Innovative Garage Door Company v. High Ranking Domains, LLC , 367 Ill. Dec. 163 ( 2012 )


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  •                            ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
    Appellate Court
    Innovative Garage Door Co. v. High Ranking Domains, LLC, 
    2012 IL App (2d) 120117
    Appellate Court            INNOVATIVE GARAGE DOOR COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v.
    Caption                    HIGH RANKING DOMAINS, LLC, Defendant-Appellee.
    District & No.             Second District
    Docket No. 2-12-0117
    Filed                      December 3, 2012
    Held                       A Colorado Internet business that contracted to sell leads for garage-door
    (Note: This syllabus       services to providers of such services, including plaintiff, an Illinois
    constitutes no part of     business engaged in installing and repairing garage doors, was subject to
    the opinion of the court   personal jurisdiction in the breach of contract action plaintiff filed when
    but has been prepared      defendant terminated its contract to supply leads to plaintiff and started
    by the Reporter of         selling leads to another company, since defendant had sufficient
    Decisions for the          minimum contacts with Illinois and requiring defendant to litigate the
    convenience of the         matter in Illinois would not offend traditional notions of fairness and
    reader.)
    substantial justice.
    Decision Under             Appeal from the Circuit Court of Du Page County, No. 11-L-225; the
    Review                     Hon. Kenneth L. Popejoy, Judge, presiding.
    Judgment                   Reversed and remanded.
    Counsel on                   Michael A. Cotteleer, of Young & Cotteleer, of Wheaton, for appellant.
    Appeal
    Timothy A. Armstrong and Kenneth M. Mastny, both of Berglund,
    Armstrong & Mastny, P.C., of Oak Brook, for appellee.
    Panel                        JUSTICE HUDSON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
    Justices Zenoff and Burke concurred in the judgment and opinion.
    OPINION
    ¶1          In this breach-of-contract case, plaintiff, Innovative Garage Door Company (Innovative),
    appeals the trial court’s order dismissing its complaint against defendant, High Ranking
    Domains, LLC (HRD), for lack of personal jurisdiction. At issue is whether HRD’s activities
    are sufficient to establish jurisdiction over it. We conclude that they are. Accordingly, we
    reverse and remand for further proceedings.
    ¶2                                         I. BACKGROUND
    ¶3           Innovative is an Illinois corporation that repairs and installs garage doors. HRD is an
    Arizona limited liability company with its principal place of business in Colorado. HRD
    owns at least three websites, including garagedoorsofamerica.com, designed to solicit
    inquiries from people seeking handyman, plumbing, or garage-door services. HRD then sells
    these leads to companies throughout the United States.
    ¶4           When the website garagedoorsofamerica.com is viewed,1 a form allows users to seek
    services in specific states and cities. Illinois is listed in various locations as a supported state.
    Separate text links allow users to seek services in specific states, including Illinois. A person
    using the website can use pull-down menus to choose a specific city in Illinois and select a
    desired service in order to seek an estimate. The website then identifies a company that
    serves the area, provides a local telephone number to call for a free estimate, and lists coupon
    codes. HRD does not have offices in Illinois, and its employees do not regularly travel to
    Illinois or physically conduct business in this state.
    1
    Information about the content of HRD’s websites was not included in the pleadings.
    However, the domain locations were included. We determine that it is appropriate to take judicial
    notice of the material that appears on those sites. See Publications International, Ltd. v.
    Burke/Triolo, Inc., 
    121 F. Supp. 2d 1178
    , 1182 n.2 (N.D. Ill. 2000). Regardless, while the content
    of the websites bolsters our decision in this case, we would reach the same determination in this
    matter had we not taken judicial notice, as the pleadings sufficiently detail that HRD uses
    commercial websites to obtain leads from Illinois residents.
    -2-
    ¶5          In 2007, the president of Innovative saw an advertisement placed by HRD in International
    Door and Opener Magazine that invited garage-door installers across the country to enter into
    a contract to obtain installation and repair leads. Innovative became one of HRD’s customers
    by downloading a written service agreement from HRD’s website at
    highrankingdomains.com, which it submitted to HRD by mail or fax. HRD accepted the
    contract in Arizona. The highrankingdomains.com website states that HRD is an Internet
    lead-generation company that specializes in search-engine marketing. All indications from
    the website are that HRD does most, if not all, of its business online.
    ¶6          Under the agreement, HRD sold approximately 150 leads per year to Innovative for $15
    each. The leads were compiled by HRD, concerned garage-door services in Illinois, and were
    for cities in Illinois that Innovative chose from an online selection. HRD transmitted the
    leads from Arizona to Innovative in Illinois, and Innovative paid for the leads using its
    Illinois credit-card account. How the leads were transmitted is unknown. The contract
    allowed for transmittal by telephone or e-mail, and the copy in the record does not indicate
    how leads were actually transmitted. Billing took place from Arizona and charges were made
    based on a credit-card authorization form that was sent to HRD in Arizona when the
    agreement was sent.
    ¶7          In November 2010, HRD terminated the agreement in order to sell the leads to another
    company. Innovative then filed a complaint seeking damages for breach of contract,
    contending that a clause in the contract required HRD to continue services indefinitely, with
    Innovative being the only party who could cancel the contract. HRD moved to dismiss the
    complaint, contending that the trial court lacked personal jurisdiction over it.
    ¶8          The trial court determined that, because there were no HRD offices in Illinois, no travel
    to Illinois, and no maintenance of business activities in Illinois, it lacked personal jurisdiction
    over HRD. The court found HRD’s Internet activity akin to an advertisement and concluded
    that HRD was merely a conduit for connecting consumers with service providers. The court
    stated that HRD’s activities were not sufficient to subject it to jurisdiction in every state
    where it brought together two in-state parties. Thus, the court dismissed the complaint.
    Innovative now appeals.
    ¶9                                          II. ANALYSIS
    ¶ 10       Innovative contends that the trial court erred in dismissing the case, arguing that HRD
    was subject to the lawsuit in Illinois because it collected information from Illinois residents
    via its Internet business and sold that information to Innovative in Illinois. HRD contends
    that subjecting it to suit in Illinois would violate due process (HRD mentions the Illinois
    long-arm statute (735 ILCS 5/2-209 (West 2010)) in its brief; however, the parties’
    arguments largely focus on federal due process principles).
    ¶ 11       “ ‘The plaintiff has the burden of proving a prima facie case for jurisdiction when
    seeking jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant.’ ” Wiggen v. Wiggen, 
    2011 IL App (2d) 100982
    , ¶ 20 (quoting Bolger v. Nautica International, Inc., 
    369 Ill. App. 3d 947
    , 949
    (2007)). “When the trial court decides the issue of personal jurisdiction based solely on
    documentary evidence, our review is de novo.” 
    Id.
     “ ‘In reviewing affidavits and pleadings,
    -3-
    we resolve conflicts between the documents in the plaintiff’s favor for purposes of
    determining whether a prima facie case for jurisdiction has been shown.’ ” 
    Id.
     (quoting
    Bolger, 369 Ill. App. 3d at 950). “ ‘A plaintiff’s prima facie case for jurisdiction can be
    overcome by a defendant’s uncontradicted evidence that defeats jurisdiction.’ ” Id. (quoting
    Bolger, 369 Ill. App. 3d at 950).
    ¶ 12        Section 2-209(c) of the Code of Civil Procedure (the long-arm statute) allows an Illinois
    court to exercise personal jurisdiction on any basis permitted by the Illinois Constitution and
    the Constitution of the United States. 735 ILCS 5/2-209(c) (West 2010). “ ‘Thus, the long-
    arm statute has been held to be coextensive with the due process requirements of the Illinois
    and United States Constitutions.’ ” Wiggen, 
    2011 IL App (2d) 100982
    , ¶ 21 (quoting Bolger,
    369 Ill. App. 3d at 950). Accordingly, the issue is addressed according to due-process
    requirements. Id.
    ¶ 13        “Under state due process guarantees, it must be fair, just, and reasonable to require a
    nonresident to defend an action in Illinois, considering the quality and nature of the
    defendant’s acts that occur in Illinois or that affect interests located in Illinois.” Id. ¶ 22. The
    federal due process analysis considers whether “ ‘(1) the nonresident defendant had
    “minimum contacts” with the forum state such that there was “fair warning” that the
    nonresident defendant may be haled into court there; (2) the action arose out of or related to
    the defendant’s contacts with the forum state; and (3) it is reasonable to require the defendant
    to litigate in the forum state.’ ” Bolger, 369 Ill. App. 3d at 950 (quoting Keller v. Henderson,
    
    359 Ill. App. 3d 605
    , 613 (2005))2; see also Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 
    471 U.S. 462
    ,
    471-77 (1985). Moreover, personal jurisdiction is not a contest between two states, with the
    winner being able to assert jurisdiction. Viktron Ltd. Partnership v. Program Data Inc., 
    326 Ill. App. 3d 111
    , 118-19 (2001). Thus, conduct by a party that might allow another state to
    exercise jurisdiction is not relevant to assessing whether Illinois may assert it as well. Id. at
    119.
    ¶ 14        At issue in this appeal is whether HRD had sufficient minimum contacts with Illinois so
    that Illinois courts can assert personal jurisdiction over it. “The minimum contacts required
    for the exercise of personal jurisdiction differ depending on whether general jurisdiction or
    specific jurisdiction is being sought.” Wiggen, 
    2011 IL App (2d) 100982
    , ¶ 24 (citing Bolger,
    369 Ill. App. 3d at 951). The present case arises out of HRD’s relationship with Innovative;
    hence, we limit our inquiry to the question of specific jurisdiction and express no opinion on
    the subject of general jurisdiction. “ ‘A court has specific jurisdiction over a defendant if the
    suit arises out of or relates to the defendant’s contacts with the forum state.’ ” Wiggen, 
    2011 IL App (2d) 100982
    , ¶ 29 (quoting Bolger, 369 Ill. App. 3d at 952). “For specific
    jurisdiction, the suit must arise directly out of the contacts between the defendant and the
    2
    In Keller, 359 Ill. App. 3d at 620, we noted that “in almost all cases, when federal due
    process concerns regarding personal jurisdiction are satisfied, so are Illinois due process concerns.”
    Thus, as there was no contention that the analyses diverged, we held that “because federal due
    process concerns have been satisfied in this case, so have Illinois due process concerns.” Id.
    Similarly, neither party in this case asserts that the analyses diverge. Thus, we address only the
    federal due process standard.
    -4-
    forum.” Id.
    ¶ 15                                    A. Minimum Contacts
    ¶ 16       “ ‘In order for personal jurisdiction to comport with federal due process requirements,
    the defendant must have certain minimum contacts with the forum state such that
    maintaining the suit there does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial
    justice.’ ” Wiggen, 
    2011 IL App (2d) 100982
    , ¶ 24 (quoting Bolger, 369 Ill. App. 3d at 951).
    “At a minimum, the court must find an act by which the defendant purposefully avails him
    or herself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum state, thus invoking the
    benefits and protections of its laws.” Id. ¶ 29. “The focus is on the defendant’s activities
    within the forum State, not on those of the plaintiff.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id.
    “The purposeful-availment requirement exists so that an out-of-state defendant will not be
    forced to litigate in a distant or inconvenient forum solely as a result of random, fortuitous,
    or attenuated contacts or the unilateral act of a consumer or some other third person.” Id.
    ¶ 24. This connection does not require physical contacts with the forum state. Rather, “[s]o
    long as a commercial actor’s efforts are ‘purposefully directed’ toward residents of another
    State,” that state may exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant. Burger
    King, 
    471 U.S. at 476
     (quoting Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 
    465 U.S. 770
    , 774-75
    (1984)). Once a plaintiff has established a defendant’s minimum contacts with Illinois, we
    must then consider those contacts in light of certain other factors to determine whether the
    exercise of personal jurisdiction comports with “ ‘fair play and substantial justice.’ ” 
    Id.
    (quoting International Shoe Co. v. State of Washington, Office of Unemployment
    Compensation & Placement, 
    326 U.S. 310
    , 320 (1945)).
    ¶ 17                               B. Implications of the Internet
    ¶ 18       An additional consideration is relevant to our analysis, namely, HRD’s website. “The
    type of Internet activity sufficient to establish personal jurisdiction is a developing area of
    jurisprudence ***.” Larochelle v. Allamian, 
    361 Ill. App. 3d 217
    , 225 (2005). Two major
    lines of jurisprudence grapple with the phenomenon that is the Internet. An early attempt to
    deal with this subject occurred in Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc., 
    952 F. Supp. 1119
     (W.D. Pa. 1997). There, the federal district court from the Western District of
    Pennsylvania crafted a “sliding scale” test based upon the relative interactivity and the
    commercial nature of a website. Zippo, 
    952 F. Supp. at 1123-24
    . A second line of cases
    concerns the degree to which a foreign party has “targeted” the forum state. See, e.g., ALS
    Scan, Inc. v. Digital Service Consultants, Inc., 
    293 F.3d 707
    , 714 (4th Cir. 2002) (“This
    standard for reconciling contacts through electronic media with standard due process
    principles is not dissimilar to that applied by the Supreme Court in Calder v. Jones, [
    465 U.S. 783
     (1984)]. In Calder, the Court held that a California court could constitutionally
    exercise personal jurisdiction over a Florida citizen whose only material contact with
    California was to write a libelous story in Florida, directed at a California citizen, for a
    publication circulated in California, knowing that the ‘injury would be felt by [the
    Californian] in the State in which she lives and works.’ 
    Id. at 789-90
    . Analogously, under
    -5-
    the standard we adopt and apply today, specific jurisdiction in the Internet context may be
    based only on an out-of-state person’s Internet activity directed at Maryland and causing
    injury that gives rise to a potential claim cognizable in Maryland.”). These cases give us
    additional tools to apply when confronted with a jurisdictional question involving the
    Internet.
    ¶ 19        We emphasize, however, that they are just tools that may be useful in analyzing certain
    fact patterns. Neither line of cases should be regarded as providing a dispositive test to be
    applied in cases involving jurisdiction and the Internet. Indeed, doing so would be
    inconsistent with the Supreme Court’s rejection in Burger King, 
    471 U.S. at 478
     (quoting
    International Shoe Co., 
    326 U.S. at 316
    ), of “the notion that personal jurisdiction might turn
    on ‘mechanical’ tests.” Essentially, the analyses contained in these cases are relevant only
    to the extent that they shed light upon a jurisdictional issue.
    ¶ 20        Notably, though the Zippo test has been widely applied by federal trial courts, including
    those in the Seventh Circuit (see, e.g., Berthold Types Ltd. v. European Mikrograf Corp., 
    102 F. Supp. 2d 928
    , 932-33 (N.D. Ill. 2000)), the Seventh Circuit expressly declined to fashion
    a special jurisdictional test for Internet cases (Illinois v. Hemi Group LLC, 
    622 F.3d 754
    ,
    758-59 (7th Cir. 2010) (citing Tamburo v. Dworkin, 
    601 F.3d 693
    , 703 n.7 (7th Cir. 2010))).
    That court explained:
    “Zippo’s sliding scale was always just short-hand for determining whether a defendant
    had established sufficient minimum contacts with a forum to justify exercising personal
    jurisdiction over him in the forum state. But we think that the traditional due process
    inquiry described earlier is not so difficult to apply to cases involving Internet contacts
    that courts need some sort of easier-to-apply categorical test.” 
    Id. at 759
    .
    We agree that a specific test for Internet cases is unwarranted. Instead, we view the Zippo test
    as a guiding factor. Hence, though we have previously approved of the Zippo test, we now
    clarify that it is not to be treated as the ultimate test for determining jurisdiction in Internet
    cases. Instead, the ultimate analysis is what it has always been–whether the quality and nature
    of the defendant’s contacts with the forum are such that it is fair and reasonable to assert
    personal jurisdiction. In light of the Supreme Court’s demand that jurisdiction be analyzed
    in a “ ‘highly realistic’ ” manner, courts must be cautious in applying any seemingly
    categorical tests to questions of jurisdiction, whether Internet-related or not. Burger King,
    
    471 U.S. at 478
     (quoting International Shoe Co., 
    326 U.S. at 316
    ).
    ¶ 21        Having placed these tests in a proper context, we now turn to their substance. Under the
    Zippo analysis, at the top of the scale, “jurisdiction attaches to a nonresident defendant where
    it transacts business in foreign jurisdictions via an interactive website where contracts are
    completed online and the defendant derives profit directly from web-related activity.”
    Larochelle, 361 Ill. App. 3d at 225 (citing Bombliss v. Cornelsen, 
    355 Ill. App. 3d 1107
    ,
    1114 (2005)). Generally, the mere maintenance of an interactive website is not enough.
    Rather, at the top end of the scale, jurisdiction is proper over “businesses which conduct a
    significant portion of their business though ongoing Internet relationships; for example, by
    entering ‘into contracts with residents of a foreign jurisdiction that involve the knowing and
    repeated transmission of computer files over the Internet.’ ” Millennium Enterprises, Inc. v.
    -6-
    Millennium Music, LP, 
    33 F. Supp. 2d 907
    , 920 (D. Or. 1999) (quoting Zippo, 
    952 F. Supp. at 1124
    ). Conversely, at the bottom of the scale, “jurisdiction does not attach where the
    nonresident maintains a passive website that merely provides information about the
    defendant’s products or services.” Larochelle, 361 Ill. App. 3d at 225. “In between lies a
    third type of website that is interactive in that it allows customers in foreign jurisdictions to
    communicate regarding the defendant’s products and services; such a website may or may
    not be sufficient to assert personal jurisdiction, depending on the level of interactivity and
    the commercial nature of the information exchanged.” Id. “Ultimately, whether a state may
    exercise personal jurisdiction is determined by ‘examining the level of interactivity and
    commercial nature of the exchange of information that occurs on the Web site.’ ” Berthold,
    
    102 F. Supp. 2d at 932
     (quoting Zippo, 
    952 F. Supp. at 1124
    ). The quality and nature of
    commercial activity that an entity conducts over the Internet is a key consideration. See 
    id.
    We note, however, that cases where the maintenance of a website is asserted as the sole basis
    for personal jurisdiction are probably rare and more often, additional considerations
    independent of the Internet (such as a contract and the parties’ obligations under it) will bear
    upon the issue as well. E.g., Toys “R” Us, Inc. v. Step Two, S.A., 
    318 F.3d 446
    , 453 (3d Cir.
    2003) (“In deciding whether to exercise jurisdiction over a cause of action arising from a
    defendant’s operation of a web site, a court may consider the defendant’s related non-Internet
    activities as part of the ‘purposeful availment’ calculus.”).
    ¶ 22        Here, we are not presented with a situation where jurisdiction is entirely dependent on
    the existence of a website. In deciding that Illinois may assert jurisdiction over HRD, we are
    guided by considerations beyond the interactivity of the website. Generally, regardless of the
    interactivity of the website,”something more” than just the presence of a website is required.
    See Millennium Enterprises, Inc., 
    33 F. Supp. 2d at
    919 (citing Cybersell, Inc. v. Cybersell,
    Inc., 
    130 F.3d 414
    , 418 (9th Cir. 1997)). Thus, we have held that the sale of a product over
    an Internet auction site to a buyer in Illinois, when the seller has no control over who
    purchases the item, does not subject the seller to jurisdiction in Illinois without further ties
    to the state. MacNeil v. Trambert, 
    401 Ill. App. 3d 1077
    , 1082-83 (2010). We also agree that
    the quality and nature of commercial activity that an entity conducts over the Internet is a key
    consideration. See Berthold, 
    102 F. Supp. 2d at 932
    . But, while a highly interactive website
    might indicate the quality of commercial contacts with the forum, it is the contacts
    themselves that would allow us to exercise jurisdiction rather than the mere fact that the
    website is interactive.
    ¶ 23        Moreover, when assessing Internet-based contacts, it is also important to consider the
    extent to which an entity outside the forum directed its activities at the forum state. In Burger
    King, 
    471 U.S. at 472
    , the Supreme Court held that specific personal jurisdiction exists
    where a defendant has “purposefully directed” his or her activities at the forum state and the
    claimed injuries arise out of those activities. The Seventh Circuit, discussing Calder, 
    465 U.S. 783
    , explained that conduct is purposefully directed at a state where (1) the conduct at
    issue is intentional; (2) it is expressly aimed at the forum state; and (3) the defendant is aware
    that its effects will be felt in the forum state. Tamburo, 
    601 F.3d at 702-03
    . We note that
    Calder has generally been applied only in tort cases. See, e.g., Revell v. Lidov, 
    317 F.3d 467
    (5th Cir. 2002). However, drawing distinctions between tort and contract cases for the
    -7-
    purpose of assessing personal jurisdiction is of questionable utility. Planning Group of
    Scottsdale, L.L.C. v. Lake Mathews Mineral Properties, Ltd., 
    246 P.3d 343
    , 349 (Ariz. 2011)
    (en banc) (“Moreover, we do not believe that if purposeful direction is established with
    respect to a tort claim, a contract claim arising out of precisely the same set of facts is
    somehow placed beyond the constitutional purview of Arizona courts. The issue, after all,
    is whether the aggregate of the defendants’ contacts with this state makes it fair and
    reasonable to hale them into court here with respect to claims arising out of those contacts.”);
    see also Sasha Meschkow, Unifying Personal Jurisdiction In The Ninth Circuit, 
    43 Ariz. St. L.J. 1345
    , 1361 (2011) (“[T]here is nothing in the Calder opinion to suggest the effects
    analysis could not be applied in non-tort cases where the actions are intentional, expressly
    aimed towards the forum, and cause harm to the plaintiff in the forum.”). In fact, the
    Supreme Court itself has relied on Calder in a contract case. Burger King, 
    471 U.S. at
    469
    n.11, 476. Thus, to the extent that the Calder framework is helpful in analyzing any given
    case, we will apply it.
    ¶ 24                               C. Specific Personal Jurisdiction
    ¶ 25        Having set forth the applicable law, we will now turn to the question of whether specific
    personal jurisdiction exists with respect to HRD. We conclude that it does. Initially, we note
    that we are not called upon to consider whether HRD’s website alone provides a basis for
    Illinois to exercise jurisdiction in this matter. Quite simply, this is not a case in which a
    defendant’s only tie to the forum state is its website. The most significant contact HRD has
    with this state is the nature of its business relationship with Innovative. HRD entered into a
    contract that established a long-term–indeed, as alleged, open-ended–relationship with an
    Illinois business. Pursuant to that relationship, HRD arranged business transactions between
    the Illinois business and what were primarily Illinois consumers (we recognize that some of
    the contacts may have been to residents of other states–for example, nonresidents who own
    property in Illinois–however, given the location-oriented nature of HRD’s website, the vast
    majority of contacts were surely with residents of Illinois). In Burger King, 
    471 U.S. at
    478-
    79, the Supreme Court explained:
    “The Court long ago rejected the notion that personal jurisdiction might turn on
    ‘mechanical’ tests, [citation], or on ‘conceptualistic . . . theories of the place of
    contracting or of performance,’ [citation]. Instead, we have emphasized the need for a
    ‘highly realistic’ approach that recognizes that a ‘contract’ is ‘ordinarily but an
    intermediate step serving to tie up prior business negotiations with future consequences
    which themselves are the real object of the business transaction.’ [Citation.] It is these
    factors–prior negotiations and contemplated future consequences, along with the terms
    of the contract and the parties’ actual course of dealing–that must be evaluated in
    determining whether the defendant purposefully established minimum contacts within
    the forum.”
    Here, the substance of the agreement clearly establishes a significant relationship between
    HRD and Illinois. HRD’s contacts with Illinois are in no way “random, fortuitous, or
    attenuated” (Wiggen, 
    2011 IL App (2d) 100982
    , ¶ 24); rather, they arise from substantial
    -8-
    obligations in this state to which HRD voluntarily subjected itself by entering into a contract
    with an Illinois resident.
    ¶ 26        In order to provide garage-door customer contacts to Innovative, HRD maintained a
    website. While the website is commercial, it is only minimally interactive. It merely allows
    a user to select a state and city, to which the website responds by identifying a local
    contractor. Cf. Larochelle, 361 Ill. App. 3d at 225 (holding that a website whose only
    interactive feature was to allow users to retrieve stock quotes was “barely more than
    passive”). However, the website was unquestionably directed (in relevant part) at Illinois. In
    Hemi Group, 
    622 F.3d at 758
    , the Seventh Circuit observed that a website that specifically
    identified a state–indicating a willingness to do business with the state’s residents–would
    provide an indication that the operator of the website was purposefully availing itself of the
    protection of the state’s laws. In this case, HRD did expressly identify Illinois on its website
    and also listed a number of cities within this state. HRD bills itself as an Internet company
    that specializes in search marketing, and its website specifically invites Illinois residents to
    fill out forms seeking information. Without the Internet, and without users in Illinois
    accessing HRD’s website from Illinois, performance of the contract would be impossible
    under HRD’s business model. Hence, HRD’s website was expressly directed toward Illinois
    residents. Again, there is nothing “random, fortuitous, or attenuated” (Wiggen, 
    2011 IL App (2d) 100982
    , ¶ 24) about this contact, in that it reflects HRD’s deliberate decision to include
    Illinois on its website. Thus, though the website is not particularly interactive, that it is
    commercial and directed toward Illinois militate in favor of finding personal jurisdiction over
    HRD for the purpose of this action.
    ¶ 27        We need not decide whether HRD’s website would, in itself, be a sufficient basis to
    assert personal jurisdiction in this case. Instead, we consider the website in aggregate with
    the contractual relationship into which HRD entered. The substantial and ongoing nature of
    this relationship is also noteworthy–HRD provided Innovative with approximately 150 leads
    per year for about 3½ years. We hold that HRD’s maintenance of a commercial website
    directed at this state, which is related to the subject matter of this litigation, in addition to its
    entering into a contract to provide an Illinois business with leads to predominantly Illinois
    customers, is a sufficient basis for specific personal jurisdiction in this case.
    ¶ 28        HRD counters that Innovative can meet none of the following factors, which it asserts
    are pertinent here: (1) who initiated the transaction; (2) where the contract was formed; and
    (3) where performance was to take place. See Bolger, 369 Ill. App. 3d at 952. We note that
    the first two factors seem inconsistent with the Supreme Court’s admonishment that it had
    “long ago rejected the notion that personal jurisdiction might turn on ‘mechanical’ tests,
    [citation], or on ‘conceptualistic . . . theories of the place of contracting or of performance,
    [citation].’ ” Burger King, 
    471 U.S. at 478-79
    . This apparent conflict between Illinois and
    Supreme Court precedent is entirely explicable. These factors are taken from Viktron, 326
    Ill. App. 3d at 117, and Ideal Insurance Agency, Inc. v. Shipyard Marine, Inc., 
    213 Ill. App. 3d 675
    , 680 (1991), both of which apply them in analyzing jurisdiction under the Illinois
    long-arm statute (735 ILCS 5/2-209 (West 2010)). They are therefore not applicable to a due
    process analysis. See Madison Miracle Productions, LLC v. MGM Distribution Co., 
    2012 IL App (1st) 112334
    , ¶¶ 59-62. Furthermore, we note that these factors have been applied to
    -9-
    subsections 2-209(a)(1) and 2-209(a)(7) of the long-arm statute (735 ILCS 5/2-209(a)(1),
    (a)(7) (West 2010)). Subsection 2-209(c) allows an Illinois court to exercise jurisdiction on
    any basis permitted by the federal constitution. 735 ILCS 5/2-209(c) (West 2010). Thus, so
    long as federal due process requirements are met, there is no need to consider whether the
    application of the factors upon which HRD relies would allow an assertion of jurisdiction
    under an additional portion of the long-arm statute.
    ¶ 29       The third factor–where the parties contemplated that performance would take place–is
    consistent with federal due process principles. See Burger King, 
    471 U.S. at 479
     (“It is these
    factors–prior negotiations and contemplated future consequences, along with the terms of the
    contract and the parties’ actual course of dealing–that must be evaluated in determining
    whether the defendant purposefully established minimum contacts within the forum.”). HRD
    claims “it is easy to establish that [it] did not perform any part of the contract in Illinois,”
    because it “was never in Illinois, and at most merely transmitted information from Arizona
    to Innovative via electronic means.” (Emphasis in original.) Initially, we note that it is not
    the place where performance occurred that is relevant; it is the place where performance was
    contemplated. Viktron, 326 Ill. App. 3d at 119. Furthermore, HRD’s reliance on the fact that
    it never entered Illinois is completely misplaced, for the Supreme Court has held that “[s]o
    long as a commercial actor’s efforts are ‘purposefully directed’ toward residents of another
    State, [it has] consistently rejected the notion that an absence of physical contacts can defeat
    personal jurisdiction there.” Burger King, 
    471 U.S. at 476
    . Moreover, HRD mischaracterizes
    the nature of its business; it was not operating an online telephone book. Illinois consumers
    seeking a garage-door contractor were not simply given a list of all contractors in the area.
    HRD paired consumers with contractors based on geography, and it (allegedly) had a
    contractual commitment to provide those contacts to a particular contractor–in this case,
    Innovative–within a geographical area. Put differently, it was not simply disbursing
    information to consumers; it was directing them to a particular Illinois company, based on
    the company’s willingness to pay a referral fee to HRD, thereby facilitating business
    transactions within this state that might not have otherwise occurred. Given such
    circumstances, we disagree with HRD that it was simply sending information into the state.
    ¶ 30       Sound guidance for the resolution of this appeal can be found in Hemi Group, where the
    Seventh Circuit, without applying the Zippo test, found that jurisdiction could be asserted
    over a defendant who made sales to Illinois through a commercial and interactive website
    that had features indicating the defendant’s desire to avail itself of doing business in Illinois.
    That website allowed customers to create accounts and calculate shipping based on their
    location. The website also specifically excluded New York from its shipping locations
    because of ongoing litigation there. The court observed that, “[a]lthough listing all forty-nine
    states by name would have made a stronger case for jurisdiction,” by excluding New York
    the defendant had expressly elected to do business with residents of the forty-nine other
    states. Hemi Group, 
    622 F.3d at 758
    . It also showed that the defendant knew that conducting
    business with a particular state could subject it to jurisdiction there. Ultimately, the court
    concluded that the exercise of jurisdiction was appropriate, finding that, by creating several
    commercial, interactive websites through which customers could purchase cigarettes, after
    which the defendant physically shipped the products to Illinois, the defendant held itself out
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    as open to doing business with Illinois and reached out to residents of Illinois as opposed to
    the residents unilaterally reaching back. 
    Id.
     As in Hemi Group, HRD operated a commercial
    website that contained indications of a desire to do business with Illinois residents. While the
    defendant in Hemi Group shipped products into the state, HRD transmitted information into
    Illinois that served to facilitate business transactions between Illinois residents and Illinois
    businesses (more precisely, as we are considering specific jurisdiction, between residents of
    this state and Innovative, an Illinois company that is involved in this litigation). We
    recognize that the website in Hemi Group was more interactive; however, we find this
    insufficient to distinguish that case, particularly in light of the fact that HRD entered into a
    long-term agreement with a resident of this state while the defendant in Hemi Group was
    engaged in individual sales of goods.
    ¶ 31        We also find instructive the reasoning in GTE New Media Services Inc. v. Ameritech
    Corp., 
    21 F. Supp. 2d 27
    , 38-39 (D.D.C. 1998), rev’d, GTE New Media Services Inc. v.
    BellSouth Corp., 
    199 F.3d 1343
     (D.C. Cir. 2000). There, the foreign defendants operated an
    Internet yellow-pages directory service that actively sought the exchange of information with
    users. On the website, users could provide information and then be directed to the service
    they were seeking. The trial court determined that the defendants derived profit from
    advertisements on the website when users in the forum state viewed the site. In finding that
    personal jurisdiction was proper, the court specifically noted that “the non-resident defendant
    controls the means by which it seeks to economically benefit from the forum.” Id. at 39.
    Thus, the court found that the quality and nature of the contacts, which secured a significant
    commercial benefit from forum users through interaction with the website, resulted in
    sufficient contacts to support the exercise of personal jurisdiction. Id.; see also Bombliss, 355
    Ill. App. 3d at 1114-15 (maintenance of interactive commercial website with interactive chat
    rooms, combined with initiation of contract negotiations by defendant, sufficient to confer
    jurisdiction); CompuServe, Inc. v. Patterson, 
    89 F.3d 1257
    , 1265 (6th Cir. 1996) (jurisdiction
    established, partly in light of ongoing Internet-based relationship); Edvisors Network, Inc.
    v. Educational Advisors, Inc., 
    755 F. Supp. 2d 272
    , 283 (D. Mass. 2010) (finding specific
    jurisdiction in part because the defendant had marketed its services to residents of the state
    through the use of an interactive website in an effort to provide services to residents of the
    forum). GTE was reversed on appeal, in part because the appellate court took issue with the
    trial court’s findings of fact concerning profit derived from advertising. GTE New Media
    Services Inc. v. BellSouth Corp., 
    199 F.3d at 1349
    . We note that we too might not have found
    jurisdiction proper in GTE, given that the profit derived appeared to come from users
    viewing advertising rather than more interactive contact. However, we find persuasive the
    trial court’s remarks concerning the commercial nature of the website and the defendant’s
    ability to control the means by which it profited from the forum. The same can be said here
    of HRD–it makes $15 every time an Illinois resident uses its website to locate an Illinois
    contractor to perform services in Illinois.
    ¶ 32        In sum, we find that specific personal jurisdiction over HRD is proper. HRD entered into
    an open-ended contract to provide leads from Illinois customers to an Illinois company.
    Moreover, the quality and nature of HRD’s contacts with this state through its website also
    support an assertion of jurisdiction. Unlike a case where a company operates an informative
    -11-
    website or where a seller puts an item up for sale on the Internet and does not know where
    it will be purchased, HRD’s website caters to residents of specific localities in order to
    exchange commercial information. HRD can derive profit only when a consumer in one of
    those localities uses its services and HRD then provides the information to a business in the
    same location. Thus, its ability to do business is specifically location-oriented. Illinois is one
    such location. Although HRD has no physical contacts with Illinois and the contract was not
    formed here, the facts that HRD runs an interactive, commercial website designed to generate
    leads from Illinois residents and that the website is specifically tied to a long-standing
    contract with an Illinois resident constitutes conduct purposefully directed toward this state.
    Thus, the quality and nature of those contacts are sufficient to overcome the lack of physical
    contacts with the state and are the minimum contacts necessary to allow courts in Illinois to
    assert personal jurisdiction over HRD.
    ¶ 33                             D. Fair Play and Substantial Justice
    ¶ 34        Having determined that HRD established sufficient minimum contacts in Illinois, we
    must next decide if requiring it to litigate in Illinois would offend traditional notions of “ ‘fair
    play and substantial justice.’ ” Burger King, 
    471 U.S. at 476
     (quoting International Shoe,
    
    326 U.S. at 320
    ). “A court may evaluate the burden on the defendant to litigate in the forum,
    the forum’s interest in adjudicating the dispute, the plaintiff’s interest in convenient and
    effective relief, and the interstate judicial system’s interest in the most efficient resolution
    of a controversy.” Aasonn, LLC v. Delaney, 
    2011 IL App (2d) 101125
    , ¶ 25. “A defendant
    who purposefully directed his activities at a forum must present a compelling case to defeat
    jurisdiction.” 
    Id.
    ¶ 35        Here, although HRD argues that it did not have sufficient minimum contacts with
    Illinois, it does not argue that jurisdiction is defeated based on traditional notions of fair play
    and substantial justice. Illinois has an interest in providing a means of redress for its injured
    resident. See id. ¶ 26. Further, having sought the benefit of a nationwide business model, it
    is fair that HRD also expect the legal exposure that comes with it. See Hemi Group, 
    622 F.3d at 760
    . Given that HRD has not provided information to defeat jurisdiction on this basis,
    there is no reason to conclude that requiring it to litigate in Illinois would offend traditional
    notions of fair play and substantial justice.
    ¶ 36                                      III. CONCLUSION
    ¶ 37        Because of its high level of location-oriented Internet activity that involved the exchange
    of commercial information and the ongoing contractual commitment it made to arrange
    business transactions between entities in this state, HRD established a substantial connection
    with Illinois. Thus, there were sufficient minimum contacts with Illinois for the exercise of
    personal jurisdiction. Doing so offends no notions of fairness or substantial justice.
    Accordingly, the judgment of the circuit court of Du Page County is reversed and this cause
    is remanded for further proceedings.
    ¶ 38       Reversed and remanded.
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