In re: Austin S. , 45 N.E.3d 1096 ( 2015 )

2015 IL App (4th) 140802
FILED
February 9, 2015
Carla Bender
NO. 4-14-0802 4th District Appellate
Court, IL
IN THE APPELLATE COURT
OF ILLINOIS
FOURTH DISTRICT
In re: AUSTIN S., a Minor, ) Appeal from
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Circuit Court of
Petitioner-Appellee, ) Adams County
v. ) No. 13JD14
AUSTIN S., )
Respondent-Appellant. ) Honorable
) John C. Wooleyhan,
) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE STEIGMANN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Pope and Justice Appleton concurred in the judgment and opin-
ion.
OPINION
¶1 In September 2013, the trial court adjudicated respondent, Austin S. (born Octo-
ber 4, 1997), a delinquent minor under the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (Juvenile Act) (705 ILCS
405/1-1 to 7-1 (West 2012)) based on respondent's admission that he possessed drug parapherna-
lia in violation of section 3.5 of the Drug Paraphernalia Control Act (720 ILCS 600/3.5 (West
2012)). In November 2013, the court sentenced respondent to one year of probation.
¶2 In May 2014, the State filed a second supplemental petition, alleging, in part, that
respondent violated the terms of his probation by (1) leaving his foster home and (2) not attend-
ing school. At a June 2014 hearing, respondent admitted that the State's allegations were true.
Thereafter, the trial court modified respondent's probation by adding the condition that he suc-
cessfully complete the Adams County Juvenile Detention Center Treatment Program (Treatment
Program). In September 2014, the court denied respondent's motion to reconsider his sentence.
¶3 Respondent appeals, arguing that the trial court's order mandating that he success-
fully complete the Treatment Program is void because it violates the 30-day limitation for deten-
tion under section 5-710(1)(a)(v) of the Juvenile Act (705 ILCS 405/5-710(1)(a)(v) (West
2012)). We agree and reverse.
¶4 I. BACKGROUND
¶5 In March 2013, the State filed an amended petition for adjudication of wardship,
alleging that respondent was a delinquent minor as defined by section 5-105(3) of the Juvenile
Act (705 ILCS 405/5-105(3) (West 2012)) in that he committed the offenses of (1) burglary
(counts I, II, and IV) (720 ILCS 5/19-1(a) (West 2012)) and (2) theft (counts III and V) (720
ILCS 5/16-1(a)(4) (West 2012)). The State's petition noted that (1) respondent was not in tem-
porary custody and (2) the State was not requesting a detention hearing.
¶6 In September 2013, the State filed a motion for detention. At a hearing conducted
the next day, the trial court found that respondent did not have a suitable noncustodial placement.
As a result, the court granted the State's motion, finding that an immediate and urgent necessity
required respondent's placement in the Adams County Detention Center (Detention Center) until
further notice.
¶7 Later that month, the State filed a second amended petition for adjudication of
wardship, adding count VI to its March 2013 amended wardship petition. Count VI alleged that
in December 2012, respondent committed the offense of possession of drug paraphernalia by
possessing a pipe commonly used to ingest cannabis. At a hearing held that same day, the State
informed the trial court that respondent agreed to admit count VI was true. In exchange for re-
spondent's admission, the State withdrew the remaining five counts. After accepting respond-
ent's admission, the court continued the matter for an October 2013 sentencing hearing. Thereaf-
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ter, respondent requested his release from the Detention Center. After considering testimony that
respondent's adoptive parents could no longer care for respondent, the court denied respondent's
request, ruling that respondent "is going to be continued at the Detention Center pending the sen-
tencing hearing *** scheduled for October 29[, 2013].
¶8 At the October 2013 sentencing hearing, respondent's counsel, noting that re-
spondent had been confined in the Detention Center for over 30 days, requested a continuance to
present evidence that the Treatment Program was "detention" for purposes of the 30-day limit
imposed by section 5-710(1)(a)(v) of the Juvenile Act. Quoting from this court's decision in In
re Christopher P., 2012 IL App (4th) 100902, ¶ 48, 976 N.E.2d 1095, counsel noted that
" 'legitimate questions' " existed regarding whether the Treatment Program was " 'unauthorized
detention beyond the 30 days allowed by the Juvenile Act.' " The State responded that the
Treatment Program was properly classified as custodial, but "in the absence of any alternative
placement and given [respondent's] need," the State intended to recommend that respondent
complete the Treatment Program. Thereafter, the court granted counsel a continuance but or-
dered respondent to remain in the Detention Center.
¶9 At a November 2013 hearing, the trial court first entered an order in Adams
County case No. 13-J-5, releasing respondent from detention and granting the Department of
Children and Family Services (DCFS) temporary custody of respondent until "some other more
permanent placement can be made." The court then resumed respondent's sentencing hearing in
the instant case. Following argument, the court adjudicated respondent a ward of the court and
sentenced him to one year of probation.
¶ 10 In May 2014, the State filed a second supplemental petition, alleging, in part, that
respondent violated the terms of his probation by (1) leaving his foster home and (2) not attend-
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ing school for several days during that month. At a detention hearing held five days later, re-
spondent's probation officer, Rollie Thomas, testified that on May 26, 2014, police detained re-
spondent pursuant to a warrant. After testifying about respondent's probationary violations,
Thomas acknowledged that the parental rights of respondent's adoptive parents had been termi-
nated. Because DCFS was not able to place respondent back into foster care at that time, Thom-
as recommended that respondent remain in the Detention Center pending further proceedings.
Following argument, the trial court found probable cause existed to believe that respondent had
violated the terms of his probation as the State alleged. Thereafter, the court entered an order,
finding that an immediate and urgent necessity required respondent's temporary placement in the
Detention Center.
¶ 11 At a June 2, 2014, hearing on the State's second supplemental petition, the State
informed the trial court that respondent agreed to admit that he violated his probation by (1) leav-
ing his foster home and (2) not attending school. After accepting respondent's admissions, the
court considered a request from respondent's counsel to "enter an order today to allow [respond-
ent] to participate in the Treatment Program if there is space available." The court's June 2014
order stated that respondent "may enter into *** [the] Treatment Program prior to sentencing."
The court then continued the matter for sentencing.
¶ 12 Following argument at a July 10, 2014, sentencing hearing, the trial court modi-
fied respondent's probation by adding the condition that he "successfully complete the ***
Treatment Program." In August 2014, respondent filed a motion to reconsider his sentence, ar-
guing that the court abused its discretion because the Treatment Program "is detention that is not
authorized by sections 5-710 or 5-715 of the [Juvenile Act]." See 705 ILCS 405/5-710, 5-715
(West 2012).
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¶ 13 At a September 9, 2014, hearing on respondent's motion to reconsider his sen-
tence, Melanie Kroeger, a juvenile-detention officer at the Detention Center, testified as follows.
¶ 14 The Treatment Program is located within the Detention Center and is "designed to
[last] about 90 days." Kroeger explained that the program's intent is to provide skills so that par-
ticipants can achieve sufficient progress on assigned goals, which Kroeger classified as a "B lev-
el" of proficiency. Once a participant obtains B-level proficiency, he or she must also complete
two or three "home visits" to successfully complete the Treatment Program. Kroeger noted that
she has observed some participants remain in the program longer than the 90-day minimum and,
in some cases, longer than six months because of failure to make sufficient progress.
¶ 15 Treatment Program participants are supposed to meet weekly for up to one hour
with their assigned coordinator, who provides guidance and assesses progress. Kroeger was re-
spondent's coordinator but acknowledged that she did not always meet with respondent on a
weekly basis. Aside from her initial basic training to become a detention officer and a 10-page
"informal *** packet" that outlined the overall parameters of the Treatment Program, Kroeger
had not received any specialized instruction or required any certifications to become a coordina-
tor. Participants can also meet with a therapist at the Detention Center.
¶ 16 Respondent would leave the Detention Center to receive biweekly substance-
abuse counseling. However, when travelling, respondent was restrained with shackles and cuffs
in a locked vehicle. Upon his return, respondent was required to submit to a "strip search," in
which he had to remove all his clothing so that a detention officer could inspect his naked body.
Once inside the Detention Center, respondent was treated no differently than a detainee in that he
was confined to his room and required approval from a detention officer to proceed through any
door. An exception applied if Treatment Program participants reached B-level status in that they
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were not shackled when traveling but had to submit to a strip search after returning from a home
visit.
¶ 17 Kroeger described respondent's room as a "typical [Department of Corrections]
regulation cell, [which] has a toilet, a mat, two blankets, a sheet and a pillowcase." Individual
rooms are located within "pods" of 10 rooms that are monitored by detention officers and are
locked at night. When approved by the staff, respondent had access to outdoor and indoor recre-
ational areas that were both video monitored. Kroeger confirmed that Treatment Program partic-
ipants and detainees share the same environment while housed in the Detention Center.
¶ 18 Kroeger acknowledged that participants who have obtained B-level status can
earn the privilege of "outings." Kroeger explained that "[a]n outing is typically when a staff
member has deemed that [participant] trustworthy to take out in the community" for either a
meal or recreational activity.
¶ 19 Following argument, the trial court denied respondent's motion to reconsider his
sentence.
¶ 20 This appeal followed.
¶ 21 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 22 A. Jurisdiction
¶ 23 Prior to addressing the merits of respondent's argument, we first consider the
State's argument that this court lacks jurisdiction. See In re Marriage of Sheth, 2014 IL App
(1st) 132611, ¶ 20, ___ N.E.3d ___ (a reviewing court must first determine if it has jurisdiction
before proceeding in a cause of action).
¶ 24 The State argues that this court lacks jurisdiction because respondent failed to ap-
peal the trial court's June, 2, 2014, order that sentenced him to successfully complete the Treat-
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ment Program. We disagree because the record does not support the State's claim.
¶ 25 On June 2, 2014, the trial court accepted respondent's admission that he violated
specific terms of his probation as the State alleged in its May 2014 second supplemental petition.
Thereafter, the court continued the matter for sentencing. Contrary to the State's claim, at the
July 10, 2014, sentencing hearing, the court modified respondent's probation by adding the con-
dition that he successfully complete the Treatment Program. On September 9, 2014, the court
denied respondent's motion to reconsider his sentence. In respondent's notice of appeal to this
court, he timely appeals the court's July 10, 2014, and September 9, 2014, orders. Accordingly,
we reject the State's argument and conclude that this court has jurisdiction to consider the sen-
tencing issue respondent raises in this appeal.
¶ 26 B. Mootness
¶ 27 The State also argues that because the trial court's order sentencing respondent to
one year of probation expired on November 6, 2014, respondent's sentencing claim is moot. Re-
spondent acknowledges that his argument to this court is moot, but he urges this court to consid-
er his claim under the public interest exception to the mootness doctrine.
¶ 28 "It is a basic tenet of justiciability that reviewing courts will not decide moot or
abstract questions or render advisory opinions." In re J.T., 221 Ill. 2d 338, 349, 851 N.E.2d 1, 7
(2006). "An appeal is considered moot where it presents no actual controversy or where the is-
sues involved in the trial court no longer exist because intervening events have rendered it im-
possible for the reviewing court to grant effectual relief to the complaining party." Id. at 349-50,
851 N.E.2d at 7-8. "This court will address a moot question only if one of the exceptions to the
mootness doctrine applies." Christopher P., 2012 IL App (4th) 100902, ¶ 19, 976 N.E.2d 1095.
¶ 29 "The public interest exception allows a court to consider an otherwise moot case
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when (1) the question presented is of a public nature; (2) there is a need for an authoritative de-
termination for the future guidance of public officers; and (3) there is a likelihood of future re-
currence of the question." In re Alfred H.H., 233 Ill. 2d 345, 355, 910 N.E.2d 74, 80 (2009).
Application of the public interest exception requires a clear showing of each element. Id. at 355-
56, 910 N.E.2d at 80.
¶ 30 We conclude that the first element is satisfied because it involves a question per-
taining to the permissible length that a minor can be detained, which implicates a minor's liberty
interest. See J.T., 221 Ill. 2d at 350-51, 851 N.E.2d at 8 (the question of how long a minor will
remain incarcerated or subject to parole restrictions or the custodianship of the Department of
Corrections is a question of public importance).
¶ 31 As to the second element—the need for an authoritative determination for the fu-
ture guidance of public officers—respondent contends that authoritative guidance is particularly
warranted because the issue of whether the Treatment Program constitutes detention as contem-
plated by section 5-710(1)(a)(v) of the Juvenile Act is a matter of first impression. We agree,
noting that the need for an authoritative determination on the liberty interests of minors is of par-
amount importance. In re Shelby R., 2013 IL 114994, ¶ 22, 995 N.E.2d 990.
¶ 32 We also conclude that the third element is satisfied because this issue is likely to
recur in that minors will undoubtedly continue to be sentenced to the Treatment Program at issue
in this case. Indeed, parties have previously argued this very issue to this court, but we declined
to reach the merits due to lack of jurisdiction. See In re Darius L., 2012 IL App (4th) 120035,
¶ 45, 976 N.E.2d 1109; Christopher P., 2012 IL App (4th) 100902, ¶ 48, 976 N.E.2d 1095.
¶ 33 Accordingly, because we conclude that respondent's moot sentencing issue satis-
fies the criteria of the public interest exception, we choose to consider it on the merits.
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¶ 34 C. Respondent's Sentencing Claim
¶ 35 Respondent argues that the trial court's sentence ordering him to successfully
complete the Treatment Program is void because it violates the 30-day limitation for detention
under section 5-710(1)(a)(v) of the Juvenile Act. We agree.
¶ 36 1. The Applicable Sections of the Juvenile Act
¶ 37 Section 5-710 of the Juvenile Act, entitled "Kinds of sentencing orders," provides
a listing of the types of sentences a trial court can impose for a ward of the court who is adjudi-
cated guilty of an offense. 705 ILCS 405/5-710 (West 2012). Section 5-710(1)(a)(v) of the Ju-
venile Act authorizes a court to place a minor "in detention for a period not to exceed 30 days."
705 ILCS 405/5-710(1)(a)(v) (West 2012).
¶ 38 Section 5-105(5) of the Juvenile Act, defines "detention" as follows:
"(5) 'Detention' means the temporary care of a minor who is
alleged to be or has been adjudicated delinquent and who requires
secure custody for the minor's own protection or the community's
protection in a facility designed to physically restrict the minor's
movements, pending disposition by the court or execution of an
order of the court for placement or commitment. Design features
that physically restrict movement include, but are not limited to,
locked rooms and the secure handcuffing of a minor to a rail or
other stationary object." 705 ILCS 405/5-105(5) (West 2012).
¶ 39 2. This Court's Decision in Christopher P.
¶ 40 In Christopher P., 2012 IL App (4th) 100902, ¶ 50, 976 N.E.2d 1095, this court
concluded that time spent in the Treatment Program—the same Treatment Program that is at is-
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sue in this case—was properly classified as "custody" for sentencing credit purposes. In support
of our conclusion, we summarized the following characteristics of the Treatment Program:
"Under the Treatment Program, respondent had a legal duty
to submit to state authority. Respondent had a legal duty to submit
to the Detention Center officers as evidenced by the following
facts: (1) respondent was court-ordered to participate in this coun-
ty-run program; (2) he could be held longer than the scheduled 90-
day period, here 117 days, at the discretion of Detention Center of-
ficials; (3) he was subject to solitary confinement for policy viola-
tions (respondent was subject to a 24-hour confinement with at
least eight shorter confinements); (4) he was subject to strip
searches upon return from home visits; (5) his freedom of move-
ment was restricted by locked external and internal doors (includ-
ing his bedroom door) throughout the Detention Center; (6) he was
subject to the same policies and conditions as Detention Center
residents ***; and (7) he resided in the Detention Center complete-
ly integrated with Detention Center residents, wearing the same
blue uniforms, attending school classes and eating side-by-side
with Detention Center residents. See also People v. Ramos, 138 Ill.
2d 152, 159, 561 N.E.2d 643, 647 (1990) (supreme court noting
characteristics of institutional confinement include regimented
structure, surveillance, and lack of privacy). That Treatment Pro-
gram residents receive certain privileges, such as cooking, clean-
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ing, unloading trucks, and occasional outings, does not change our
analysis. The record shows Treatment Program residents are still
restrained within the Detention Center while performing these
chores or under a detention officer's authority while on 'outings.'
Further, we need not determine whether a 'home visit' could re-
move a Treatment Program resident from 'custody' as the record
shows home visits are first for 6 to 8 hours and then for 12 hours;
we can determine the two home visits respondent received would
place him in 'custody' for some period of that day he received a
home visit. While physical confinement is not required for
'custody' for sentencing credit purposes, several facts further sup-
port our determination respondent had a legal duty to submit to
state authority: (1) this program is housed inside the Adams Coun-
ty Detention Center and (2) Treatment Program residents are under
the state's physical control." Id. ¶ 45, 976 N.E.2d 1095.
¶ 41 3. The Treatment Program and the Detention Limits
Under the Juvenile Court Act
¶ 42 We first note that in its brief to this court, the State does not specifically address
respondent's sentencing claim—that is, the State does not argue that the Treatment Program, as
described by Kroeger, fails to satisfy the statutory definition of "detention" provided by section
5-105(5) of the Juvenile Act. Instead, the State urges this court to conclude that (1) we lack ju-
risdiction or (2) respondent's claim is moot. We have already addressed and rejected both of
these contentions.
¶ 43 Two years earlier, in Christopher P., we observed that "legitimate questions can
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be raised about whether this 'treatment program' is in fact unauthorized detention beyond the 30
days allowed by the Juvenile Act." Id. ¶ 48, 976 N.E.2d 1095. We expected our conclusion in
Christopher P.—that is, that the Treatment Program is "custody" for sentencing credit purpos-
es—would have alerted the proper authorities either to alter the length of the Treatment Program
to comply with the timing limitations of section 5-710(1)(a)(v) of the Juvenile Act or to revise
the Treatment Program to avoid application of the statutory definition of detention. Kroeger's
testimony confirms, however, that no such corrective action has been taken. Her account of the
Treatment Program is substantially similar to our aforementioned summary in Christopher P.
¶ 44 We conclude that the Treatment Program—as described in this case—satisfies the
definition of detention provided by section 5-105(5) of the Juvenile Act. Therefore, the mini-
mum 90-day length of the Treatment Program violates the timing limitations of section 5-
710(1)(a)(v) of the Juvenile Act. Moreover, we note the Treatment Program at issue, given its
regimented structure, surveillance, and lack of privacy, is no different than any other juvenile-
detention facility. To say that sentencing a juvenile to complete the Treatment Program is not a
sentence to detention is nonsensical. The Treatment Program is premised on detention first, with
some perks perhaps to follow.
¶ 45 Accordingly, because we conclude that the Treatment Program is detention, the
trial court's July 10, 2014, sentencing order is void because it violates the 30-day limitation for
detention under section 5-710(1)(a)(v) of the Juvenile Act.
¶ 46 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 47 For the reasons stated, we reverse the trial court's July 10, 2014, sentencing order.
¶ 48 Reversed.
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