People v. Grabow ( 2022 )

2022 IL App (2d) 210151No. 2-21-0151
Opinion filed June 24, 2022
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS, ) of Winnebago County.
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 19-CM-1026
)
MATHEW JOHN GRABOW, ) Honorable
) Jennifer J. Clifford,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE HUDSON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Hutchinson and Brennan concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant, Matthew John Grabow, was charged with domestic battery (720 ILCS 5/12-
3.2(a)(2) (West 2018)) for striking his girlfriend, Yasmin L. El Said, on the face as she continued
talking on defendant’s cell phone after he asked her to give him the phone. A jury found defendant
guilty, and the trial court sentenced him to 12 months of conditional discharge. At issue on appeal
is whether defense counsel was ineffective for failing to tender a defense-of-property instruction.
We determine that counsel was not ineffective. Accordingly, we affirm.
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 The State’s information charging defendant with domestic battery alleged:
2022 IL App (2d) 210151“That on the 16th day of April, 2019, *** [defendant] committed *** DOMESTIC
BATTERY, in that the defendant knowingly or intentionally made physical contact of an
insulting or provoking nature with [El Said], a family member or a household member of
said defendant, in that the said defendant struck [El Said].”
¶4 Before the trial began, the parties tendered their proposed jury instructions to the trial court.
Defense counsel submitted one instruction, which directed the jury not to consider in any way the
fact that defendant did not testify. The defense did not tender a defense-of-property instruction.
¶5 The State filed a motion under section 115-7.4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963
(725 ILCS 5/115-7.4 (West 2018)), seeking to present evidence of two prior domestic batteries
involving defendant. The court allowed the State to present evidence of a September 24, 2016,
domestic battery that involved defendant and El Said.
¶6 Evidence presented at trial revealed that defendant and El Said had been in a relationship
for almost nine years. On April 16, 2019, they lived in an old multistory farmhouse in Rockford.
El Said spent that day cleaning the house and opening the windows to let fresh air in, as it was the
first nice spring day in the area. Because it was such a nice day, El Said called upstairs to defendant
and asked him if he wanted to go outside with her. Defendant came downstairs, and the couple sat
together on the den couch. While they sat in the den, defendant commented that he was “God’s
gift to [El Said] or the best thing that ever happened to [her].” El Said—who disagreed—made a
“ ‘pfft’ ” sound, defendant became angry, and a verbal argument ensued. Defendant threatened
El Said’s family, and El Said—who “had *** asked [defendant] for permission to use his
phone”—called her older sister, Sarah Romanovich.
¶7 El Said testified that she called Romanovich to tell her that defendant had threatened the
family and that El Said would be unable to contact them anymore. El Said put Romanovich on the
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2022 IL App (2d) 210151phone’s speaker, but she took her off speaker when it became clear that Romanovich’s
conversation with defendant was only aggravating the situation. Defendant, who was standing by
the entrance to the den, then asked El Said for his phone back. El Said said no because she was
talking to Romanovich. Defendant then “charge[d]” toward El Said. He stood an arm’s length
away from El Said, who was still sitting on the couch, and “[El Said] ended up with a smack on
[her] face under [her] cheekbone and the phone and [her] glasses [went] flying across the room.”
El Said, who described the incident as happening very quickly, testified that “[t]here was some
force that caused me to drop [the phone]—that is all I remember. I don’t remember where his hand
or whatever contacted my arm, but there was some force to cause me to drop the phone.” When
asked, “So you can’t say with 100 percent certainty that he even hit your face,” El Said responded,
“No, he hit my face, 100 percent. That was the first contact was the sting to my face. After that
was the motion of my arm and the contact with—.” El Said was also asked if “defendant [was] just
grabbing for the phone that day.” She replied, “If that was his intention, he still hit my face.”
El Said testified that she asked defendant for her glasses. Defendant picked up his phone from the
floor and put it on a counter.
¶8 El Said also testified about the September 24, 2016, domestic battery. On that occasion,
they argued and defendant “blamed [her] for something [she] supposedly [did].” He was angry and
swore at her. She was sitting on a couch in their home, and he was “hovering above [her].” He
“smacked” and spit on her as she sat on the couch.
¶9 Romanovich testified that El Said sounded “[p]anicked [and] sad” when she called her.
“[El Said] seemed very concerned, which made [Romanovich] very concerned.” Romanovich
explained that she was “extremely” worried about El Said’s safety.
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2022 IL App (2d) 210151¶ 10 As she was talking to El Said, Romanovich heard defendant very clearly. Defendant was
“[i]rate, agitated, [and] angry.” He was yelling and directing “vulgar terms” at Romanovich, which
made Romanovich feel threatened. (She admitted that she currently disliked defendant.) When
defendant began addressing her, she addressed him back. However, she believed that this further
agitated defendant because she heard defendant running toward the phone. The “next thing [she
heard] *** was almost like the phone was being smacked” or a “skin-on-skin slap.” Romanovich
described the sound as “very loud.” Next, she heard El Said scream, yell, and “yelp like she was
crying.” Romanovich then “heard the phone smack and chaos.” After the loud smack sound,
Romanovich heard the phone drop and then heard nothing. She called her local police department,
who put her in contact with the Rockford police.
¶ 11 Rockford police officer Ryan Terranova testified that he responded to a domestic
disturbance and welfare check at the couple’s home. Officer Terranova saw El Said when she
opened the door. He did not immediately see defendant. El Said was “visibly upset.” Her eyes
were red, watery, and puffy; she was out of breath. She told Officer Terranova that she was afraid.
Although Officer Terranova observed no physical injury to El Said, he explained that not every
slap to the face causes physical injuries. When defendant saw El Said talking to Officer Terranova,
defendant began yelling from across the room. He was agitated and upset. He yelled that “[n]o
crime had been committed.” Defendant told Officer Terranova that “[h]e heard her [presumably
El Said] calling him evil, so he took the phone and said that when he took the phone, her glasses
fell off, and then he went upstairs.”
¶ 12 Defense counsel moved for a directed verdict, arguing that the State failed to establish that
defendant knowingly made physical contact with El Said when he tried to grab his phone. See 720
ILCS 5/12-3.2(a)(2) (West 2018) (“(a) A person commits domestic battery if he or she knowingly
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2022 IL App (2d) 210151without legal justification by any means *** (2) Makes physical contact of an insulting or
provoking nature with any family or household member.”). The trial court denied the motion. The
State rested. After the court admonished defendant about his right to testify, defendant decided not
to testify and presented no evidence. The court asked the parties if they needed to address any
additional jury instructions, and defense counsel said no.
¶ 13 In closing, the State addressed what it meant to “knowingly” make physical contact. The
State asserted, “And we know it was done knowingly because the defendant walked up to [El Said]
and slapped her.”
¶ 14 In its closing, defense counsel stated, "If it was [defendant’s] intention to grab the phone,
I don’t know. Those are the words from Ms. El Said as she sat and testified.” Counsel stated that
defendant “was grabbing his phone” and that he “had no intention of striking Ms. El Said. He did
not knowingly strike Ms. El Said. He was reaching for a phone.”
¶ 15 After closing arguments, the trial court instructed the jury. However, the court did not give
the jury a defense-of-property instruction.
¶ 16 The jury found defendant guilty. Defendant moved for a new trial, and the trial court denied
that motion. 1 This timely appeal followed.
¶ 17 II. ANALYSIS
1
In the motion for a new trial, defense counsel argued that the trial court erred in refusing
to give the “following” jury instructions. No instructions followed. The State replied, noting that
defendant’s allegations concerning the jury instructions lacked specificity. When the trial court
denied the motion, it noted that it did not know which jury instructions defense counsel was
referencing in the motion.
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2022 IL App (2d) 210151¶ 18 Defendant argues that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to tender a defense-of-
property jury instruction.
¶ 19 “In determining whether a defendant was denied the effective assistance of counsel, we
apply the familiar two-prong test set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), and
adopted by our supreme court in People v. Albanese, 104 Ill. 2d 504 (1984).” People v. Falco,
2014 IL App (1st) 111797, ¶ 14. “To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a
defendant must show [(1)] that counsel’s performance was deficient and [(2)] that the deficient
performance prejudiced the defendant such that he was deprived of a fair trial.” Id. In proving
deficient performance, “ ‘[t]he defendant ‘must overcome the strong presumption that counsel’s
action or inaction was the result of sound trial strategy.’ ” People v. Bustos, 2020 IL App (2d)
170497, ¶ 86 (quoting People v. Perry, 224 Ill. 2d 312, 341-42 (2007)). “To establish prejudice,
the defendant must show a reasonable probability that, absent counsel’s alleged error, the trial’s
outcome would have been different.” Falco, 2014 IL App (1st) 111797, ¶ 14. “ ‘A reasonable
probability of a different result is not merely a possibility of a different result.’ ” Id. (quoting
People v. Evans, 209 Ill. 2d 194, 220 (2004)). “If the defendant fails to establish either prong, his
ineffective assistance claim must fail.” Id. Because “the facts relevant to [defendant’s] ineffective
assistance of counsel claim are not disputed, our review is de novo.” Id.¶ 20 Defendant’s ineffectiveness claim concerns the failure to tender a jury instruction. “ ‘[A]
defendant is entitled to an instruction as to any recognized defense for which there exists evidence
sufficient for a reasonable jury to find in his favor.’ ” People v. Everette, 141 Ill. 2d 147, 156
(1990) (quoting Mathews v. United States, 485 U.S. 58, 63 (1988)). However, “counsel’s choice
of jury instructions, and the decision to rely on one theory of defense to the exclusion of others, is
a matter of trial strategy.” Falco, 2014 IL App (1st) 111797, ¶ 16. “ ‘Such decisions enjoy a strong
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2022 IL App (2d) 210151presumption that they reflect sound trial strategy, rather than incompetence’ and, therefore, are
‘generally immune from claims of ineffective assistance of counsel.’ ” Id. (quoting People v. Enis,
194 Ill. 2d 361, 378 (2000)). That said, “the failure to request a particular jury instruction may be
grounds for finding ineffective assistance of counsel if the instruction was so critical to the defense
that its omission den[ied] the right of the accused to a fair trial.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
Id.¶ 21 Defendant claims that his counsel should have sought a defense-of-property instruction,
which is an affirmative defense (People v. Bausch, 2019 IL App (3d) 170001, ¶ 22). An
affirmative-defense instruction is proper even if slight supporting evidence was presented at trial.
Id.; see also People v. Alexander, 250 Ill. App. 3d 68, 76 (1993).
¶ 22 When a defendant raises an affirmative defense, the State must prove beyond a reasonable
doubt the elements of the charged offense and disprove beyond a reasonable doubt the affirmative
defense. Bausch, 2019 IL App (3d) 170001, ¶¶ 21-22; see also People v. Cruz, 2021 IL App (1st)
190132, ¶ 42. Thus, if defendant had raised an affirmative defense to the domestic-battery charge
here, the State would have had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant knowingly,
without legal justification, made physical contact of an insulting or provoking nature with a family
or household member. 720 ILCS 5/12-3.2(a)(2) (West 2018). If defendant had claimed defense of
property as that legal justification, the State would need to disprove beyond a reasonable doubt
that defendant was “justified in the use of force against [El Said] when and to the extent that he
reasonably believe[d] that such conduct [was] necessary to prevent or terminate [El Said’s]
trespass on or other tortious or criminal interference with *** [his] personal property, lawfully in
his possession.” See id. § 7-3(a).
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2022 IL App (2d) 210151¶ 23 “[T]o justify the use of force, [a defendant] must reasonably believe (a) *** that his
personal property is in immediate danger of unlawful trespass or carrying away, and (b) that the
use of force is necessary to avoid this danger.” 2 Wayne R. LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law
§ 10.6, at 165-66 (2d ed. 2003). “Even when [a defendant] entertains these reasonable beliefs,
however, he may not use more than reasonable force ***.” Id. at 166. These same rules apply
when a defendant seeks to regain possession of his personal property from another. Id. at 171.
(“[A] momentary advantage obtained by the supposed wrongdoer does not alter the rules on
defense of property; where force is allowed to defend property, similar force may be used to regain
possession promptly after its loss.”). That is, the defendant “may resort to reasonable nondeadly
force to repossess his property if he acts immediately after the dispossession.” Id. at 170.
¶ 24 Here, even if we presume that El Said’s permission to use the phone terminated when
defendant asked for it (see Valor Insurance Co. v. Torres, 303 Ill. App. 3d 554, 556-58 (1999)
(permission that insured’s friend had to drive insured’s truck was revoked when insured simply
asked friend “ ‘not to take [his] truck anywhere’ ”)), we cannot conclude that evidence that
defendant might have been grabbing for the phone when he hit El Said was “slight” evidence
warranting a defense-of-property instruction (People v. Taylor, 233 Ill. App. 3d 461, 465 (1992)
(“While even slight evidence which supports the underlying theory of defense warrants the giving
of [an] *** instruction, mere speculation will not.”)).
¶ 25 Further evidence revealed that defendant asked El Said for his phone after she took
Romanovich off the speaker, and El Said said no. Even if defendant struck El Said to retrieve his
phone, the phone was not in immediate danger of unlawful trespass, carrying away, or other
tortious or criminal interference. Force was unnecessary to avoid the danger of El Said’s
continuing discussion with Romanovich on defendant’s phone. When defendant struck El Said,
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2022 IL App (2d) 210151she was seated on the couch in the couple’s home. Nothing suggested that she would leave or do
anything with the phone that would prevent defendant’s later use.
¶ 26 Moreover, the evidence suggested that defendant did not ask for his phone because he was
concerned about an unlawful trespass or tortious interference. Defendant, who had been arguing
with Romanovich, heard El Said call defendant “evil.” This remark, not defendant’s concern about
possession of his phone, prompted defendant to ask for his phone and strike El Said’s face where
she was holding the phone. After El Said dropped the phone, defendant did not leave with it.
Rather, he picked it up and placed it on a counter—within easy reach of El Said—and went
upstairs.
¶ 27 Finally, the force defendant used to retrieve his phone was excessive. He struck El Said
with such force that (1) she dropped the phone, (2) her glasses flew off her face, (3) she began
crying heavily, and (4) she became afraid. This force was unnecessary to avoid the danger of
El Said continuing to talk to Romanovich on defendant’s phone in the couple’s home.
¶ 28 The fact that the evidence does not suggest that defendant struck El Said in defense of his
phone is fatal to any conclusion that counsel’s failure to tender a defense-of-property instruction
constituted deficient performance. Even if counsel could have raised a defense-of-property
affirmative defense, not raising it was a sound decision. See People v. Kyse, 220 Ill. App. 3d 971,
974 (1991) (“[D]efense counsel, in an exercise of judgment and trial strategy, chose not to raise
the affirmative defense of voluntary intoxication, although such defense could have been raised.”).
Also, defendant was not prejudiced when counsel failed to tender a defense-of-property
instruction. The evidence of defendant’s guilt was so strong that the jury’s verdict would not have
changed even if the court had given a defense-of-property instruction. People v. Maclin, 2014 IL
App (1st) 110342, ¶ 39; People v. Flores, 269 Ill. App. 3d 196, 207 (1995). Moreover, raising
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2022 IL App (2d) 210151defense of property would have arguably harmed, rather than helped, defendant’s case. In
disproving a defense-of-property claim, the State might very well have highlighted defendant’s
previous battering of El Said under similar circumstances. Moreover, the State might also have
highlighted that defendant used excessive force. El Said was not going anywhere with defendant’s
phone when he forcefully slapped her. See People v. Edmondson, 2018 IL App (1st) 151381, ¶ 43
(“ ‘[A] rule that counsel should argue all available defenses as a matter of course would make
many clients worse off,’ since ‘a defendant who advances an inconsistent argument may shoot
himself in the foot by implicitly conceding part of the prosecution’s case, or by making the defense
seem unprincipled.’ ” (quoting Wilson v. United States, 414 F.3d 829, 831 (7th Cir. 2005))).
¶ 29 As a final matter, we comment briefly on the public policy concerns of this case. Based on
the facts presented here, if we were to conclude that a defendant could strike a domestic partner
merely to obtain possession of the defendant’s personal property—which the domestic partner had
permission to use—we would be condoning the use of violent actions in situations that are already
quite volatile. In our view, the defense-of-property affirmative defense was not intended to be
applied in cases like this.
¶ 30 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 31 For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Winnebago County.
¶ 32 Affirmed.
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2022 IL App (2d) 2101512022 IL App (2d) 210151
Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Winnebago County, No. 19-
CM-1026; the Hon. Jennifer J. Clifford, Judge, presiding.
Attorneys James E. Chadd, Thomas A. Lilien, and Zachary Wallace, of
for State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Elgin, for appellant.
Appellant:
Attorneys J. Hanley, State’s Attorney, of Rockford (Patrick Delfino,
for Edward R. Psenicka, and Max C. Boose, of State’s Attorneys
Appellee: Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.
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