Hoffman, 62 Ill. App. 3d 798(1978); Evangelical Teacher Training Ass'n v. Novak, 118 Ill. App. 3d 21 (1983); Cook
Communications Ministries v. Department of Revenue, 345 Ill. App. 3d 753 (2004).
We find Scripture Press Foundation and its progeny distinguishable from the case at
bar. TABN's primary use of the subject property is different from the operations of the
organizations at issue in those cases. Here, TABN broadcasts and records what it
characterizes as live religious services and instruction to viewers around the world. In
making the inquiry into the use of a particular property, the court must conform to the
20
provisions set forth in the first amendment of the United States Constitution (U.S. Const.,
amend. I) and section 3 of article I of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, §3),
which provide that governmental bodies are precluded from resolving disputes on the basis
of religious doctrine and must respect the internal autonomy of religious organizations.
Fairview Haven v. Department of Revenue, 153 Ill. App. 3d 763, 772-73 (1987). Only after
accepting the organization's characterization of the purpose of its activities as religious may
the court determine whether the property is in fact exclusively used for religious purposes,
and not with a view to profit. Fairview Haven, 153 Ill. App. 3d at 773.
Under the terms of Fairview Haven, we must accept TABN's characterization of its
programming as religious instruction, in order to avoid running afoul of the first amendment
of the United States Constitution (U.S. Const., amend. I) and section 3 of article I of the
Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, §3). 153 Ill. App. 3d at 772-73. In light of this
characterization, and in light of today's technology, we find that whether the production,
broadcasting, and recording of religious services and religious instruction programming fall
within the purview of the "illustrative" definition of "religious purpose" set forth by the
Illinois Supreme Court in McCullough is a close question. However, for the reasons set forth
below, we find it unnecessary to make this determination.
Under the plain language of the religious-use property tax exemption statute, in order
to meet its burden to prove that it is entitled to a religious-use property tax exemption, TABN
needed to introduce evidence that its primary activities on the subject property, in addition
to being "religious," were conducted without "a view to profit." 35 ILCS 200/15-40 (West
2000). We find that TABN failed to meet its burden to prove that its activities on the subject
property were so conducted. Assuming, without deciding, that TABN's purposes were
exclusively religious, these purposes were carried out primarily by the production of
programming and the sale of airtime to other organizations. TABN's programming was
21
received by viewers via satellite equipment and video and audio recordings that were
produced, stored, and sold by TABN using the subject property. The selling of airtime and
video and audio recordings is an activity which has a propensity to be conducted with a view
to profit, irrespective of whether the programming that is sold is exclusively religious.
We recognize that it is possible for an organization to make use of its property to
provide a product or service without a view to profit. However, TABN did not meet its
burden to show that its products and services were sold in this manner. At the very least,
TABN needed to put on evidence regarding how the prices of its airtime, equipment, and
media were determined. Although TABN established the prices of the products and services
produced, stored, and sold on the subject property, TABN introduced no evidence of the
specific costs associated with providing those products and services or its method of
determining the prices. The financial statements introduced into evidence did not break
down expenses so that this determination could be made. Although Mr. Lovejoy testified
that, based on his audit, TABN operated at a loss on sales both years, on cross-examination,
Mr. Lovejoy admitted that his audit does not break down the direct expenses that are related
to a line item of revenue, and thus he did not provide a sufficient basis for his opinion. We
reiterate the well-recognized rule that the burden of proving the right to an exemption by
clear and convincing evidence is upon the party seeking it. Methodist Old Peoples Home v.
Korzen, 39 Ill. 2d 149, 155 (1968). In addition, when determining whether property is within
the scope of an exemption, all facts are to be construed and all debatable questions resolved
in favor of taxation. Methodist Old Peoples Home, 39 Ill. 2d at 155.
While TABN presented evidence of missionary activities that it conducts throughout
the world, as well as some occasional, special programs it conducted in conjunction with the
Adventist Church, we find these factors irrelevant to the determination of whether TABN's
primary activities on the subject property were conducted with a view to profit. It is the
22
primary use of the subject property, and not TABN's activities in other locations or its uses
on special occasions, that must be evaluated to determine whether there is a view to profit.
In addition, the facts that it has no stock and that any profits are not distributed to any
individual should not factor into the analysis. As the Illinois Supreme Court explained in
People ex rel. Baldwin v. Jessamine Withers Home, 312 Ill. 136, 141 (1924), "When money
is made by the use of [a] building, that is profit, no matter to what purpose that money is
applied."
Based on the foregoing Illinois Supreme Court precedent, we find that the fact that
property is used with a view to profit defeats a religious-use property tax exemption
regardless of whether that profit inures to a private individual or is applied to maintaining
the religious organization. See Baldwin, 312 Ill. at 139-40. It is whether the activities are
conducted with a view to profit, and not how the profits are used, that determines whether
there should be an exemption. See also People ex rel. Lloyd v. University of Illinois, 357 Ill.
369, 377 (1934). Because TABN failed to prove, by clear and convincing evidence, that it
operated the subject property without a view to profit, the Department's denial of a religious-
use tax exemption in 2000 and 2001 was not clearly erroneous.
c. Charitable-Use Property Tax Exemption
TABN also argues that the Department erred when it denied TABN's application for
a charitable-use exemption. Section 15-65 of the Code provides in pertinent part as follows:
"Charitable purposes. All property of the following is exempt when actually
and exclusively used for charitable or beneficent purposes, and not leased or
otherwise used with a view to profit:
(a) Institutions of public charity." 35 ILCS 200/15-65(a) (West 2000).
In Methodist Old Peoples Home, 39 Ill. 2d at 156-57, the Illinois Supreme Court set forth the
following definition of a charitable institution:
23
"It has been stated that *** the distinctive characteristics of a charitable
institution are that it has no capital, capital stock[,] or shareholders, earns no profits
or dividends, but rather derives its funds mainly from public and private charity and
holds them in trust for the objects and purposes expressed in its charter [citations];
[and] that a charitable and beneficent institution is one which dispenses charity to all
who need and apply for it, does not provide gain or profit in a private sense to any
person connected with it, and does not appear to place obstacles of any character in
the way of those who need and would avail themselves of the charitable benefits it
dispenses [citation] ***." (Emphasis omitted.)
Furthermore, the supreme court explained, "[T]he statements of the agents of an
institution and the wording of its governing legal documents evidencing an intention to use
its property exclusively for charitable purposes do not relieve such institution of the burden
of proving that its property actually and factually is so used [citations] ***." Methodist Old
Peoples Home, 39 Ill. 2d at 157. When we apply these characteristics to the case at bar, it
is clear that the Department's decision to deny TABN a charitable-use exemption for the
subject property was not clearly erroneous. In addition to TABN's failure to prove that its
activities on the subject property were not conducted without a view to profit, it is
abundantly clear from the record that the primary use of TABN's property is not to dispense
charity to all who need and apply for it. Danny Shelton testified that although TABN gave
away some of its products and airtime for free or at a reduced cost in 2000 and 2001, TABN
had no policy allowing for this and did not make known to the public any application process
for free or reduced-priced products or services. All of TABN's sales catalogs and order
forms suggested that payment was required for all of the products produced on the subject
property. On the order forms that were admitted into evidence, there is no place to apply for
a free or reduced-priced product. In our view, this factor alone provides a sufficient basis
24
to uphold the Department's decision to deny a charitable-use property tax exemption.
3. Evidentiary Issues
a. Standard of Review
Finally, TABN argues that the Department committed reversible error when it
excluded certain items of evidence from the administrative hearing on TABN's application
for property tax exemptions. We begin our analysis of this argument with a discussion
regarding the standard of review. "Agencies have broad discretion in conducting
administrative hearings." Wilson v. Department of Professional Regulation, 344 Ill. App.
3d 897, 907 (2003). "An administrative agency's decision regarding the conduct of its
hearing and the introduction of evidence is properly governed by an abuse of discretion
standard and subject to reversal only if there is demonstrable prejudice to the party." Wilson,
344 Ill. App. 3d at 907.
b. Evidence of Tri-State's Property Tax Exemption Status
TABN claims that the ALJ committed reversible error when she excluded evidence
of Tri-State's property tax exemption status. Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341(h)(7) (210 Ill.
2d R. 341(h)(7)) provides that the appellant's brief shall contain the contentions of the
appellant and the reasons therefor, with citations of authorities. See Village of Riverwoods
v. BG Limited Partnership, 276 Ill. App. 3d 720, 729 (1995). In addition, arguments not
raised in a party's opening brief may not be raised in its reply brief or at oral argument.
Stephens v. Industrial Comm'n, 284 Ill. App. 3d 269, 276 (1996). There is a reason for these
rules: "A reviewing court is entitled to have the issues before it clearly defined and is not
simply a repository in which appellants may dump the burden of argument and research; an
appellant's failure to properly present his own arguments can amount to waiver of those
claims on appeal." People v. Chatman, 357 Ill. App. 3d 695, 703 (2005).
On the issue of the exclusion of evidence of Tri-State's exemption status, TABN's
25
opening brief includes a statement that TABN "preserved this issue in its brief to the trial
court, and TABN adopts that argument for presentation to this Court." In its brief to the trial
court, TABN argues that evidence regarding Tri-State's exemption status should have been
allowed to show "that it was treated differently than a similarly situated organization in
violation of the religious freedom and equal protection guarantees of the Illinois and U.S.
Constitution that prohibits discrimination based on religious grounds." However, TABN
cites no authority in its brief to support its claim that the admission of the evidence would
have proven the constitutional violation that TABN claims. Accordingly, we find that TABN
forfeited this issue for purposes of this appeal.
Forfeiture aside, we find no demonstrable prejudice to TABN that can be attributed
to the exclusion of the evidence contained in TABN's offer of proof on Tri-State's tax
exemption status. As stated above, the Department's decision to deny a religious-use
property tax exemption to TABN is not clearly erroneous because, even assuming that its
property was used exclusively for religious purposes, TABN did not prove that its property
was used without a view to profit because it introduced no evidence regarding how the
pricing of its products and services is determined. Accordingly, the admission of evidence
of Tri-State's exemption status would not change the outcome of this proceeding for TABN.
c. Testimony of Ted Wilson and Denis Fortin
We now turn to the ALJ's exclusion of the testimony of Ted Wilson and Denis Fortin.
The purpose of this testimony was to explain that all of TABN's programming is designed
to advance the Adventist doctrine and that the Adventist doctrine and religious teaching
regarding health and lifestyle standards are advanced by TABN's health, nutrition, and other
lifestyle programming. The ALJ excluded this testimony because she found that neither
witness had actual knowledge of TABN's use of the subject property. The ALJ further found
that the authenticity of the Adventist theological teaching and religious activity was not at
26
issue.
We cannot say that the ALJ abused her discretion in excluding this testimony, nor can
we say that the exclusion of the testimony resulted in demonstrable prejudice to TABN. As
we explained in our analysis of the Department's denial of the religious-use exemption, when
determining whether or not to grant a religious-use property tax exemption, the Department
was required to accept TABN's characterization of the purpose of its activities as religious.
Fairview Haven, 153 Ill. App. 3d at 773. Accordingly, testimony bolstering TABN's
assertion that the purposes of its programming, including its health, nutritional, and lifestyle
programming, were to promote the Adventist religion was irrelevant to the analysis.
Although the Department's decision does contain a statement that suggests that the
Department did not accept TABN's characterization of physical and spiritual health as a
central tenet of the Adventist faith, we have affirmed the decision of the Department based
on a finding that TABN failed to prove that the activities on the subject property were
conducted without a view to profit. Accordingly, the ALJ's exclusion of the testimony was
not an abuse of discretion and did not result in prejudice to TABN.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we will not dismiss this appeal for TABN's failure to name
the Board as a defendant in the circuit court proceedings. The Department did not err when
it refused to grant TABN a religious-use or charitable-use property tax exemption. The ALJ
did not commit reversible error when she refused to admit evidence of Tri-State's property
tax exemption status or the testimony of Ted Wilson and Denis Fortin. Accordingly, the
decision of the Department is affirmed.
Affirmed.
27
GOLDENHERSH and DONOVAN, JJ., concur.
28
NO. 5-05-0724
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT
___________________________________________________________________________________
THREE ANGELS BROADCASTING NETWORK, ) Appeal from the
INC., ) Circuit Court of
) Franklin County.
Plaintiff-Appellant, )
v. ) No. 04-MR-15
THE DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE, )
)
Defendant-Appellee )
)
(Thompsonville Community High School District No. )
112 and Thompsonville School District No. 62, )
Intervenors in the Administrative Proceedings, and ) Honorable
Franklin County Board of Review, Intervenors in the ) E. Kyle Vantrease,
Circuit Court Proceedings, Appellees). ) Judge, presiding.
___________________________________________________________________________________
Opinion Filed: March 31, 2008
___________________________________________________________________________________
Justices: Honorable Stephen L. Spomer, J.,
Honorable Richard P. Goldenhersh, J.,
Honorable James K. Donovan, J.,
Concur
___________________________________________________________________________________
Attorneys D. Michael Riva, 226 East Main Street, West Frankfort, IL 62896; David M. Macksey,
for Garrett L. Boehm, Jr., Johnson & Bell, Ltd., 33 West Monroe Street, Suite 2700,
Appellant Chicago, IL 60603
___________________________________________________________________________________
Attorneys Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, State of Illinois, Gary Feinerman, Solicitor General,
for Richard S. Huszagh, Assistant Attorney General, 100 West Randolph Street, 12th
Appellees Floor, Chicago, IL 60601 (attorneys for The Department of Revenue); Eugene J.
Hanses, Jr., Heidi A. Katz, Joanne H. Petty, Robbins, Schwartz, Nicholas, Lifton, &
Taylor, Ltd., 230 Regency Centre, Collinsville, IL 62234 (attorneys for
Thompsonville Community High School District No. 112 and Thompsonville School
District No. 62); David O. Edwards, Christopher E. Sherer, Colin M. Haley, Giffin,
Winning, Cohen & Bodewes, P.C., One W est Old State Capitol Plaza, Myers
Building, Suite 600, Springfield, IL 62701; Thomas J. Dinn III, Franklin County
State's Attorney, 411 East Main Street, Benton, IL 62812; Norbert J. Goetten,
Director, Patrick Delfino, Assistant Director, State's Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor,
725 South Second Street, Springfield, IL 62701 (attorneys for Franklin County Board
of Review)
___________________________________________________________________________________