Move N Pick Convenience, Inc. v. Emanuel , 2015 IL App (1st) 133449 ( 2015 )

Illinois Official Reports
Appellate Court
Move N Pick Convenience, Inc. v. Emanuel, 2015 IL App (1st) 133449
Appellate Court MOVE N PICK CONVENIENCE, INC., d/b/a Red Apple
Caption Convenience, an Illinois Corporation, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. RAHM
EMANUEL, as Mayor of the City of Chicago and Local Liquor
Control Commissioner, LOCAL LIQUOR CONTROL
COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO, MAYOR’S
LICENSE COMMISSION OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO,
GREGORY STEADMAN, as Commissioner of the Local Liquor
Control Commission of the City of Chicago, and the CITY OF
CHICAGO, a Municipal Corporation, Defendants-Appellants.
District & No. First District, Sixth Division
Docket No. 1-13-3449
Filed March 31, 2015
Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 13-CH-1795; the
Review Hon. Kathleen M. Pantle, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Reversed.
Counsel on Stephen R. Patton, Corporation Counsel, of Chicago (Benna Ruth
Appeal Solomon, Myriam Zreczny Kasper, and David H. Decelles, Assistant
Corporation Counsel, of counsel), for appellants.
Webster Powell, P.C., of Chicago (Harlan C. Powell, of counsel), for
appellee.
Panel JUSTICE LAMPKIN delivered the judgment of the court, with
opinion.
Presiding Justice Hoffman and Justice Hall concurred in the judgment
and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendants, Rahm Emanuel, as the mayor of the City of Chicago and the local liquor
control commissioner, the Local Liquor Control Commission of the City of Chicago, the
Mayor’s License Commission of the City of Chicago, Gregory Steadman, as the commissioner
of the Local Liquor Control Commission of the City of Chicago, and the City of Chicago (the
City), a municipal corporation, appeal the order of the circuit court reversing the License
Appeal Commission’s finding which upheld the Local Liquor Control Commission’s denial of
the application for a liquor license by plaintiff, Move N Pick Convenience, Inc., d/b/a Red
Apple Convenience, an Illinois corporation, on the basis that a liquor license at the desired
location would “tend to create a law enforcement problem.” Defendants contend the License
Appeal Commission (Appeal Commission) properly upheld the denial of the liquor license
application by the Local Liquor Control Commission (Local Commission) where the
unrebutted evidence demonstrated that issuing a liquor license for plaintiff’s desired location
would “tend to create a law enforcement problem” in the form of increased crime and the
associated strain on limited police resources. Based on the following, we reverse the circuit
court and affirm the decisions of the Local Commission and the Appeal Commission.
¶2 FACTS
¶3 In early 2012, Move N Pick, which operated the Red Apple Convenience store located at
2000 West Chicago Avenue in Chicago, Illinois, applied for a packaged goods liquor license.
The Local Commission and various other City departments reviewed the application. The
background investigation revealed no criminal incidents or history of disobeying liquor laws
or other laws by plaintiff. Notwithstanding, in a letter dated May 3, 2012, Steadman, as the
commissioner for the Local Commission, denied plaintiff’s application pursuant to section
4-60-040(h) of the Chicago Municipal Code (Municipal Code) (Chicago Municipal Code
§ 4-60-040(h) (amended Nov. 16, 2011)), finding the license would “tend to create a law
enforcement problem.” The letter advised plaintiff that the 13th District commander of the
Chicago police department, later identified as Frank Gross, opined “the issuance of a merchant
selling packaged goods in this area will increase the calls for service and criminal activity[,]
*** includ[ing] loitering, drinking on the public way, verbal and physical disputes from the
misuses of alcohol and violence resulting from these disputes.” Police Commander Gross cited
139 arrests in the vicinity of the Red Apple Convenience store and 68 calls for service. In
addition, the letter advised plaintiff that the alderman of the 32nd ward stood with the residents
of the ward and supported the opposition of a liquor license being issued at the subject
location. Plaintiff appealed the Local Commission’s decision.
¶4 On August 15, 2012, a hearing was held before the Appeal Commission. Police
Commander Gross testified to the same information listed in the May 3, 2012, letter in support
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of the denial of the application. In addition, Police Commander Gross testified regarding the
statistics of crime incidents and “violence and gang-related” incidents within a “few blocks” of
plaintiff’s business: 121 and 22, respectively, between March 13, 2010, and December 31,
2010; 140 and 41, respectively, between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2011; and 19 and
5, respectively, between January 1, 2012, and March 12, 2012. The crime incidents included
shoplifting from the nearby grocery store, thefts, assaults, criminal sexual assaults, and gang
disturbances. According to Police Commander Gross, crime incidents included calls for
service, arrests, 911 calls, and any stops made by police officers on the street. Police
Commander Gross stated “every time you make an arrest, you’ve got to go to the location, you
have got to make the physical arrest, you have got to bring them to the district, and then you
have to start the processing.” Police Commander Gross explained that “the 13th district does
not have a lock up, so we process the prisoners in the station, then we in turn have to transport
those prisoners after we’re done with all the paperwork to the holding facility, which presently
is in the 18th[1] District, the near north station at Laramie and Division, so it could take four
hours plus.”
¶5 Police Commander Gross admitted that a “substantial portion of the arrests and incidents in
this area” were because of shoplifting. The reports did not specify which crime incidents
involved alcohol. Police Commander Gross noted that he had observed an increase in
late-night robberies “right in that general vicinity there.” Police Commander Gross added that
a street gang, the Insane Disciples, was a “huge problem” in the area adjacent to plaintiff’s
business. He concluded that “in my years, my 26 years, I know that calls for service related to
liquor are substantial, and my concern is that if we allow liquor to be sold there that I have ***
increased calls for service, and tie up officers when I’d rather have them working on robberies
and gang conditions.”
¶6 A number of local residents testified at the hearing in support of the denial of plaintiff’s
liquor license application, citing past crime associated with stores that sold liquor in the
neighborhood. The local residents specifically voiced concerns regarding safety of the
surrounding neighborhood, decreased property value, public drinking and intoxication, public
urination, loitering, litter, noise, and increased traffic. In response to one of the local resident’s
testimony, plaintiff’s attorney noted that her comments addressed “the deleterious impact on
the community *** which is a different story.” The Appeal Commission Chairman responded:
“There’s an aspect of deleterious impact that can be argued under a law
enforcement basis as well.
***
I understand the city’s position relative to it, but what I’m saying is they’re not
necessarily separate and apart.
The city–and understand, [l]adies and [g]entlemen, what we’re talking about here is
the denial–*** denial under the Municipal Code can be for various reasons, one reason
which was not alleged in this case, would be that the issuance of this license would
cause a–would tend to cause a deleterious impact to the health, safety, and welfare of
the community. That has not been alleged. Deleterious impact in and of itself is not a
basis that this Commission can look at, because it wasn’t charged. It’s purely whether it
would tend to create a law enforcement problem.
However, within deleterious impact you can have a law enforcement problem,
because it doesn’t necessarily require that there be felonies, so many felonies and
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things of that nature, and law enforcement problems can be–littering can be a quality of
life issue, if you will.
***
And, for that purpose, the testimony I think it’s relevant on those grounds, but you
are correct. This Commission could not turn around and say the city didn’t meet its
burden on law enforcement but met its burden on deleterious impact. We can’t do it in
this case.”
¶7 Irar Sweiss, the owner of Move N Pick, testified that his liquor license for another store
located on the south side of Chicago had never been suspended or revoked. Sweiss began
operating the store in 1985. Sweiss additionally owned a gas station two blocks from the
challenged location and had not been subject to calls for police-related services since opening
it in 2003. Sweiss further testified that, if the liquor license were granted, plaintiff would not
sell “certain types of liquors that attract people prone to violence,” including malt liquors,
highly fortified wines, and high-gravity beer.
¶8 On December 5, 2012, the Appeal Commission entered its written order affirming the
Local Commission’s denial of plaintiff’s application. In its written order, the Appeal
Commission recognized that, pursuant to Vino Fino Liquors, Inc. v. License Appeal Comm’n,
394 Ill. App. 3d 516 (2009), plaintiff had no history of violating liquor laws or the law in
general that would “tend to create a law enforcement problem.” Accordingly, the Appeal
Commission concluded that the “theory” advanced in Vino Fino Liquors, Inc. did not apply.
The Appeal Commission noted that MJ Ontario, Inc. v. Daley, 371 Ill. App. 3d 140 (2007),
provided a “different theory” of law enforcement problems where the license was not denied
based on the particular applicant, but instead because issuance of the license “would aggravate
the existing conditions that were already causing quality of life issues that cause law
enforcement problems.” The Appeal Commission concluded that the City met its “burden of
proof” for denying the application. The Appeal Commission found Police Commander Gross’s
unrebutted testimony regarding the local criminal activity, including the increase in gang
activity in the last year, and his opinion that issuance of the license would tend to create a law
enforcement problem to be dispositive. Plaintiff sought administrative review of the Appeal
Commission’s order before the circuit court.
¶9 On October 14, 2013, the circuit court reversed the Appeal Commission’s December 5,
2012, order, finding the Appeal Commission’s decision was contrary to the established
precedent provided by Vino Fino Liquors, Inc. and improperly based on MJ Ontario, Inc.
where the former provided the applicable law for denial of a liquor license based on a “law
enforcement problem” and the latter represented the statutory basis of “deleterious impact.”
The circuit court concluded that, because plaintiff had no prior history of disobeying the liquor
laws or the law in general, the standard for a “law enforcement problem,” as provided by the
plain language of the ordinance and the binding precedent of Vino Fino Liquors, Inc., had not
been established as grounds for denial of plaintiff’s application.
¶ 10 This appeal followed.
¶ 11 ANALYSIS
¶ 12 Defendants contend this court should uphold the finding of the Appeal Commission where
the unrebutted evidence demonstrated that granting a liquor license to plaintiff would lead to
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increased criminal activity, resulting in an increased burden on the police force already tasked
with a local gang problem. According to defendants, increased criminal activity and the
associated strain on limited police resources demonstrated a tendency “to create a law
enforcement problem” and an appropriate basis for denial of plaintiff’s application, as
provided by the relevant ordinance.
¶ 13 Plaintiff responds that Vino Fino Liquors, Inc. provides the relevant inquiry for denial of a
liquor application based on tending “to create a law enforcement problem,” such that there
must be a demonstrated prior history of disobeying liquor laws or the law in general. Because it
was undisputed that plaintiff had no history of disobeying liquor laws or the law in general,
plaintiff contends its application was improperly denied based upon a tendency “to create a law
enforcement problem.”
¶ 14 On appeal, this court reviews the decision of the administrative agency and not the circuit
court. Bailey v. Illinois Liquor Control Comm’n, 405 Ill. App. 3d 550, 553 (2010). The
applicable standard of review is dependent on the question presented on appeal. Id. If the
question is one of fact, the factual findings of an administrative agency are considered
prima facie true and correct, and a reviewing court will reverse only if the agency’s decision is
against the manifest weight of the evidence. Id. A factual finding is against the manifest weight
of the evidence only if an opposite conclusion is clearly apparent from the record. Vino Fino
Liquors, Inc., 394 Ill. App. 3d at 523. If the question is one of law, this court exercises an
independent review of the agency’s conclusions of law, resulting in de novo review. Bailey,
405 Ill. App. 3d at 553. If the question presented is mixed, the applicable standard of review is
clearly erroneous. Id. at 553-54. A decision is clearly erroneous only where, after considering
the entire record, the reviewing court is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake
has been committed. Id. at 554.
¶ 15 “Interpretation of a statute is a question of law; in cases involving an agency’s
interpretation of a statute which the agency is charged with administering, the agency’s
interpretation is considered relevant but not binding on the court.” Branson v. Department of
Revenue, 168 Ill. 2d 247, 254 (1995). However, we will not substitute our interpretation of a
statute for a reasonable interpretation adopted by the agency charged with that statute’s
administration. Sloper v. City of Chicago, Department of Administrative Hearings, 2014 IL
App (1st) 140712, ¶ 15.
¶ 16 Local municipalities have the power to license, regulate, or prohibit liquor sales pursuant to
the delegated police powers of the state. Vino Fino Liquors, Inc., 394 Ill. App. 3d at 523. The
Liquor Control Act of 1934 provides that its purpose is to protect the health, safety, and
welfare of the people of the State of Illinois and to foster and promote “temperance in the
consumption of alcoholic liquors *** by sound and careful control and regulation of the
manufacture, sale and distribution of alcoholic liquors.” 235 ILCS 5/1-2 (West 2012). In that
vein, the Municipal Code prohibits the sale of liquor in a retail establishment without first
having obtained a license to do so. Chicago Municipal Code § 4-60-020(a) (amended Nov. 13,
2007). In order to obtain a license, an application must be filed in accordance with the
procedures set forth in section 4-60-040 of the Municipal Code. Chicago Municipal Code
§ 4-60-040 (amended Nov. 16, 2011). Section 4-60-040(h) of the Municipal Code, in relevant
part, provides:
“The local liquor control commissioner shall review the application materials and any
written objections to the granting of the license. *** The local liquor control
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commissioner shall deny an application if the applicant fails to satisfy the requirements
of this chapter, and may deny an application for a city liquor dealer’s license if the
issuance of such license would tend to create a law enforcement problem, result in or
add to an undue concentration of licenses, or have a deleterious impact on the health,
safety or welfare of the community in which the licensed premises is to be located. A
deleterious impact is presumed to exist whenever there have been a substantial number
of arrests within 500 feet of the applicant’s premises (measured from the nearest
exterior wall of the premises) within the previous two years, unless the applicant has
adopted a plan of operation that will provide reasonable assurance that the issuance of
the license will not have a deleterious impact.” Chicago Municipal Code § 4-60-040(h)
(amended Nov. 16, 2011).
“Deleterious impact” is defined in the ordinance as “an adverse effect on the value of any
property, an increased risk of violations of law, or a risk of a substantial increase in noise, litter,
or vehicular congestion.” Chicago Municipal Code § 4-60-010 (amended Nov. 19, 2008). The
ordinance does not define the phrase “tend to create a law enforcement problem.” See Vino
Fino Liquors, Inc., 394 Ill. App. 3d at 524.
¶ 17 The primary rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the
drafters by giving the language its plain and ordinary meaning. Sloper, 2014 IL App (1st)
140712, ¶ 16; Williams v. Board of Review, 395 Ill. App. 3d 337, 340 (2009). This court will
apply the ordinance as written where the language is clear and unambiguous without reading in
unexpressed exceptions, limitations, or conditions. Sloper, 2014 IL App (1st) 140712, ¶ 16.
“To determine the legislature’s intent, the court may properly consider not just the statute’s
language, but also the purpose and necessity for the law, the evils sought to be remedied, and
the goals to be achieved. [Citation.] The intent of the legislature ‘can be ascertained from a
consideration of the entire Act, its nature, its object and the consequences that would result
from construing it one way or the other.’ [Citation.]” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
Crossroads Ford Truck Sales, Inc. v. Sterling Truck Corp., 2011 IL 111611, ¶ 45. The Chicago
Municipal Code provides that “[a]ll general provisions, terms, phrases and expressions
contained in this Code shall be liberally construed in order that the true intent and meaning of
the city council may be fully carried out.” Chicago Municipal Code § 1-4-190 (added June 27,
1990).
¶ 18 The parties agree that the basis for rejecting plaintiff’s application was because awarding
the requested license at the desired location would “tend to create a law enforcement problem.”
As stated, the ordinance does not expressly define “tend to create a law enforcement problem.”
See Chicago Municipal Code § 4-60-040(h) (amended Nov. 16, 2011). In Vino Fino Liquors,
Inc., this court interpreted the phrase “tend to create a law enforcement problem” as an issue of
first impression. Vino Fino Liquors, Inc., 394 Ill. App. 3d at 524. Applying the familiar
principles of statutory interpretation, this court examined “the broader context and scheme of
this portion of the ordinance,” which demonstrated the City’s “intent is to prohibit the issuance
of a license to individuals and entities controlled or owned by individuals who have a prior
history of disobeying liquor laws and the law in general.” Id. at 524-25. This court found
support in the purpose of the ordinance, namely, to promote the City’s goal of protecting the
health and safety of the public (235 ILCS 5/1-2 (West 2006)), and the requirement that an
applicant disclose all information regarding a prior history of disobeying liquor laws and the
law in general. Vino Fino Liquors, Inc., 394 Ill. App. 3d at 525. This court concluded that “to
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deny a license to an applicant who would ‘tend to create a law enforcement problem’ is to deny
a license to an applicant who would not obey liquor control laws and the law generally or who
would impede enforcement of those laws.” Id.
¶ 19 Our research has not uncovered any other judicial decisions interpreting the phrase “tend to
create a law enforcement problem.” We, however, conclude that Vino Fino Liquors, Inc. does
not restrict the ability to deny a liquor license application based on a tendency to “create a law
enforcement problem” only to those applicants with a prior history of disobeying liquor laws
or the law in general. Rather, a close reading of Vino Fino Liquors, Inc. demonstrates that the
commonsense definition of “tend to create a law enforcement problem” was expanded in order
to encompass the applicant in that case where the denial of the plaintiff’s application did not fit
neatly into any of the bases provided by the ordinance. The applicant in Vino Fino Liquors,
Inc. had attempted to circumvent and frustrate the intent of the ordinance by applying for a new
license under a new name at the same location after having received two citations for the sale
of alcohol to a minor. The Local Commission denied the license because granting the license
would have allowed the applicant to escape her license history and prevented the enforcement
of a section of the Municipal Code that provided for the immediate revocation of a liquor
license upon the third sale of alcohol to a minor within three years. Id. at 519. By concluding
that an applicant who would not obey liquor control laws or the law generally would “impede
enforcement of those laws,” this court liberally construed the ordinance to find that the
issuance of a liquor license to that applicant would “ ‘tend to create a law enforcement
problem.’ ” Id. at 525. This court, however, did not state anywhere within its opinion that the
applicant’s history was the only factor to consider when assessing whether the issuance of a
liquor license would “tend to create a law enforcement problem.” Rather, Vino Fino Liquors,
Inc. applied the facts of the case before it to the ordinance in question. See Condon v. American
Telephone & Telegraph Co., 136 Ill. 2d 95, 99 (1990) (“[c]ourts of review will *** ordinarily
not consider issues that are not essential to the disposition of the causes before them”).
¶ 20 In contrast to Vino Fino Liquors, Inc., the applicant in this case unquestionably had no
history of violating liquor control laws or the law in general. Plaintiff’s application was not
denied on that basis. On the contrary, plaintiff’s application was denied purely based on the
location of the requested liquor license. The unrebutted evidence presented by Police
Commander Gross demonstrated that the area in question was subject to increased criminal
and gang activity, noting the Insane Disciples street gang was a “huge problem” in the
neighborhood. Police Commander Gross opined that a license at the requested location would
lead to increased calls related to liquor, which would place a strain on police resources and the
officers ‘ability to address the already existing crime incidents, such as shoplifting, thefts,
assaults, criminal sexual assaults, and gang disturbances. Notably, Police Commander Gross
testified that calls leading to arrests would cause officers to be tied up for four hours or more
due to limited local police resources. These factual findings relied upon by the Local
Commission and the Appeal Commission are prima facie true and correct. See Bailey, 405 Ill.
App. 3d at 553.
¶ 21 Applying a liberal construction to the ordinance, as we must, we conclude that the plain
and ordinary use of the phrase “tend to create a law enforcement problem” supports the denial
of plaintiff’s application for a packaged goods liquor license at the desired location. Based on
the unrebutted testimony presented to the Appeal Commission, providing a liquor license to
plaintiff at the desired location would have a tendency to cause local law enforcement to
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devote attention and limited resources to calls related to the establishment in an area that
already demonstrated a demand for the officers’ time and attention for other crimes.
¶ 22 We recognize that the circuit court found the rejection of an application based on the
tendency “to create a law enforcement problem” was limited to the definition provided in Vino
Fino Liquors, Inc. As stated, however, it is our duty to review the findings of the administrative
agency, not the circuit court. See Bailey, 405 Ill. App. 3d at 553. Simply stated, it was the Local
Commission’s and Appeal Commission’s decision whether to grant or deny plaintiff’s
application. Vino Fino Liquors, Inc., 394 Ill. App. 3d at 526-27 (citing Ace Produce, Inc. v.
Illinois Liquor Control Comm’n, 93 Ill. App. 3d 381, 384-85 (1981)). The Local Commission
and Appeal Commission were charged with the interpretation of the ordinance in question and
we find their interpretation was reasonable in this case. See Sloper, 2014 IL App (1st) 140712,
¶ 15.
¶ 23 We recognize that, in its written decision, the Appeal Commission stated the court in MJ
Ontario, Inc. denied an application because it would “tend to create a law enforcement
problem” where issuance of the license would “aggravate existing conditions that were already
causing quality of life issues that cause law enforcement problems.” MJ Ontario, Inc.,
however, was a case that involved the denial of a liquor license application because of the
“deleterious impact” the license would have on the health, safety, or welfare of the community.
MJ Ontario, Inc., 371 Ill. App. 3d at 145-47. “Deleterious impact” was not presented as a basis
for the denial of plaintiff’s application in this case. Notwithstanding, nothing in the Appeal
Commission’s written decision demonstrates that it improperly relied on MJ Ontario, Inc.
¶ 24 We further recognize that, at the hearing before the Appeal Commission, the chairman
stated: “Deleterious impact in and of itself is not a basis that this Commission can look at,
because it wasn’t charged. It’s purely whether it would tend to create a law enforcement
problem. *** [But] within deleterious impact you can have a law enforcement problem.” The
language of the ordinance provides that “deleterious impact is presumed to exist whenever
there have been a substantial number of arrests within 500 feet of the applicant’s premises
(measured from the nearest exterior wall of the premises) within the previous two years.”
Chicago Municipal Code § 4-60-040(h) (amended Nov. 16, 2011). Moreover, in section
4-60-010, “deleterious impact” is defined as “an adverse effect on the value of any property, an
increased risk of violations of law, or a risk of a substantial increase in noise, litter, or vehicular
congestion.” Chicago Municipal Code § 4-60-010 (amended Nov. 19, 2008). There is no
question that the decision whether a liquor license will have a deleterious impact on the health,
safety, and welfare of the surrounding community takes into account the existing safety of the
community. However, consideration of the existing safety of the community is not a mutually
exclusive factor relevant only to the denial of an application based on deleterious impact.
Instead, the existing safety of the community in terms of established crime and gang activity
necessarily implicates law enforcement, and evidence that the introduction of an establishment
which sells packaged liquor would tend to increase the incidence of crime, placing a strain on
the already limited resources of the local police, also demonstrates a tendency to create a law
enforcement problem.
¶ 25 In sum, we conclude that the denial of plaintiff’s application for a packaged goods liquor
license on the basis that awarding the license would “tend to create a law enforcement
problem” was proper in this case where the unrebutted evidence demonstrated the likelihood of
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increased demand for police services to the establishment in a crime-infested area that already
had limited law enforcement resources.
¶ 26 CONCLUSION
¶ 27 Based on the foregoing, we reverse the circuit court’s judgment reversing the denial of
plaintiff’s application for a liquor license. We, therefore, affirm the decisions of the Local
Commission and the Appeal Commission.
¶ 28 Reversed.
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