People v. Brown ( 2017 )

2017 IL App (1st) 160025
No. 1-16-0025
FIRST DIVISION
August 21, 2017
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
_________________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
) of Cook County.
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 11 CR 4949
)
GEORGE BROWN, )
) Honorable Clayton J. Crane
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE SIMON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Harris and Mikva concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant George Brown was charged with aggravated battery to a police officer. After a
bench trial, defendant was acquitted of committing that offense, but found guilty of resisting a
police officer as a lesser-included offense. Newly discovered evidence caused the trial court to
vacate the conviction for resisting a police officer and order a new trial on the resisting charge
only. This time, defendant opted for a jury trial and was found guilty again for resisting a police
officer.
¶2 Defendant raises a number of issues on appeal. We find that there was no violation of
defendant’s right to be free from double jeopardy and that the resolution of the issues in his second
No. 1-16-0025
trial was not precluded by collateral estoppel. We also find that the trial court did not err when it
denied defendant’s motion to quash arrest. We do, however, find that defendant should have been
recharged and that he was denied a fair trial because the trial court refused to give a jury instruction
that was amply supported by the evidence. Accordingly, we reverse and remand.
¶3 BACKGROUND
¶4 Defendant George Brown was driving down a one-way street when a police car
approached head on and effectuated a stop of defendant’s vehicle. Defendant got out of the car and
ran. Officer Joseph Lopez exited his police vehicle from the passenger side and chased defendant
down. Defendant was hit with a Taser four times, and then he was handcuffed. That is where the
undisputed facts end.
¶5 The State charged defendant with aggravated battery to a police officer. The State claims,
through Officer Lopez, that the officers were driving on Laramie Avenue 1 when, approaching the
intersection with Quincy Street, Officer Lopez spotted a black SUV with its headlights turned off
on Quincy. The officers turned their vehicle down Quincy, going the wrong way down the
one-way street so that they were facing defendant head on. The officers situated their vehicle in
front of defendant’s vehicle to block its path, at which point both vehicles came to a stop. Then,
defendant put his vehicle in reverse at an angle and traveled a few car lengths backwards before he
could not go any further in reverse. The officers exited their vehicle and drew their weapons.
Defendant did not comply with the officers’ verbal commands, and defendant then exited his
vehicle on foot and began to flee.
¶6 The State’s case continued with Officer Lopez being in foot pursuit of defendant. When
1
In the first trial, Officer Lopez testified that the police were driving northbound on Laramie, and in
the second trial he testified they were driving southbound.
-2-
No. 1-16-0025
Officer Lopez got within a couple feet of defendant, defendant turned around, charged Officer
Lopez, and struck the officer in the face. The two individuals struggled for a bit longer until other
officers arrived. When the officers were trying to gain control of defendant, he was flailing and
putting up a fight so Officer George Moussa deployed his Taser to try to subdue defendant. After
the third time tasing defendant, Officer Moussa did a “dry stun” on defendant, meaning that the
Taser was placed directly against defendant’s body to stun him. At that point, the officers were
able to handcuff him. Defendant was taken into custody and to the hospital per department
procedures for when a Taser is deployed. Officer Lopez was also taken to the hospital and
examined regarding the punch he received from defendant.
¶7 Defendant was charged by information with aggravated battery to a peace officer. The
State pled that defendant committed that offense, in that he committed a battery, intentionally
causing bodily harm to the victim when he “struck Police Officer Lopez star #15739 in the face
with a closed fist” while knowing Officer Lopez to be a police officer.
¶8 The version of events offered by defendant is strikingly different. Defendant claims that he
was driving east on Quincy Street after picking up his friend Grover Tucker, who lived on that
block. His headlights were on. All of the sudden, a vehicle approached them head-on going the
wrong way down the one-way street. The occupants of the vehicle got out and pointed guns at him,
yelling for him to get out of the car. Defendant, not recognizing that the people were police,
panicked, got out of the car, and ran in the opposite direction—west down Quincy. Defendant
claims that as he was trying to run away, he was knocked to the ground and someone began
punching and choking him, and he was tased multiple times. He said that he never punched Officer
Lopez. Defendant was arrested and taken to the hospital.
-3-
No. 1-16-0025
¶9 At the bench trial, although defendant was only charged with aggravated battery to a police
officer, the court found him guilty of resisting arrest, a misdemeanor, but not guilty of aggravated
battery to a police officer. Defendant was sentenced to 300 days in prison, the time he had already
served. He did not appeal.
¶ 10 In the meantime, however, defendant’s mother filed a complaint with the Chicago Police
Department for police brutality because her son was tased four times. Defendant also filed a civil
lawsuit for excessive force. During discovery in his civil case for excessive force, it was uncovered
that a police observational device (POD) camera captured some of the events relevant to
defendant’s criminal case. The video shows the police car occupied by Officer Lopez turning from
Laramie onto Quincy and approaching a vehicle head on. The vehicle has its headlights turned on.
¶ 11 Based on this video, defendant filed a petition to vacate his conviction. The basis for the
petition was that defendant would have filed a motion to quash his arrest because, according to
Officer Lopez’s own testimony, the only reason the officers stopped defendant was because his
headlights were not turned on. The trial court viewed the video and heard arguments from the
parties. The trial judge explained, “I’ve had occasion to review that video. The lights are on, the
officer is coming up the wrong way on a one-way street when he encounters him.” The trial court
vacated defendant’s conviction and ordered a new trial.
¶ 12 With his conviction vacated, defendant filed a motion to quash arrest and suppress
evidence based on the fact that it was an illegal arrest. According to defendant, the video showed
that his headlights were on, so the only legal justification the officers claimed to have had for the
arrest had been refuted. The trial court held an evidentiary hearing on the motion to suppress. At
the suppression hearing, for the first time, Officer Lopez explained that when the officers turned
-4-
No. 1-16-0025
onto Quincy, they actually encountered two black SUVs. He stated that they encountered one
black SUV that looked similar to defendant’s vehicle that had its headlights on, but they went
around that vehicle to get to a second vehicle that was down the block and out of range of the POD
camera that had its headlights off. The second black SUV, he testified, was defendant’s vehicle.
Defendant again testified and asserted that the vehicle in the video was his black SUV. Because the
POD cameras scan the area and look in different directions, the video does not show the entire
event. The trial court found the video to be inconclusive to establish that it was defendant’s vehicle
that had its headlights turned on.
¶ 13 The case was, therefore, headed toward trial again, this time before a jury. The State never
amended the charging document under which defendant was only charged with aggravated battery
to a police officer, even though defendant had already been acquitted of that offense. But since
defendant was found guilty of resisting arrest, the State was set to proceed to trial for that
offense—a misdemeanor for which the sentence was already discharged.
¶ 14 The State filed a motion in limine to preclude the admission of the POD video. The State
argued that the only issue for the jury to decide was whether defendant resisted arrest and, thus, the
video and the issue of whether defendant’s headlights were turned on were irrelevant and would
only confuse the jury. The trial court agreed and ruled that the video would not be admitted into
evidence.
¶ 15 Defendant, meanwhile, moved to dismiss the case on the basis that the State never
amended the information and the statute of limitations had run for the State to file a charge for
resisting arrest. Defendant also argued that he was entitled to dismissal because the only act set
forth in the information on which the charge against him was based was that he struck Officer
-5-
No. 1-16-0025
Lopez in the face—a fact necessarily adjudicated in his favor when he was acquitted of aggravated
battery of a police officer. The trial court denied the motion to dismiss.
¶ 16 At the second trial, the testimony was basically the same as the testimony adduced at the
first trial. Instead of Officer Moussa testifying for the State, it was Officer Arturo Bracho, another
officer on scene the night of the arrest. But there were no differences in their testimony material to
this appeal. Again at the second trial, neither officer testified about encountering two vehicles
when they turned onto Quincy. Defendant filed a motion for a directed verdict at the close of the
State’s case and renewed the motion after the defense presented its case. Defendant maintained
that he could not be found guilty for the only charged crime—striking Officer Lopez in the
face—because he had been acquitted of that offense in the first trial. He also argued that his right to
a fair trial was violated because there were many facts introduced in the second trial that were
beyond the scope of the crime charged in the information. Those motions were denied.
¶ 17 Defendant also requested a jury instruction on self-defense. Defendant maintained that,
because there was a use of excessive force by the police, he was entitled to an instruction on
self-defense under which the jury could find that defendant’s actions were justified. The trial court
refused that instruction. When it came time to instruct the jury, the instructions were that, “[t]he
charge against the defendant in this case is contained in a document called the information.”
However, the jury was instructed on the elements of resisting arrest, not aggravated battery of a
police officer. The jury instructions state that “[t]he defendant is charged with the offense of
Resisting or Obstructing a Peace Officer.”
¶ 18 During deliberations, the jury asked “What classifies use of force versus protective
defense?” The jurors also sent a note that said “Please clarify mistake as to a matter of fact, give
-6-
No. 1-16-0025
examples and being, feeling panicked at the moment whether it was police or not.” The trial judge
did not answer the questions, and instead told the jury to continue deliberating. The jury found
defendant guilty of resisting arrest. There is no indication that there was a second sentencing
hearing held. Defendant now appeals that conviction.
¶ 19 On appeal, defendant argues that (1) he was subjected to double jeopardy during his second
trial for the same conduct; (2) collateral estoppel bars the relitigation of certain facts necessarily
decided in the first trial; (3) resisting arrest is not a lesser included offense of aggravated battery
under these circumstances; (4) a charge for resisting arrest is barred by the statute of limitations;
(5) the trial court should have granted the motion to quash arrest and suppress evidence; (6) the
trial court improperly excluded the POD video, at a minimum for impeachment; (7) his due
process rights were violated because the information did not match the crime of which he was
convicted; and (8) he was entitled to the jury instruction he proposed on self-defense.
¶ 20 ANALYSIS
¶ 21 There are multiple standards of review in this case, shifting among the different issues. For
example, where the trial court makes no factual findings that pertain to whether there was a
violation of the double jeopardy clause, we review the issue de novo. People v. Griffith, 404 Ill.
App. 3d 1072, 1079 (2010). However, we review a ruling on a motion to quash an arrest and
suppress evidence to determine whether the trial court’s findings and credibility determinations
are against the manifest weight of the evidence, but we review the court’s ultimate legal rulings
de novo. People v. Bond, 2016 IL App (1st) 152007, ¶ 15. We will point out the attendant standard
of review where necessary. Also, for ease of explanation and clarity, we address defendants’ eight
arguments in a different order than he presented them—sometimes combining issues and not fully
-7-
No. 1-16-0025
addressing others.
¶ 22 I. Double Jeopardy and Collateral Estoppel
¶ 23 Defendant argues that he was improperly subjected to double jeopardy when he was tried
for a second time following his conviction being vacated. The fifth amendment of the United
States Constitution provides that no person shall “be subject for the same offence to be twice put in
jeopardy of life or limb.” U.S. Const., amend. V. The Illinois Constitution likewise provides that
no person shall “be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 10.
¶ 24 Defendant argues at length that he was subject to double jeopardy because he “was tried
twice based upon the same facts in the Information.” But that is not what the double jeopardy
clause protects against. The double jeopardy clause provides three categories of protection for a
defendant: (1) protection against a second prosecution after an acquittal for an offense, (2)
protection from a second prosecution after a conviction, and (3) protection
against multiple punishments for the same offense. People v. Gray, 214 Ill. 2d 1, 6 (2005). None
of those scenarios exist here. Additionally, when a defendant is successful in having his original
conviction set aside based on a defect other than the sufficiency of the evidence, whether it be by
direct or collateral attack, the conviction is nullified, and the defendant’s right to be free from
double jeopardy is not violated if he is retried. People v. Crutchfield, 353 Ill. App. 3d 1014, 1025
(2004) (citing North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 721 (1969) (overruled on other grounds by
Alabama v. Smith, 490 U.S. 794 (1989))); see also 720 ILCS 5/3-4(d)(2) (West 2012) (a second
prosecution is not barred if proceedings subsequent to the conviction result in the vacating of the
conviction).
¶ 25 At his first trial, defendant was acquitted, based on the evidence, of aggravated battery of a
-8-
No. 1-16-0025
police officer. So it is true that defendant could not be retried for that offense. People v. Mink, 141
Ill. 2d 163, 173-74 (1990). However, defendant was convicted of resisting arrest, so there is no
prohibition against trying him for that offense again after the original conviction was vacated
based on the discovery of new evidence—an outcome that could only benefit defendant.
¶ 26 Defendant also argues that collateral estoppel bars his second conviction because he was
acquitted of the same conduct in the first case. Defendant focuses particularly heavily on the
language of the charging document under which he was charged with aggravated battery to a
police officer—the allegation that he struck Officer Lopez in the face. Defendant maintains that
because he was acquitted of aggravated battery, he was necessarily acquitted of striking Officer
Lopez in the face, and thus, he could not be convicted of striking Officer Lopez in the face in a
second trial.
¶ 27 In criminal cases, collateral estoppel is a component of the double jeopardy clause. People
v. Krstic, 292 Ill. App. 3d 720, 723 (1997). “[C]ollateral estoppel applies when: (1) the issue
decided in the prior adjudication is identical to the one presented in the suit in question; (2) there
was a judgment on the merits in the prior adjudication; and (3) the party against whom estoppel is
asserted was a party or in privity with a party to the prior adjudication.” Id.
¶ 28 For collateral estoppel purposes, defendant’s view of the issue is too limited. He was not
acquitted of the act of punching Officer Lopez. The trial court made no finding in that regard. The
trial court merely found that the proof at trial warranted a conviction for resisting arrest rather than
aggravated battery. Determining whether defendant resisted arrest by his action is not the same
consideration as whether he committed aggravated battery. Compare 720 ILCS 5/12-3.05 (West
2012) with 720 ILCS 5/31-1 (West 2012). The trial court was not required to find that there was no
-9-
No. 1-16-0025
punch in order to acquit defendant of aggravated battery. Trial judges and juries alike often convict
on lesser included offenses whether it be for sympathy or avoiding other injustice. See People v.
Knaff, 196 Ill. 2d 460, 476-77 (2001). We have no idea what the basis was for the court to find
defendant not guilty of aggravated battery, but the judgment itself cannot be equated with the
finding of a specific fact—that defendant did not punch Officer Lopez. See People v. Jones, 207
Ill. 2d 122, 140 (2003). Collateral estoppel did not bar the adjudication of the issues in the second
trial.
¶ 29 II. Motion to Quash Arrest
¶ 30 After discovering that there was a POD camera video showing some events relevant to this
case, the video was the subject of a petition to vacate under section 2-1401 of the Code of Civil
Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1401 (West 2012)). At the first trial, Officer Lopez testified that “if
[defendant] had his lights on, I would have never pulled him over.” The trial court reviewed the
POD video and, after hearing argument, stated “the lights are on,” and vacated defendant’s
conviction. The parties proceeded on a motion to quash the arrest based on a lack of probable
cause, which defendant now argues the trial court erred in denying.
¶ 31 At the hearing on the motion to quash the arrest, there were some significant revelations. At
the first trial, Officer Lopez testified, “we were driving north on Laramie” and that he was in the
passenger seat when he noticed the headlights were off on a vehicle driving east on Quincy. He
testified that when the officers made that observation, they activated the lights on their police car.
They drove westbound, the wrong way down Quincy, where they came face to face with
defendant’s car.
¶ 32 What the video shows is that the officers’ vehicle clearly turned onto Quincy from
- 10 -
No. 1-16-0025
traveling south on Laramie. The officers turn down the street and come head on with a vehicle that
looks like defendant’s vehicle. The vehicle has its headlights on, and the officers’ vehicle’s
emergency lights are turned off.
¶ 33 So, at the hearing on the motion to quash the arrest, after the POD video was discovered
and for the first time, Officer Lopez testified that their police vehicle was traveling south on
Laramie and that he was in the passenger seat. The officers’ vehicle turned onto Quincy and
confronted a black SUV with its headlights on, but they passed the vehicle by going around it and
then they traveled halfway down the double block to confront the second black SUV—defendant’s
vehicle.
¶ 34 At the first trial, there was no testimony at all that the officers had to pass a vehicle with its
headlights on when they turned on Quincy. Instead, the testimony at the first trial seemed to
convey some immediacy—that they turned onto Quincy and confronted defendant’s vehicle.
Officer Lopez also testified at the first trial that Quincy is a “pretty narrow street” and there were
cars “[parked on] both sides.” Officer Lopez was impeached with his testimony from a deposition
in the civil case that defendant filed against the police where the officer was asked about the
possibility of his vehicle going westbound and passing a vehicle going eastbound in that location.
The question was, “and so a car coming in the opposite direction could not get through if there’s
another car going eastbound, is that correct?” To which Officer Lopez responded “correct.”
¶ 35 Also, and while the trial court did not have access to the testimony from the second trial
when ruling on the motion to quash arrest (but it did at later stages like when presented with
defendant’s motion for a directed verdict), there was once again no mention by the officers of a
second vehicle at the second trial. There was no mention by Officer Lopez of passing a vehicle on
- 11 -
No. 1-16-0025
the narrow street with cars parked on both sides in order to get to defendant. The testimony at the
second trial also gave off the impression of some immediacy in confronting the vehicle with no
headlights on. Unlike at the hearing on the motion to quash arrest, the testimony reverted to that
the officers “turn[ed] onto Quincy and we see the vehicle with no headlights on, our marked
vehicle goes head on with that vehicle.” Officer Lopez was asked, “Now, when your car turned on
Quincy, again going the wrong way, when you confronted the vehicle George Brown—the black
SUV that he was driving—at any time was there another car in between you two?” Officer Lopez
responded “When we went head on with him, no, there was no car between us.”
¶ 36 Officer Lopez’s testimony from the first trial also seems more consistent with the spatial
evidence observable from the video than does his testimony at the hearing on the motion to quash
arrest. At the first trial, Officer Lopez testified that when they confronted defendant’s vehicle,
defendant reversed a couple of car lengths back before he was at an angle that he could not reverse
any further. At the hearing on the motion to quash arrest, Officer Lopez testified that they did not
even first confront defendant until halfway down a double block (which he testified is a quarter
mile in length) and then defendant reversed a couple of car lengths back. However, when the POD
camera video pans back around and shows where the police cruiser is stopped, the vehicle is just a
short distance west of where it encountered the vehicle in the video with its headlights on. The
police car is stopped just a couple car lengths from where it confronted the initial vehicle on
Quincy, not several hundred feet further down the road as it would have been consistent with
Officer Lopez’s testimony at the hearing on the motion to quash arrest. The distance is readily
determinable because of the cars parked on both sides of the street.
¶ 37 Officer Lopez’s testimony from the first trial also seems more consistent with the temporal
- 12 -
No. 1-16-0025
evidence observable from the video than does his testimony at the hearing on the motion to quash
arrest. Consider that, in the POD video, the second police vehicle that appears reverses off of
Quincy and onto Laramie almost immediately after Officer Lopez’s vehicle was face to face with
the vehicle that had its headlights on. At the first trial, Officer Lopez’s testimony was that they saw
the vehicle with no lights on, turned onto Quincy, and confronted that vehicle. At the hearing on
the motion to quash arrest, Officer Lopez testified that they had to go around one black SUV and
travel several hundred feet down the block at which point they confronted defendant in a second
black SUV. Officer Lopez then testified that defendant tried to reverse for a short time until he
could no longer do so at which time the officers exited their vehicle and gave defendant orders to
“stop the car, park it, park it.” Officer Lopez testified that then “after a few minutes or so he
jumped out of—Mr. Brown jumped out of the driver’s seat and proceeded running westbound on
Quincy.” Based on the video, there was not time for all of that to occur before the second vehicle
reversed off of Quincy. That testimony likewise does not square with Officer Moussa’s testimony
from the first trial or with the mere seconds of the video before Officer Moussa’s vehicle backed
off of Quincy allegedly in response to a radio call that defendant was already fleeing on foot.
¶ 38 So there were a lot of considerations that militated in favor of quashing the arrest. The
significant inconsistencies in the testimony, especially in how the narrative of the arrest evolved
after the POD camera video was discovered, raise some significant red flags. Viewing the video in
conjunction with all the testimony in the record, there are reasons to believe that the first vehicle
the officers confronted was defendant’s vehicle with its lights on and, therefore, that the officers
lacked a legal basis to arrest defendant.
¶ 39 All that being said, the trial court heard the testimony, observed the witnesses, and found
- 13 -
No. 1-16-0025
the video to be inconclusive. Under the manifest weight of the evidence standard, we are not to
reverse a trial court’s ruling just because we might have ruled differently. In re S.K.B., 2015 IL
App (1st) 151249, ¶ 28. We cannot say that a conclusion opposite to the one adopted by the trial
court was “clearly evident” (Bond, 2016 IL App (1st) 152007, ¶ 15). It is true that there is not
incontrovertible proof that defendant’s vehicle is the vehicle in the video, and the video does not
affirmatively disprove the officers’ testimony. On appeal, defendant merely states reasons why the
trial judge should not have believed Officer Lopez, but he did. The trial court heard both sides and
found that defendant had not met his burden, and we cannot say that such a ruling constitutes
reversible error.
¶ 40 III. The Charging Instrument
¶ 41 Defendant was charged with one count of aggravated battery to a police officer. The State
pled that defendant committed that offense, in that he committed a battery, intentionally causing
bodily harm to the victim when he “struck Police Officer Lopez star #15739 in the face with a
closed fist” while knowing Officer Lopez to be a police officer. He was acquitted. But he was
found to have resisted a police officer and convicted of that offense. His conviction for resisting a
police officer was then vacated. He was never recharged with anything.
¶ 42 The State claims that there is no issue with the charging instrument because defendant was
convicted of a lesser-included offense of resisting arrest. The State relies on a few cases for the
general and accepted proposition that, although a person cannot be convicted of an offense that he
has not been charged with committing, he may be convicted of an offense not expressly included
in the charging instrument if that offense is a lesser-included offense of the crime expressly
charged. Knaff, 196 Ill. 2d at 472.
- 14 -
No. 1-16-0025
¶ 43 Under the circumstances in this case, resisting arrest is a lesser included offense of
aggravated battery of a police officer. See People v. Sanchez, 2014 IL App (1st) 120514, ¶ 23. The
Sanchez case is directly on point for resolving this issue. Illinois courts use the “charging
instrument approach,” under which the court examines the indictment (or the information in this
case) and determines whether the factual allegations provide a “broad foundation” or “main
outline” of the lesser offense. Id. ¶ 20. If the charging instrument describes the lesser offense, the
court then considers whether the evidence at trial sufficed to uphold a conviction on the lesser
offense. Id.
¶ 44 A person is guilty of the offense of resisting a peace officer if the person “knowingly resists
or obstructs the performance by one known to the person to be a peace officer *** of any
authorized act within his official capacity.” 720 ILCS 5/31-1(a) (West 2012). Allegations in the
information that defendant knowingly struck what he knew to be a police officer in the face
broadly defines the offense of resisting that police officer, and the testimony lined up with the
allegations. Id. ¶¶ 22-27; Compare 720 ILCS 5/12-3.05 (West 2012) with 720 ILCS 5/31-1 (West
2012). So those principles explain the validity of defendant’s first conviction for resisting arrest.
¶ 45 However, what the State does not adequately explain is the propriety of never recharging
defendant after he was acquitted of the only charged offense and its course of then proceeding to
trial on an uncharged offense. Defendant never received formal notice of what the State would
attempt to prove or convict him of at the second trial. A defendant cannot be prosecuted for
charges that are not brought by grand jury indictment or pursuant to a preliminary hearing. People
v. Stafford, 325 Ill. App. 3d 1069, 1074 (2001). After his acquittal for aggravated battery, and in
light of the new evidence that caused his conviction for resisting arrest to be vacated, defendant
- 15 -
No. 1-16-0025
should not have been prosecuted under a stale charging instrument that arguably did not meet even
the lowest standards required. See People v. Abrams, 48 Ill. 2d 446, 459 (1971). Defendant was
forced to defend himself against a charge that was not even pending against him at the time of his
jury trial. Neither party points us to precedent where the situation is the same as the one presented.
Without deciding whether the issue constitutes reversible error, it seems apparent that due process
would demand more.
¶ 46 It is not just that defendant was convicted of an offense with which he was never charged;
he went to trial only charged with an offense that he could never be convicted of committing. After
defendant’s conviction was vacated, there was really no pending charge against him. The only
criminal charge that ever existed was for aggravated battery of a police officer, and there was a
final judgment on that charge—acquittal. It was a charge on which the State could never have
secured a conviction. Generally, a court cannot permit a defendant to be tried on charges that are
not brought against him. Stafford, 325 Ill. App. 3d at 1073 (citing Stirone v. United States, 361
U.S. 212, 215-17 (1960)).
¶ 47 In response to defendant’s motion to dismiss the information, even the State acknowledged
the need for action. The State instructed the court that “[t]he physical copy of Count 1 of the
Information in the court file needs to be amended in the same manner as the Clerk’s records to
reflect the Court’s finding of the lesser included offense of ‘Resisting.’ ” However, the
information was never amended, and defendant was never recharged. The State also proposed an
allegation to be used in the information that would have materially changed the pleading to state
that defendant “knowingly resisted or obstructed a peace officer’s performance of any authorized
act within his official capacity” by striking officer Lopez. The charging document was never so
- 16 -
No. 1-16-0025
amended, and defendant was never charged under the proposed language. The State also proposed
amending the statutory citation for the offense charged in the information. That was never done.
¶ 48 Regardless of the State not amending the charging document or recharging the defendant,
the court instructed the jury as if defendant had been charged with the crime he was on trial for
committing, even though he had not. The jury instructions state that “[t]he defendant is charged
with the offense of Resisting or Obstructing a Peace Officer. The defendant has pleaded not
guilty.” That was untrue because defendant was never arraigned on that charge. The instructions
go on to state that “[t]he charge against the defendant in this case is contained in a document called
the information. This document is the formal method of charging the defendant and placing the
defendant on trial. It is not any evidence against the defendant.” It is unclear what charging
document was provided to the jury, but it obviously was not one under which defendant had ever
actually been charged. The State treated the charging document as though it was a mere
technicality that was dispensable. Because the error discussed below (infra Part IV) is a reversible
error, we do not need to decide whether the failure to recharge defendant before taking him to trial
on an uncharged offense would be grounds for reversal, but it sure seems that way. The interests of
justice would clearly have been better served by defendant being charged for the offense he was
being prosecuted for committing.
¶ 49 IV. Jury Instructions
¶ 50 Defendant also argues that the trial court erred when it denied him the right to have the jury
instructed on the use of excessive force, which would have allowed it to consider self-defense. The
question of whether sufficient evidence exists in the record to support the giving of a jury
instruction is a question of law subject to de novo review. People v. Washington, 2012 IL 110283,
- 17 -
No. 1-16-0025
¶ 19.
¶ 51 The use of excessive force invokes the right of self-defense. 720 ILCS 5/7-1(a) (West
2012). Hence, an instruction on self-defense is required in a resisting arrest or battery case when
the defendant has presented some evidence of excessive force on the part of the arresting officer.
People v. Sims, 374 Ill. App. 3d 427, 432 (2007). Only a “slight amount” of evidence is necessary
to justify giving an instruction. People v. Haynes, 408 Ill. App. 3d 684, 690 (2011). The trial court
erred when it refused to give this instruction.
¶ 52 The only crime defendant was accused of committing at the outset of his interaction with
the officers was that he did not have his headlights on. Officer Lopez’s own testimony was that
when they stopped defendant after he tried to back away, four officers got out of the vehicle and
weapons were drawn. He did not remember if he identified himself as a police officer. He testified
that defendant fled and punched him and that four officers were amid the scuffle, but they had to
tase defendant four times to subdue him.
¶ 53 Defendant meanwhile testified that he did not know the people who pulled up in front of
him were police officers. When the people got out of their car and pulled out weapons, he was
scared so he got out of his car and ran. When one of the people caught up to defendant and tackled
him, the person started punching him in the head and choking him. Defendant claims that he was
resisting in response to that violence—he balled up covered his head to avoid being hit. Then he
was tased four times. To accept the State’s position on this issue, we would be required to dismiss
defendant’s testimony entirely and accept the officers’ testimony entirely. Because if you give any
credence to defendant’s testimony, which the trial court was required to do at the jury instruction
phase in a case of contested credibility, defendant was entitled to an instruction on self-defense
- 18 -
No. 1-16-0025
where any resisting that he may have done could have been the product of the violent
confrontation.
¶ 54 Moreover, and while not determinative, defendant’s position must have appealed to the
jurors in some way because they asked “What classifies use of force versus protective defense?”
The jurors also sent a note that said “Please clarify mistake as to a matter of fact, give examples
and being, feeling panicked at the moment whether it was police or not.” This is not just an
intellectual exercise. The jury clearly gave some consideration to the use of force and defendant’s
rights in such a situation, yet they were prevented from having an instruction that would have
directly addressed the issue. There was sufficient evidence in the record to support instructing the
jury on self-defense and not having it deprived defendant of a fair trial. People v. Ayers, 331 Ill.
App. 3d 742, 754 (2002).
¶ 55 V. Admissibility of the POD Camera Video
¶ 56 Defendant argues that the trial court erred when it prevented him from introducing the
POD camera video at trial. However, a defendant is not entitled to relitigate the issues raised in his
motion to quash arrest. Where a defendant makes no offer of proof as to exceptional circumstances
or new evidence, he has no right to relitigate the substance of his pretrial motion to quash arrest
before a jury or to an additional hearing on subsequent motion to quash arrest. People v. Mathis, 55
Ill. App. 3d 680, 685-86 (1977). It was clear from the questions defense counsel asked and from
the arguments made during sidebars that it was counsel’s intention to insinuate to the jury that
defendant’s arrest was without probable cause. Defendant was not entitled to admit the video for
that purpose.
¶ 57 The video could potentially be used for impeachment purposes. However, there was
- 19 -
No. 1-16-0025
nothing in the video that actually impeached any of the testimony offered by Officer Lopez, and
the video addresses an issue distinct from the crime for which defendant was being tried. See
People v. Abrams, 260 Ill. App. 3d 566, 579 (1994) (contradictory evidence may not be offered if
it is merely collateral to the issues in the case). In addition, the State was correct when it argued
that the video could confuse jurors about the issues to be decided, especially in light of the
intimations made by defense counsel aimed at prodding the issue of whether the officers acted
wrongfully and without probable cause when they stopped defendant. So the trial court did not
abuse its discretion when it prohibited defendant from introducing the POD camera video.
However, if the case is retried and there is testimony subject to impeachment by the content of the
POD camera video, the video might be admissible for that purpose. The trial judge will have to
exercise discretion to rule on that issue should the situation come to pass.
¶ 58 CONCLUSION
¶ 59 While our precedent demands that we remand this matter for a new trial based on the
above-asserted problems with defendant’s prosecution (Ayers, 331 Ill. App. 3d at 754), we urge
the State to consider whether retrial in this case is really worthwhile. Defendant can only be
recharged with a misdemeanor and his sentence has already been discharged. This opinion is not a
vindication of the defendant in any way, but it is clear that there are a number of problems with the
case. In any event, we reverse defendant’s conviction and remand the case for further proceedings.
¶ 60 Reversed and remanded.
- 20 -