People v. Cook , 2023 IL App (4th) 210621 ( 2023 )

2023 IL App (4th) 210621FILED
NO. 4-21-0621 March 9, 2023
Carla Bender
4th District Appellate
IN THE APPELLATE COURT Court, IL
OF ILLINOIS
FOURTH DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of
v. ) Macon County
SHAITAN L. COOK JR., ) No. 15CF1119
Defendant-Appellant. )
) Honorable
) Thomas E. Griffith Jr.,
) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE DOHERTY delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Cavanagh and Zenoff concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Following a fully negotiated plea agreement, pursuant to which he pleaded guilty
to a charge of nonfirearm first degree felony murder (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(3) (West 2014)),
defendant Shaitan L. Cook Jr., was sentenced to 20 years in prison. Although he filed a motion to
reconsider his sentence within 30 days of sentencing, defendant failed to file an accompanying
notice of motion as required by section 5-4.5-50(d) of the Unified Code of Corrections (Unified
Code) (730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-50(d) (West 2020)). Thirteen months later, he filed a motion to withdraw
his guilty plea, which was denied, and this appeal followed.
¶2 The State urges us to dismiss this appeal for lack of jurisdiction based on
defendant’s noncompliance with section 5-4.5-50(d); specifically, the State argues that defendant’s
failure to file a notice of motion with the motion to reconsider rendered the postsentencing motions
untimely. We disagree and conclude that jurisdiction exists.
1
¶3 Defendant raises various issues concerning ineffective assistance of counsel
surrounding his negotiated guilty plea agreement and requests a remand pursuant to People v.
Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181 (1984), to further explore these issues. We conclude that no obligation to
conduct a Krankel inquiry was triggered in this case and affirm the trial court’s denial of
defendant’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea.
¶4 I. BACKGROUND
¶5 Defendant was charged with multiple counts of first degree murder and attempted
first degree murder arising out of his alleged participation as a 16-year-old accomplice in a robbery
during which two people were shot, one of whom later died.
¶6 A. Negotiated Plea Agreement
¶7 On February 24, 2020, on the eve of trial, defendant entered into a fully negotiated
plea agreement, wherein he agreed to plead guilty to first degree felony murder (amended count
IV of the information) in exchange for receiving the statutory minimum sentence of 20 years in
prison. See 720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(3) (2020). Defendant acknowledged that he understood his rights;
he specifically stated that he understood he was giving up his rights to trial and to confront or
cross-examine witnesses, and further that he was agreeing that the State could prove him guilty of
the amended count beyond a reasonable doubt. He further acknowledged that no one forced him
into the plea agreement and that his lawyer answered his questions.
¶8 At that time, the following factual basis was read into the record:
“[O]n September 7, 2015, just after 9 o’clock, this defendant, Daiquan Cline, and
Darion Evans, and Ryan O’Neal planned the robbery of Cesley Taylor. On the night
of September 7, 2015, Ryan O’Neal was inside shooting dice with Cesley Taylor.
Her girlfriend, Brittney Wilson, was in the back of the apartment.
2
Mr. O’Neal texted Daiquan Cline that they could come in, and Daiquan
Cline, along with Darion Evans, who had a Spiderman mask and a .22 caliber
handgun, this defendant, who had masked his face and had a BB gun, knocked on
the door and entered the apartment. Darion Evans produced his gun. All the
defendants took items from the apartment, whether it was money, a change purse,
or a phone.
Darion Evans then *** fired a dangerous weapon repeatedly. Brittney
Wilson was shot, but lived, and Cesley Taylor passed away that night in her
apartment.”
¶9 Following this factual recitation, the trial judge delivered admonishments pursuant
to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 605(c) (eff. Oct. 1, 2001) to defendant, advising him of his appeal
rights and applicable time frames.
¶ 10 The trial court entered its sentencing judgment on February 28, 2020.
¶ 11 B. Motion to Reconsider Sentence
¶ 12 On March 3, 2020, defendant filed a pro se motion to reconsider his sentence. He
argued that the sentence was excessive, his youth should have played a bigger role in consideration
relating to his guilt and sentencing, and the evidence was insufficient to find him guilty by
accountability. The pro se motion did not argue that the assistance provided by his counsel was
ineffective, and he did not raise any specific Krankel argument. The motion was not, however,
accompanied by a notice of motion as required by section 5-4.5-50 (730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-50 (West
2020)). It remained in the court file without any action being initiated for over one year, until he
filed a pro se motion for trial transcripts and a motion to proceed in forma pauperis in June 2021.
At that time, a public defender took note of the recent motion and her own office’s prior
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appointment in the case. She appeared at a status hearing and advised the trial court that the motion
on transcripts “triggered” her to look at the earlier pro se motion to reduce sentence and that she
would “potentially make amendments, such as changing it to a motion to withdraw a plea.”
¶ 13 C. Motion to Withdraw Guilty Plea
¶ 14 In August 2021, defendant’s newly appointed counsel filed a motion to withdraw
the guilty plea, asserting that (1) defendant’s plea was “not knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily
made”; (2) he “felt coerced into pleading guilty” after the trial court denied his motion to suppress
his statements to the police; (3) he “felt coerced into entering an unfair plea agreement that he did
not want to accept under circumstances where the evidence was insufficient to convict him on an
accountability theory”; and (4) his sentence was “excessive, given his age, level of involvement,
and the totality of the circumstances,” and “his attorney, the Court, and the prosecutor would not
agree to a more appropriate sentence under 20 years.”
¶ 15 On his second point, defendant incorporated the arguments made during the hearing
on his motion to suppress police statements and added that “the police engaged in coercive tactics
to obtain his inculpatory statements” (pursuant to new section 103-2.2 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/103-2.2 (West Supp. 2021)), which became effective in January
2022 (see Pub. Act 102-101, § 10 (eff. Jan. 1, 2022))). A certificate of counsel under Illinois
Supreme Court Rule 604(d) (eff. July 1, 2017) was filed shortly thereafter. The record makes clear
that the newly filed motion was an amendment of the pro se motion, and the trial court noted that
it had “allowed [defense counsel] to file the amended pleading.”
¶ 16 Defendant’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea was heard on October 14, 2021, at
which time arguments were made and the following testimony was received from defendant.
4
¶ 17 According to defendant, he felt coerced into entering his guilty plea. When asked
to explain, defendant stated, “I feel like the plea wasn’t intelligently made.” When asked to explain
further, he testified:
“Because there’s a bill that I was actually looking up and this bill was critical to my
position in the case because my case around other people, you know, it—it—me
out in—in the case. But there as a shooter that admitted to being the shooter and
there was things taken from the house that put me in the position of felony murder,
but no proof has ever been brought up that I took anything from the house.”
¶ 18 He continued:
“It was—it was specific things that were taken and these specific things
were found on another person’s person but I never been caught with anything, but
I’m still under the accountability act because of my juvenile statement of me
placing myself at the scene and other things, but it’s a bill that come out in January
that helps me.”
¶ 19 Counsel then clarified that the statute in question was part of Public Act 102-101
(eff. Jan. 1, 2022), and said, “that’s the bill now the law that takes effect in 2022.” Defendant
agreed that the applicability of the statute was one of the things he wanted to challenge in his case.
Defendant’s counsel then remarked that defendant wanted to challenge the suppression ruling on
appeal and added, “that’s one of the things he’s concerned about is statements made to police and
not having access to family, that [court ruling is] part of the reason he felt coerced into entering
the plea.”
¶ 20 Counsel then asked defendant about his remaining allegations in his motion to
withdraw his guilty plea. Defendant agreed that he did not feel the evidence was sufficient to
5
convict him, that he did not know that a robbery was going to take place, and that his sentence was
excessive. Defendant added:
“[I]t’s a bad case, but at the end of the day I didn’t participate. I didn’t partake
because I came doesn’t make me accountable. What makes me accountable is
participation, and they would have to show that but nobody ever showed that. I sat
almost five years nobody ever showed it.”
¶ 21 Counsel then asked defendant if he believed he was “coerced into entering the plea
because nothing was moving forward and nobody was helping [him] with his case,” to which
defendant agreed. Defendant stated that:
“The case was built off of inconsistent statements and what scared me into the plea
deal if the State is prepared to take me on trial with just inconsistent statements,
which everybody in the case made inconsistent statements, so when you go against
those statements and they’ve prepared to go to trial with that, I’m—I’m not—I
couldn’t go to trial about it I couldn’t.”
¶ 22 On cross-examination by the State, defendant was asked, “who did you feel like
was doing the coercion?” Defendant answered:
“I feel like nobody—me—me personally I was trying to be reasonable during the
whole time of the case so I felt like the State—nobody—nobody came to a proper
agreement for my position. Just my position in the case is felony murder, but we all
get sentenced differently. My position in the case is something we—we—I was in
the position to where they could’ve came down. They could’ve came down to
something at least. Murder and armed robbery, I don’t even fit that criteria.”
6
¶ 23 Defendant was then asked whether his plea counsel had advised him at the time of
his plea, to which defendant answered, “Yeah. He—he was telling me, like, what was in my favor
and what was against me, but he never told me that I had a bill that was about to come about that
was critical to my position.” He was then asked:
“Q. Okay. Now you said that he was telling you what was good for you, bad
for you, he was advising you specifically about the plea deal, wasn’t it?
A. It was really just that he didn’t feel I could win at trial. So the good really
wasn’t good, you know, for me to make—I understand what the plea agreement is,
but if I do have something coming in my favor in the coming months or even in
next year because I just plead guilty last year, this bill would have made me get in
a better position for trial or a different plea deal because I know the family in this
case so it would have been better for me to be able to negotiate and the State been
able to come to a reasonable, you know, time period for me just me and my position.
So I feel like this would have been critical. It would’ve made the State call out what
evidence do they have. It’s not that you can’t use a statement, what else can you
use, and they can’t use anything else.”
¶ 24 Following additional arguments from counsel on the motion to withdraw
defendant’s guilty plea, the trial court denied it. In so doing, the court stated that, from its review
of the transcript, defendant was “very carefully admonished regarding the charges—or charge that
he plead guilty to, his constitutional rights, the potential penalties and so on.” The court added,
“There’s no question in my mind he entered into the plea agreement knowingly, voluntarily, and
intelligently.” Moreover, the court stated, “I think there’s evidence to support the felony murder
count that [defendant] plead guilty to, and I don’t believe his statement was coerced.”
7
¶ 25 This appeal followed.
¶ 26 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 27 Defendant argues that his testimony at the hearing on his motion to withdraw his
guilty plea raised a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel that was ignored by the trial court.
He asks that this case be remanded for a preliminary inquiry into his ineffective assistance of
counsel allegations as required by Krankel. The State responds that defendant’s appeal is untimely
because he did not file a notice of motion with his motion to reduce sentence and that, as a result,
we lack jurisdiction. Alternatively, the State argues that, even if there is jurisdiction to hear the
appeal, defendant’s testimony did not constitute a “clear claim” asserting ineffective assistance of
counsel, and thus did not trigger a preliminary inquiry under Krankel. We address these issues in
turn.
¶ 28 A. Jurisdiction
¶ 29 The State argues we lack jurisdiction to consider this appeal because the October
22, 2021, notice of appeal—although timely filed within 30 days of the trial court’s denial of
defendant’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea—sprang from a series of untimely posttrial
motions. Defendant filed a pro se motion to reconsider sentence within the requisite 30-day period
following the court’s sentencing order (see Ill. S. Ct. R. 604(d) (eff. July 1, 2017)), but the State
argues the pro se motion was nevertheless untimely because it was not accompanied by a notice
of motion as required by statute. The State contends that, because the original pro se motion to
reconsider sentence was untimely, the amended motion to withdraw the guilty plea filed months
later was likewise untimely and, as a result, the notice of appeal violates Rule 604(d).
8
¶ 30 Defendant, on the other hand, acknowledges that a concurrently filed notice of
motion was required, but he argues that the consequence of failing to file one does not render the
motion itself untimely, i.e., the defect is not jurisdictional.
¶ 31 1. Standard of Review
¶ 32 The question of whether a defendant complied with the procedures for filing a
motion to reconsider sentence imposed after guilty plea or to withdraw such plea is subject to
de novo review. People v. Grice, 371 Ill. App. 3d 813, 815 (2007). Likewise, we review questions
of statutory interpretation de novo. People v. Donoho, 204 Ill. 2d 159, 172 (2003). A pro se
defendant “must comply with the rules of procedure required of those represented by counsel, and
a court should not apply more lenient standards to a pro se defendant.” People v. Stevenson, 2011
IL App (1st) 093413, ¶ 39; People v. DeRossett, 237 Ill. App. 3d 315, 339 (1992).
¶ 33 2. Implications of a Failure to File a Concurrent Notice of Motion
¶ 34 Defendant was sentenced on February 24, 2020. He filed his pro se motion to
reconsider sentencing on March 3—in other words, within the requisite 30 days—but his motion
was not accompanied by a notice of hearing. The question before us, then, is whether the
requirement for filing a notice of motion is a jurisdictional requirement that would render untimely
an otherwise timely motion. As with any question of statutory interpretation, we begin by
examining the words of the statute.
¶ 35 As of the date of sentencing in this case, proceedings on a motion to reconsider
sentence were governed by section 5-4.5-50(d), which provides as follows:
“A motion to reduce a sentence may be made, or the court may reduce a sentence
without motion, within 30 days after the sentence is imposed. A defendant’s
challenge to the correctness of a sentence or to any aspect of the sentencing hearing
9
shall be made by a written motion filed with the circuit court clerk within 30 days
following the imposition of sentence. A motion not filed within that 30-day period
is not timely. The court may not increase a sentence once it is imposed. A notice of
motion must be filed with the motion. The notice of motion shall set the motion on
the court’s calendar on a date certain within a reasonable time after the date of
filing.
If a motion filed pursuant to this subsection is timely filed, the proponent of
the motion shall exercise due diligence in seeking a determination on the motion
and the court shall thereafter decide the motion within a reasonable time.
If a motion filed pursuant to this subsection is timely filed, then for purposes
of perfecting an appeal, a final judgment is not considered to have been entered
until the motion to reduce the sentence has been decided by order entered by the
trial court.” (Emphases added.) 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-50(d) (West 2020).
¶ 36 Our primary task in construing a statute is to ascertain and effectuate the intent of
the legislature. People v. Marshall, 242 Ill. 2d 285, 292 (2011). Where the statute’s language is
clear and unambiguous, “we must apply the statute without further aids of statutory construction.”
People v. Williams, 239 Ill. 2d 503, 506 (2011) (citing People v. Bole, 155 Ill. 2d 188, 197-98
(1993)). The best indicator of the legislature’s intent is the statutory language, given its plain and
ordinary meaning. Corbett v. County of Lake, 2017 IL 121536, ¶ 30.
¶ 37 On its face, the statute requires the following of a defendant: (1) that a written
motion be filed, (2) that the motion be filed within 30 days of the judgment, (3) that the motion be
accompanied by a notice of hearing setting the matter within a reasonable time, and (4) that the
defendant must “exercise due diligence in seeking a determination on the motion.” 730 ILCS 5/5-
10
4.5-50(d) (West 2020). The question here is which of these requirements are jurisdictional, i.e.,
which step, if not taken within 30 days of the judgment, would render the whole effort untimely?
The legislature answered this question in the plain language it used: “A motion not filed within
that 30-day period is not timely.” (Emphasis added.) Id.¶ 38 We need not rely on any canons of statutory construction to see that the filing of
the motion is jurisdictional, but the filing of a notice of hearing—though required—is not. This is
a conclusion based on the clear language of the statute. Where the language is clear and
unambiguous, a court must apply the statute as written, without resort to further aids of
construction. People v. Clark, 2019 IL 122891, ¶ 26. Furthermore, even if we were to resort to a
rule of statutory construction, the one that appears most applicable here is the maxim
expressio unius est exclusio alterius: the expression of one thing in a statute is the exclusion of
another. People v. Roberts, 214 Ill. 2d 106, 117 (2005). The legislature has expressly stated that
the timely filing of a motion is a jurisdictional requirement; this is an implicit exclusion of the
other statutory requirements, including the filing of a notice of hearing, as jurisdictional
requirements.
¶ 39 The fact that the notice is not jurisdictional does not mean it is unimportant. It still
must be filed with the motion, though the consequence for failing to do so is not spelled out.
However, the statute does require “due diligence” in the prosecution of the motion, so the failure
to file the notice along with the motion would be a relevant consideration in that context. The
statutory requirement of due diligence appears to give the trial court appropriate discretion in
ensuring that such a motion does not linger.
¶ 40 3. Earlier Cases and Statutory Amendment
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¶ 41 We are aware of prior cases that hold that both a motion and a notice must be filed
within the statutory 30-day time frame to confer jurisdiction over a motion to reconsider sentence.
See Stevenson, 2011 IL App (1st) 093413; People v. Jennings, 279 Ill. App. 3d 406 (1996); People
v. Taggart, 268 Ill. App. 3d 84 (1994); People v. Gambill, 91 Ill. App. 3d 302, 303 (1980).
However, all four cases dealt with a now-repealed version of the statute that is worded differently
from the one applicable here. To understand whether these cases have continuing vitality on the
issue at hand, it is necessary to understand how the prior statute compares to the current one.
¶ 42 The former section of the Unified Code dealing with the filing of a motion to reduce
sentence was section 5-8-1(c), and it originally provided as follows:
“A motion to reduce a sentence may be made, or the court may reduce a sentence
without motion, within 30 days after the sentence is imposed. A defendant’s
challenge to the correctness of a sentence or to any aspect of the sentencing hearing
shall be made by a written motion filed within 30 days following the imposition of
sentence. However, the court may not increase a sentence once it is imposed.
If a motion filed pursuant to this subsection is timely filed within 30 days
after the sentence is imposed, the proponent of the motion shall exercise due
diligence in seeking a determination on the motion and the court shall thereafter
decide such motion within a reasonable time.
If a motion filed pursuant to this subsection is timely filed within 30 days
after the sentence is imposed, then for purposes of perfecting an appeal, a final
judgment shall not be considered to have been entered until the motion to reduce a
sentence has been decided by order entered by the trial court.
12
A motion filed pursuant to this subsection shall not be considered to have
been timely filed unless it is filed with the circuit court clerk within 30 days after
the sentence is imposed together with a notice of motion, which notice of motion
shall set the motion on the court’s calendar on a date certain within a reasonable
time after the date of filing.” (Emphasis added.) 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(c) (West 2008).
¶ 43 The statute has, therefore, materially changed with respect to the question of
whether a notice of motion—though still a requirement—is a jurisdictional requirement. The
former version of the statute clearly established that it was, stating that a “motion filed pursuant to
this subsection shall not be considered to have been timely filed unless it is filed with the circuit
court clerk within 30 days after the sentence is imposed together with a notice of motion.”
(Emphasis added.) Id. The statute now speaks to timeliness as being dependent only on the filing
of the motion within 30 days: “A motion not filed within that 30-day period is not timely.”
(Emphasis added.) 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-50(d) (2020). When a statute is amended, there is a
presumption that the legislature intended to change the law as it previously existed. K. Miller
Construction Co. v. McGinnis, 238 Ill. 2d 284, 299 (2010). Furthermore, we can see that when the
legislature wished to make filing of both the motion and notice a jurisdictional prerequisite to
timeliness, it knew how to make clear such an intention. The fact that the legislature specifically
removed the reference to a notice of motion from the language defining timeliness further supports
the interpretation we made, above, on the face of the current statute.
¶ 44 The State argues, however, that the legislature intended the current statute to be a
simple restatement of the old one. The State relies on another provision of statute containing the
amendment in question, section 5-4.5-990(b) of the Unified Code, which reads as follows: “A
provision of this Article 4.5 or any other provision of this amendatory Act of the 95th General
13
Assembly that is the same or substantially the same as a prior law shall be construed as a
continuation of the prior law and not as a new or different law.” 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-990(b) (West
2020). The State argues the former and amended versions of the relevant provision of the statute
are “substantially similar” and should be similarly interpreted.
¶ 45 Enacted in April 2009, and effective July 1, 2009, the amendatory act of the Ninety-
Fifth General Assembly, Public Act 95-1052 (eff. July 1, 2009) constituted the first major revision
to the Unified Code since 1961. The new law was designed to “clarify various sentencing
provisions in the [Unified Code], eliminate inconsistencies and redundancies, and conform the
[Unified] Code to established case law, with the goal of making the [Unified] Code more
understandable, consistent, and just.” John J. Cullerton, Peter G. Baroni, Daniel S. Mayerfield,
Ryan J. Rohlfsen, & Paul H. Tzur, New Law Clarifies Illinois’ Sentencing Statutes, 97 Ill. B.J. 466,
467 (Sept. 2009). In People v. Hanson, 2014 IL App (4th) 130330, ¶ 16, overruled on other
grounds by People v. Birge, 2021 IL 125644, ¶ 50, we acknowledged that “section 5-8-1(c) of the
Unified Code *** is now codified under section 5-4.5-50(d).” The legislature’s admonition in
section 5-4.5-990(b) sensibly alerts courts to the fact that wholesale change to the Unified Code
was not intended.
¶ 46 But there is more to the analysis. The legislature did not say that there were no
changes effected by the 2009 law, only that the new law should be viewed “as a continuation of
the prior law” where it is “the same or substantially the same.” 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-990(b) (West
2020). Many parts of the new law are indeed the same as the old one—but not all of them. More
specifically, the provisions we are examining here are not the same; they are materially different.
Consequently, the provision relied on by the State is not operative here, and in its absence, the
14
normal presumption—that a change in the statute is presumed to have intended to effect a change
in the law—applies. McGinnis, 238 Ill. 2d at 299.
¶ 47 We find that we have jurisdiction to consider the merits of this appeal. The initial
pro se motion to reconsider sentence, filed within 30 days of sentencing, was timely filed even
though no notice of motion accompanied it upon filing. Although the case sat dormant for a period
of over a year because defendant’s attorneys were unaware of his pro se filing, no objection was
filed and the matter went forward. The motion to withdraw defendant’s guilty plea, filed over 13
months later and considered an amendment to the initial pro se motion, was likewise timely. See
People v. Kibbons, 2016 IL App (3d) 150090, ¶ 12 (“Even though the defendant filed the wrong
motion under Rule 604(d), it was a timely motion directed against the judgment and tolled the time
for appeal under Rule 606(b).”). Defendant thereafter filed a timely notice of appeal after the denial
of his motion to withdraw his guilty plea.
¶ 48 Accordingly, we conclude that jurisdiction exists and therefore deny the State’s
request to dismiss the appeal.
¶ 49 B. Request for Krankel Remand
¶ 50 Having found jurisdiction, we now turn to the merits of the appeal. Defendant
characterizes the issue as whether the trial court ignored his claims of ineffective assistance by his
plea counsel made during his posttrial hearing, and he requests a remand for a preliminary or “first
stage” Krankel hearing to further explore his purported claims. The State, relying on People v.
Ayres, 2017 IL 120071, and this court’s decision in People v. Thomas, 2017 IL App (4th) 150815,
argues that defendant’s posttrial hearing comments did not “sufficiently trigger” Krankel.
¶ 51 1. Krankel’s Requirements
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¶ 52 Krankel and its progeny establish the procedures a trial court must follow when a
pro se defendant raises a posttrial claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. See Krankel, 102 Ill.
2d at 187-89; People v. Jolly, 2014 IL 117142, ¶ 29; People v. Roddis, 2020 IL 124352, ¶ 34;
People v. Jackson, 2020 IL 124112, ¶ 95. These procedures serve “ ‘the narrow purpose of
allowing the trial court to decide whether to appoint independent counsel to argue a defendant’s
pro se posttrial ineffective assistance claims’ ” (Jackson, 2020 IL 124112, ¶ 95 (quoting People v.
Patrick, 2011 IL 111666, ¶ 39)) “ ‘to promote consideration of pro se ineffective assistance claims
in the trial court and to limit issues on appeal.’ ” Id. (quoting Patrick, 2011 IL 111666, ¶ 41).
¶ 53 A Krankel inquiry proceeds in two stages. People v. Palomera, 2022 IL App (2d)
200631, ¶ 56. First, when a defendant makes a pro se claim of ineffective assistance of counsel,
Krankel requires the trial court to conduct a preliminary inquiry into the factual basis of the claim.
Id. (citing People v. Downs, 2017 IL App (2d) 121156-C, ¶ 43). The second stage involves “an
adversarial and evidentiary hearing on the defendant’s claims, and during this hearing the
defendant is represented by Krankel counsel.” Downs, 2017 IL App (2d) 121156-C, ¶ 43.
¶ 54 A trial court is not automatically required to appoint new counsel in every case
where a defendant raises a pro se claim of ineffective assistance. See People v. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d
68, 77-78 (2003). If the trial court determines that the claim either lacks merit or pertains only to
matters of trial strategy, then the court does not need to appoint new counsel and may deny the
defendant’s pro se motion on its own accord. See id. at 78; Jolly, 2014 IL 117142, ¶ 29. “A claim
lacks merit if it is conclusory, misleading, or legally immaterial or does not bring to the trial court’s
attention a colorable claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.” People v. McLaurin, 2012 IL App
(1st) 102943, ¶¶ 39-40; People v. Burks, 343 Ill. App. 3d 765, 774 (2003). It is only when the
defendant’s allegations show “possible neglect” of the case on the part of counsel that the court
16
must appoint new counsel and conduct a separate hearing on ineffectiveness. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at
78; see also People v. Vargas, 409 Ill. App. 3d 790, 801 (2011) (stating the hearing is known as a
“Krankel inquiry”). Whether Krankel procedures apply to a particular proceeding presents a
question of law that is reviewed de novo. People v. Custer, 2019 IL 123339, ¶ 25.
¶ 55 Against this background, we examine defendant’s contentions on appeal.
¶ 56 2. Defendant’s Initial Pro Se Motion (March 2020)
¶ 57 Illinois law is clear that Krankel only applies to posttrial claims raised pro se by
defendants alleging that trial counsel was ineffective. People v. Bates, 2018 IL App (4th) 160255,
¶ 102 (citing People v. McGath, 2017 IL App (4th) 150608, ¶ 49), aff’d as modified, 2019 IL
124143, ¶¶ 21, 32-33. Here, defendant’s March 2020 pro se motion did not raise any concerns
about ineffective assistance of trial or plea counsel; instead, it alleged the evidence against him
was insufficient. Because no concerns of ineffective assistance of counsel were raised in the pro se
motion, Krankel was not triggered by the initial pro se filing.
¶ 58 3. Defendant’s Amended Motion (August 2021)
¶ 59 The amended motion filed by counsel, which was styled as a motion to withdraw
defendant’s guilty plea, made one oblique reference to the alleged inadequacies of plea counsel:
an allegation that “his attorney, the Court, and the prosecutor would not agree to a more appropriate
sentence under 20 years.” However, at this point, there is no Krankel issue raised by a pleading
filed on behalf of defendant by his attorney. The objective of a Krankel inquiry is to allow the trial
court “to decide whether independent counsel is necessary to argue a defendant’s pro se posttrial
ineffective assistance claims at a full Krankel hearing.” In re Johnathan T., 2022 IL 127222, ¶ 23.
Here, defendant had an appointed attorney different from plea counsel, who was free to raise any
claim of her predecessor’s ineffectiveness. We note that posttrial motion counsel represented
17
defendant at trial prior to plea counsel and that both attorneys were appointed by the public
defender’s office (plea counsel was in private practice but was appointed by the public defender’s
office). In People v. Munson, 265 Ill. App. 3d 765, 768, 770 (1994), the court held that there is no
per se conflict of interest when an assistant public defender is assigned to challenge the
effectiveness of another assistant from the same office. See also People v. Banks, 121 Ill. 2d 36,
43 (1987). No objection to posttrial counsel’s representation was raised below or in this court.
¶ 60 4. Defendant’s Oral Comments Did Not “Trigger” a Preliminary Krankel Hearing
¶ 61 Defendant’s comments at the hearing on the motion to withdraw his plea require a
somewhat closer examination. A represented defendant’s own statements about his prior counsel’s
ineffectiveness may be sufficient to trigger a Krankel inquiry. See People v. Rhodes, 2019 IL App
(4th) 160917, ¶ 18; see also People v. Roberson, 2021 IL App (3d) 190212, ¶ 20 (Defense
counsel’s withdrawal and the subsequent appointment of new counsel did not moot the need to
appoint independent counsel to investigate defendant’s Krankel claim, once triggered.).
¶ 62 While we examine defendant’s comments at the motion hearing in the context of
the foregoing authority, we find that they were inadequate to trigger a Krankel hearing. In Ayres,
the supreme court held that a defendant must bring a “clear claim asserting ineffective assistance
of counsel, either orally or in writing,” to trigger the trial court’s duty to conduct a preliminary
Krankel hearing. Ayres, 2017 IL 120071, ¶ 18. “If a defendant does not make a valid ineffective
assistance claim, [he] does not trigger the need for the trial court to inquire.” (Internal quotation
marks omitted.) Thomas, 2017 IL App (4th) 150815, ¶ 24.
¶ 63 Defendant acknowledges he did not use the words “ineffective assistance of
counsel” in his October posttrial motion hearing testimony, but he nonetheless asserts that he
alleged facts sufficient to trigger a preliminary Krankel hearing, namely that (1) he was coerced
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into his plea agreement because his case was delayed and “nothing was moving forward,” (2) his
plea attorney did not advise him about the pending statutory change concerning custodial
statements made to police by a minor, and (3) no one helped him with his case.
¶ 64 Whether the allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel are sufficient to trigger
a trial court’s duty to conduct a Krankel inquiry is a question of law subject to de novo review.
People v. Bell, 2018 IL App (4th) 151016, ¶ 36 (citing People v. Taylor, 237 Ill. 2d 68, 75-76
(2010)). “[W]here the defendant’s claim is implicit and could be subject to different
interpretations, a Krankel inquiry is not required.” Thomas, 2017 IL App (4th) 150815, ¶ 26 (citing
Taylor, 237 Ill. 2d at 77).
¶ 65 On defendant’s first claim—that he was coerced into his plea agreement because
his case was delayed and “nothing was moving forward”—we need only examine the record on
appeal to see that defendant’s case was ready for jury trial on February 24, 2020, the same day his
negotiated plea agreement was presented to the trial court. At the outset of proceedings that day,
the court stated: “[W]e were just about ready to start a jury trial, and I have the witness list and
statement of the nature and jury instructions and so on, and I was getting my questions together,
and I understand there may be a plea agreement.” Given this posture, defendant’s contention that
he was somehow coerced into accepting the plea because his case was not moving forward is flatly
contradicted by the record. He entered his plea the very day he would otherwise have gone to trial.
¶ 66 As to his second argument—that his plea attorney did not advise him about the
pending statutory change concerning custodial statements made to police by a minor—we again
find an insufficient trigger for a preliminary Krankel inquiry. The statute referenced (725 ILCS
5/103-2.2(b) (West Supp. 2021)) was not yet even introduced as a bill (Senate Bill 2122 was
introduced the February following defendant’s negotiated plea (102d Gen. Assem., Senate Bill
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2122, 2021 Sess.; 102d Ill. Gen. Assem., Senate Proceedings, Feb. 26, 2021, at 43.)). Surely the
obligation of effective assistance does not extend to the ability to see the future. Moreover, on its
face, the statute only applies to custodial interrogations of a minor conducted “on or after the
effective date” of January 1, 2022. (Emphasis added.) 725 ILCS 5/103-2.2(b) (West Supp. 2021).
Defendant’s custodial interrogation occurred in September 2015. Thus, defendant’s second
contention on its face lacks merit and does not constitute a “clear claim asserting ineffective
assistance” which would trigger a preliminary inquiry under Krankel.
¶ 67 Defendant’s final claim is that no one “helped” him with his case. Here again, the
record is clear that defendant was represented by counsel of his choice, both before and during his
plea negotiations. He was initially represented by a retained private attorney. Later, he was
assigned a contract attorney through the public defender’s office; defendant specifically requested
that attorney by name. He was represented by a different attorney from the public defender’s office
in connection with his postplea motions. Having been represented by counsel throughout, it is
insufficient for defendant to vaguely claim that “no one helped” him without giving any hint of
what help he feels he was deprived of.
¶ 68 As we said in Thomas, while the courts “have lessened the burden on defendants,
unskilled in the law, to make an assertion sufficient to warrant a Krankel inquiry,” courts of review
should be “reluctant to require trial courts to somehow glean an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel
claim from every obscure complaint or comment made by a defendant.” Thomas, 2017 IL App
(4th) 150815, ¶ 30. On this record, defendant failed to trigger a preliminary Krankel inquiry by
vaguely complaining that no one “helped” him.
¶ 69 III. CONCLUSION
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¶ 70 For the reasons stated above, we find that appellate jurisdiction exists to consider
defendant’s claims. With respect to defendant’s contention that Krankel issues arose out of the
proceedings on his motion to withdraw his guilty plea, we find that no Krankel inquiry was
required and therefore affirm the trial court’s dismissal of the motion.
¶ 71 Affirmed.
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People v. Cook, 2023 IL App (4th) 210621Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Macon County, No. 15-CF-1119;
the Hon. Thomas E. Griffith, Judge, presiding.
Attorneys James E. Chadd, Douglas R. Hoff, and Brian L. Josias, of State
for Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.
Appellant:
Attorneys Scott Rueter, State’s Attorney, of Decatur (Patrick Delfino, David
for J. Robinson, and Allison Paige Brooks, of State’s Attorneys
Appellee: Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.
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