People v. Eason , 2022 IL App (1st) 200471-U ( 2022 )

2022 IL App (1st) 200471-UFIFTH DIVISION
Order filed: July 8, 2022
No. 1-20-0471
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the
limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Respondent-Appellee, ) Cook County.
)
v. ) No. 2004 CR 17601 02
)
HANNIBAL EASON, ) Honorable
) Lawrence E. Flood,
Petitioner-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.
JUSTICE HOFFMAN delivered the judgment of the court.
Presiding Justice Delort and Justice Cunningham concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: The defendant forfeited a postconviction claim when its basis was apparent on the
original appellate record and he failed to raise the claim on direct appeal, and the
defendant failed to demonstrate, as component of claim of ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel, that trial court’s noncompliance with Supreme Court Rule 431(b)
amounted to clear error when the evidence in the case was not closely balanced.
¶2 The defendant, Hannibal Eason, appeals from the second-stage dismissal of his petition for
postconviction relief filed under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq.
No. 1-20-0471
(West 2014)). We agree with the postconviction court’s dismissal of the two claims that the
defendant challenges on appeal, and we affirm the court’s order.
¶3 The following facts are taken from the filings and exhibits of record, with the recitation of
trial testimony taken from our unpublished order affirming the defendant’s convictions on direct
appeal. See People v. Eason, 2012 IL App (1st) 092927-U.
¶4 The defendant was charged with first degree murder and armed robbery for the shooting of
a fellow bus passenger. At trial, the State’s theory of the case was that the defendant and Billy
Johnson followed the victim, William Jones, off a bus to rob him, and that Johnson fatally shot
Jones during the encounter. Joyce O’Neil, a bystander on the bus, testified that, on the night of the
shooting, she saw the defendant and two companions—later identified as Johnson and Allen
Faulkner—near the victim at a bus stop. She stated that she boarded a bus with all four men. She
recalled that the defendant, who appeared to have a hearing impairment, was “looking at” the
victim while they waited at the bus stop and “staring at” the victim during the bus ride. O’Neil said
that the defendant began “frantic[ally]” communicating in sign language with Johnson during the
bus ride, while Faulkner talked to other passengers. She also recalled that one of the three men in
the defendant’s group had a bottle of alcohol sticking partly out of a pants pocket. O’Neil left the
bus at the same time as the three men and the victim, and she saw the defendant and Johnson
“walking fast” to follow the victim, while Faulkner remained uninvolved. The victim, the
defendant, and Johnson disappeared behind a white van, and O’Neil then heard three gunshots.
¶5 Faulkner testified (through the use of American Sign Language (ASL) and an interpreter)
that the defendant and Johnson, among other people, gathered at his house on the day of the
shooting, and, during the gathering, Johnson showed a gun to the group. After an initial denial,
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Faulkner agreed when confronted with his grand jury testimony that he had seen the defendant
hold the gun during the gathering. Faulkner said that Johnson told the group he planned to commit
a robbery. Faulkner declined to participate, “so [Johnson] asked [the defendant] [‘]you want to go
rob somebody.’ They started talking.” At that point, Faulkner said, he left the room.
¶6 Faulkner said that he, Johnson, and the defendant consumed vodka Johnson had brought in
a gallon jug and smoked marijuana before leaving Faulkner’s home. Later in the night, the group
of three men boarded a bus and saw the victim. At that point in the night, Faulkner said, the
defendant was carrying the vodka bottle in a bag. Faulkner testified that, on the bus, “it looked like
[Johnson] was messing with [the victim] and [he and the defendant] [were] trying to talk about
robbing [him] and they [were] looking at him, making him afraid.” Faulkner, however, focused
his attention on talking to other passengers. When the four got off the bus, Faulkner continued to
talk to other people, but he saw Johnson and the defendant chase the victim. According to Faulkner,
the defendant “whacked the guy” with the vodka bottle. The victim then put his hands up, a
struggle ensued, and flashes of gunfire emanated from the area. The defendant and Johnson ran
soon thereafter, and Faulkner also ran when he saw that the victim had been killed. Faulkner said
that he saw the defendant and Johnson later at his house. Despite being confronted with his grand
jury testimony stating the opposite, Faulkner denied having seen the defendant go through the
victim’s clothes after the shooting. However, he confirmed that he saw the defendant with a
cellular phone after the shooting. On cross-examination, Faulkner stated that he did not recall
telling police that the defendant was not involved in the shooting.
¶7 Cedric Currin (also testifying in ASL through an interpreter), one of the people who
gathered at Faulkner’s house prior to the shooting, recalled that Johnson was showing his gun to
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other people at the house. According to Currin, the defendant “really checked the gun out. He was
really analyzing it.” Currin later saw Johnson and the defendant talking to each other. Currin left
the home wondering if he should alert others to the possible trouble.
¶8 Andrew Buchanan (likewise testifying with the assistance of an interpreter), another person
at the gathering, testified that the defendant seemed impressed by the gun. Buchanan disagreed
with his prior grand jury testimony, in which he said that the defendant reacted to the gun by saying
“I feel like robbing somebody.” He also denied knowing that the defendant and Johnson agreed to
commit a robbery, despite so testifying before the grand jury. Buchanan, who was at Faulkner’s
home after the incident as well, testified that the defendant returned with a cellular phone, but he
said that the defendant did not explain where he obtained the phone. However, Buchanan was
again impeached by his grand jury testimony that the defendant admitted taking the phone from
the victim.
¶9 Troy Williams, a police officer who was off duty at the time of the shooting, testified that
he saw the defendant and Johnson following the victim and then heard three gunshots. Williams,
however, did not see the actual shooting. The parties stipulated that, if called as a witness, a
medical examiner would testify that he observed gunshot wounds on the victim’s body, as well as
lacerations on the front and back of the victim’s head.
¶ 10 At the close of the State’s case, the trial court denied the defendant’s motion for a directed
verdict, and the defense rested after presenting a stipulation that a police detective would testify
that Faulkner told him the defendant was not involved in the shooting.
¶ 11 Following closing arguments and deliberation, the jury returned its verdict finding the
defendant guilty of first degree murder and armed robbery. The court sentenced the defendant to
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38 years in prison. We affirmed the judgment on direct appeal. See Eason, 2012 IL App (1st)
092927-U.
¶ 12 In 2014, the defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition raising numerous claims for
relief. The postconviction court appointed counsel for the defendant, who filed a supplemental
petition raising eleven more claims for relief, as well as a subsequent addendum to the supplement.
Among the many claims filed by the defendant and postconviction counsel, only two are at issue
in this appeal. The first relates to the use of grand jury testimony as impeachment material at the
defendant’s trial. Three of the witnesses at the trial, Faulkner, Buchanan, and Currin, are either
deaf or hard of hearing (as is the defendant) and testified at both the grand jury proceeding and the
trial in American Sign Language (ASL). However, the defendant asserted in his petition that the
ASL interpretation procedures used at the grand jury proceeding were insufficient to produce
reliable testimony, rendering the grand jury testimony of the three witnesses inadmissible at trial.
The defendant claimed in the petition that the use of that grand jury testimony at trial violated his
rights to due process and equal protection. Alternatively, the defendant claimed that trial counsel
rendered ineffective assistance by not objecting to the use of the grand jury testimony. In the
second claim at issue in this appeal, the defendant asserted that his appellate counsel rendered
ineffective assistance by not arguing that the trial court had failed to comply with Supreme Court
Rule 431(b) during jury selection by not properly explaining all four principles contained in the
rule and by not asking the venire if they understood and accepted those principles.
¶ 13 The State moved to dismiss the defendant’s postconviction petition. Following argument
on the State’s motion, the postconviction court granted the motion and dismissed the defendant’s
petition in its entirety. The defendant now appeals the dismissal of his petition, specifically
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No. 1-20-0471
contesting the dismissal of the two claims concerning the use of grand jury testimony and the trial
court’s noncompliance with Rule 431(b).
¶ 14 In noncapital cases, the Act provides for three separate stages. At the first stage, the
postconviction court examines the petition to determine if it is frivolous or patently without merit
and dismisses the petition if it qualifies as either. People v. Johnson, 2021 IL 125738, ¶ 24. If the
petition survives the first stage, it then moves on to the second stage, where the court may appoint
counsel, who may then amend or supplement the defendant’s original petition. Id. ¶ 27. The State
may then file a motion to dismiss, and the court may hold a hearing on that motion. Id. When
evaluating a petition at the second stage, “the circuit court must determine whether the petition
and any accompanying documentation make ‘a substantial showing of a constitutional violation.’ ”
People v. Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 10 (quoting People v. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d 239, 246 (2001)). If
the petition survives the second stage, it proceeds to a third-stage evidentiary hearing. Johnson,
2021 IL 125738, ¶ 27. The court in this case dismissed the defendant’s petition at the second stage
following a motion to dismiss filed by the State. We review such an order de novo, showing “no
deference to the postconviction court’s judgment or reasoning.” Id.¶ 15 The first claim at issue on appeal consists of two parts: a primary argument that the use of
grand jury testimony at trial violated the defendant’s rights to due process and equal protection,
and an alternative argument that trial counsel’s failure to object to the use of the grand jury
testimony amounted to ineffective assistance. However, we do not reach the merits of either
argument because the defendant forfeited this claim by failing to raise it on direct appeal. 1
1
The defendant did not raise a second alternative argument that, in event of forfeiture, appellate
counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the issue on direct appeal, so we do not address that possibility.
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No. 1-20-0471
¶ 16 “The purpose of a postconviction proceeding is to permit inquiry into constitutional issues
involved in the original conviction and sentence that were not, and could not have been,
adjudicated previously on direct appeal.” People v. English, 2013 IL 112890, ¶ 22 (citing People
v. Harris, 206 Ill. 2d 1, 12 (2002)). “[I]ssues that could have been raised on direct appeal, but were
not, are forfeited.” Id. (citing People v. Ligon, 239 Ill. 2d 94, 103 (2010)). This rule applies to the
claim presently at issue regardless of whether it is viewed as an alleged violation of due process
or equal protection (see, e.g., People v. Newman, 365 Ill. App. 3d 285, 289 (4th Dist. 2006)) or
ineffective assistance of trial counsel (see, e.g., People v. Veach, 2017 IL 120649, ¶ 46).
¶ 17 However, the forfeiture doctrine may be relaxed “where fundamental fairness so requires,
where the forfeiture stems from the ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, or where the facts
relating to the issue do not appear on the face of the original appellate record.” English, 2013 IL
112890, ¶ 22 (citing People v. Williams, 209 Ill. 2d 227, 233 (2004)). Indeed, the defendant in this
case argues that the basis for the claim did not appear in the original appellate record and, therefore,
was not forfeited. But we find this argument belied by the record.
¶ 18 At the core of this first claim are three alleged infirmities in the grand jury testimony that
the defendant asserts undermine the reliability of the testimony taken at that proceeding. First, the
defendant notes that only one interpreter handled the grand jury proceedings, rather than the team
of at least seven interpreters who worked the defendant’s trial. Citing an Americans with
Disabilities Act handbook, the defendant contends that the use of a single interpreter increases the
risk of inaccurate interpretations due to interpreter fatigue. He also explains that the use of multiple
interpreters allows the interpreters to confer and resolve possible areas of confusion in an
interpretation, as happened at trial on at least one occasion.
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¶ 19 Second, the defendant asserted that the record did not contain the qualifications of the
interpreter who handled the grand jury proceeding. He claims that it is important to know whether
the interpreter was a Certified Deaf Interpreter (CDI), a more specialized class of interpreter whose
presence, the defendant contends, is necessary to ensure the level of accuracy required in legal
settings.
¶ 20 Third, the defendant noted that the grand jury proceeding was not videotaped, leaving the
parties and the court with no ability to rewatch the proceeding to verify the accuracy of the
interpreted testimony as it was reflected in the written transcript.
¶ 21 However, all of these alleged infirmities were apparent in the original appellate record.
First, the written transcript of the grand jury proceeding demonstrated that only one interpreter was
present. The introductory pages listing the parties who were present listed only one interpreter,
and in the body of the testimony only one interpreter was sworn in. Second, the absence of the
interpreter’s credentials and qualifications was similarly apparent from the transcript of the grand
jury proceeding, which did not contain any mention of the interpreter’s credentials or any
indication that the interpreter was a CDI. Third, the lack of videotaping was self-evident; if there
was no videotape in the record and no comment in the transcript about the proceeding being
videotaped, it would have been safe to assume that no tape existed.
¶ 22 The defendant counters with two points of rebuttal. First, he contends that the State
forfeited the ability to raise forfeiture in this appeal by not raising that argument below. However,
the State did raise forfeiture below, asserting in its motion to dismiss that the defendant’s due-
process, equal-protection, and ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claims were forfeited
because they could have been raised on direct appeal. The State also argued at the hearing on the
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motion to dismiss that all ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claims and issues related to the
interpretation of the grand jury testimony were apparent from the record and, therefore, should
have been raised on direct appeal. Accordingly, the State did not forfeit this argument.
¶ 23 Second, the defendant alleges that this claim relied on scholarly authorities that were not
present in the original record, and he contends that Illinois law would have prevented him from
supplementing the record with those authorities. See, e.g., People v. Vara, 2018 IL 121823, ¶ 22
(noting that “[a]mendment of the record is not to be used as a device for inserting extraneous
materials into the record on appeal”). However, a party may cite non-legal scholarly authorities in
support of an argument regardless of whether those authorities are in the record on appeal. See In
re M.M., 156 Ill. 2d 53, 56 (1993) (“[Supreme Court Rule 341] expresses no restriction on the
nature or source of material which may be cited in support of an argument. Whether the authority
cited may be nonprecedential, irrelevant, or incomplete will be determined by the reviewing court
as a proper consideration in assessing the merits of a proponent’s argument.”); In re Marriage of
Schmitt, 391 Ill. App. 3d 1010, 1017 (2d Dist. 2009) (noting that parties may cite secondary
authorities in support of their arguments); see also People v. McKown, 226 Ill. 2d 245, 273–74
(2007) (considering a group of scientific papers cited as supporting authority). There was no need
for the defendant to rely on only authorities contained in the record, and he could have brought
this claim on direct appeal with citations to scientific or scholarly authorities supporting his
arguments regarding the unreliability of the grand jury testimony. Therefore, because the basis for
the claim was apparent in the original appellate record, the defendant forfeited his claim regarding
the use of grand jury testimony by not raising it on direct appeal.
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No. 1-20-0471
¶ 24 The second claim at issue in this appeal concerns the trial court’s alleged noncompliance
with Supreme Court Rule 431(b). That rule requires the trial court to ask during jury selection
whether each potential juror understands and accepts four principles concerning (1) the
presumption of innocence, (2) proof beyond a reasonable doubt, (3) the defendant’s right to not
present evidence on his or her behalf, and (4) the defendant’s right to not testify in his or her
defense. See id. In his postconviction petition, the defendant claimed that appellate counsel
rendered ineffective assistance by not arguing that the trial court failed to comply with the
requirements of Rule 431(b) by entirely omitting any reference to the third and fourth principles
and by failing to adequately ask whether the prospective jurors understood and accepted all four
principles. The postconviction court denied this claim on the merits, finding that the defendant
failed to demonstrate ineffective assistance.
¶ 25 “Claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel are measured against the same
standard as those dealing with ineffective assistance of trial counsel.” People v. Childress, 191 Ill.
2d 168, 175 (2000). That is, the defendant “must show that the failure to raise an issue on direct
appeal was objectively unreasonable and that the decision prejudiced [the defendant].” Id. (citing
People v. West, 187 Ill. 2d 418, 435 (1999)). In order to demonstrate prejudice, the defendant must
show that the issue would have been meritorious. Id. Accordingly, an answer to the prejudice
inquiry requires a determination of whether the underlying claim of trial court error “would have
been successful if raised on direct appeal.” Id. In other words, to determine if a defendant was
prejudiced by appellate counsel’s failure to raise an issue, we must review the issue as though it
were being raised on direct appeal and determine whether the defendant’s argument would have
resulted in relief. See id.- 10 -
No. 1-20-0471
¶ 26 The defendant in this case asserted in his petition that, because trial counsel forfeited the
issue on appeal by not objecting or otherwise raising any complaint regarding the trial court’s
noncompliance with Rule 431(b) (see People v. Stuckey, 2011 IL App (1st) 092535, ¶ 28),
appellate counsel should have raised the trial court’s failure to comply with Rule 431(b) as plain
error, a doctrine that allows for appellate review of unpreserved errors. Because a claim of
ineffective assistance of appellate counsel requires the defendant to prove that appellate counsel
had a meritorious argument to raise, the defendant in this case must show that the trial court’s
alleged violation of Rule 431(b) did indeed amount to plain error, thereby establishing that the
defendant was prejudiced by appellate counsel’s failure to raise the issue. See Childress, 191 Ill.
2d at 175 (“Unless the underlying issue is meritorious, petitioner suffered no prejudice from
counsel's failure to raise it on direct appeal.”).
¶ 27 The plain-error doctrine allows a reviewing court to consider an unpreserved error when
“(1) a clear or obvious error occurs and the evidence is so closely balanced that the error
alone threatened to tip the scales of justice against the defendant, regardless of the
seriousness of the error, or (2) a clear or obvious error occurs and that error is so serious
that it affected the fairness of the defendant’s trial and challenged the integrity of the
judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the evidence.” People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill.
2d 551, 565 (2007).
The defendant’s claim in this case focuses on the first of these prongs, arguing that the trial court
committed a clear error and that the evidence was so closely balanced that the error threatened to
tip the balance of the scales of justice against the defendant.
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No. 1-20-0471
¶ 28 The first step in a first-prong plain-error analysis is to determine whether the trial court
committed a clear or obvious error. See People v. Belknap, 2014 IL 117094, ¶ 41. The State in this
case concedes on this point and acknowledges that the trial court failed to comply with the
requirements of Rule 431(b) by not addressing the third principle and by not asking the prospective
jurors if they understood and accepted the four principles. Our focus, therefore, is solely on the
second component of the analysis, whether the defendant was prejudiced by the error.
¶ 29 In order to demonstrate prejudice, the defendant must show that the evidence was closely
balanced. See People v. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 51 (explaining that when a defendant establishes
that the evidence was so closely balanced that the court’s noncompliance with Rule 431(b)
threatened to tip the scales of justice the defendant has shown that the error was actually
prejudicial); Belknap, 2014 IL 117094, ¶ 62 (finding no prejudice from the trial court’s failure to
comply with Rule 431(b) when the evidence was not closely balanced). “In determining whether
the evidence adduced at trial was close, a reviewing court must evaluate the totality of the evidence
and conduct a qualitative, commonsense assessment of it within the context of the case.” Sebby,
2017 IL 119445, ¶ 53 (citing Belknap, 2014 IL 117094, ¶¶ 52–53). The defendant carries the
burden of establishing first-prong plain error. Id. ¶ 51.
¶ 30 Our review of the evidence leads us to conclude that the evidence was not so closely
balanced that the trial court’s failure to properly instruct the prospective jurors on the Rule 431(b)
principles threatened to tip the scales of justice. Joyce O’Neil, an unbiased bystander, testified that
she saw the defendant “looking at” the victim while they waited for the bus and “staring at” the
victim during the bus ride. According to O’Neil, the defendant at one point switched seats to be
directly behind the victim and “frantic[ally]” communicated in sign language with Johnson during
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No. 1-20-0471
the bus ride. O’Neil got off the bus at the same time as the defendant, Johnson, and the victim, and
she saw the defendant and Johnson “walking fast” to follow the victim. Soon after the three men
disappeared behind a white van, O’Neil heard three gunshots.
¶ 31 Even if we were to ignore Faulkner’s and Buchanan’s grand jury testimony regarding the
defendant’s alleged interest in Johnson’s gun and the defendant’s alleged desire to participate in a
robbery or shooting (testimony that the defendant maintains was unreliable), O’Neil’s testimony
alone provided strong evidence that the defendant was a willing participant in the murder, and the
defendant has not pointed to any exculpatory evidence of substantially similar weight to make the
case closely balanced. Instead, he notes the absence of physical evidence, the lack of a confession,
and the existence of inconsistencies in the testimony of other witnesses, primarily Faulkner, on
other matters. But these points do not undermine O’Neil’s strongly incriminating testimony
describing the events leading to the murder, testimony that was, where possible, corroborated by
bus surveillance video. And if we were to add in the testimony provided by Faulkner, Buchanan,
and Currin suggesting that the defendant had expressed a keen interest in engaging in a robbery or
shooting, the picture only becomes bleaker for the defendant.
¶ 32 Because the evidence was not closely balanced, the defendant has failed to carry his burden
of proving plain error. See Belknap, 2014 IL 117094, ¶ 62. Consequently, the defendant has failed
to demonstrate that he had meritorious issue to raise on direct appeal concerning the trial court’s
noncompliance with Rule 431(b) and, therefore, has failed to show ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel regarding counsel’s failure to raise that issue. See People v. Bastida-Diaz, 2021
IL App (1st) 191331-U, ¶ 43 (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23) (“Because the
evidence at trial was not closely balanced, there can be no plain error from the trial court's alleged
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failure to comply with Rule 431(b). [Citation]. As there is no plain error, appellate counsel cannot
be arguably ineffective for failing to raise the court's noncompliance with Rule 431(b) on appeal.”).
¶ 33 In sum, because the first claim contested on appeal was forfeited and the second was
without merit, we affirm the postconviction court’s order dismissing the defendant’s
postconviction petition.
¶ 34 Affirmed.
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