People v. Hudson ( 2017 )

2017 IL App (3d) 160225
(Consolidated with 160146)
Opinion filed November 21, 2017
_____________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
THIRD DISTRICT
2017
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS, ) of the 12th Judicial Circuit,
) Will County, Illinois.
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
) Appeal Nos. 3-16-0146 & 3-16-0225
v. ) Circuit No. 04-CF-2005
)
ROBERT HUDSON, ) Honorable
) Carla A. Policandriotes,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.
)
_____________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE O’BRIEN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Holdridge and Justice Carter concurred in the judgment and opinion.
_____________________________________________________________________________
OPINION
¶1 The defendant appeals a trial court order rejecting a plea deal that was reoffered by the
State on remand after a federal habeas court found that the defendant had received ineffective
assistance of counsel during plea negotiations.
¶2 FACTS
¶3 In 2004, the defendant, Robert Hudson, was indicted for armed robbery, a Class X felony
(720 ILCS 5/18-2(a)(2) (West 2004)), and three counts of unlawful restraint, Class 4 felonies
(720 ILCS 5/10-3(a) (West 2004)), arising from the act of robbing a truck stop and restraining
three of the employees. A public defender was appointed to represent the defendant, and an
investigator with the Will County public defender’s office interviewed the defendant and
completed a “Public Defender’s Investigative Sheet” that appears to demonstrate defendant’s
dishonesty about his criminal history. The sheet indicates that the defendant admitted to three
previous convictions for murder, theft, and unlawful possession of a controlled substance. It also
appears that the defendant denied using an alias. That interview took place on December 28,
2004. A month later, Hudson’s counsel received a copy of the LEADS (Law Enforcement
Agencies Data System) criminal history report, which was generated using Hudson’s
fingerprints. That criminal history report showed that a person with Hudson’s fingerprints had no
less than six criminal convictions and had used both an alias name and date of birth. Based on
the contents of the LEADS criminal history report, the defendant would have been subject to
mandatory life imprisonment if convicted of the offenses arising out of the truck stop robbery, as
a habitual criminal, pursuant to the Criminal Code of 1961 (formerly 720 ILCS 5/33B-1 et seq.
(West 2004) (repealed by Pub. Act 95-1052, § 93 (eff. July 1, 2009))).
¶4 Despite the LEADS criminal history report, defense counsel informed the defendant that,
if convicted, the defendant was subject to an extended-term sentence of 6 to 60 years because of
his previous Class X felony murder conviction. Following an Illinois Supreme Court Rule 402
(eff. July 1, 1997) plea discussion conference, defense counsel informed the defendant that he
would most likely receive a sentence of 44 years if convicted, and he would be eligible for good-
time credit. Prior to trial, the State offered the defendant some plea deals, including a 20-year
sentence, an 18-year sentence on a Class 1 felony, and finally, a 17-year sentence on a Class X
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felony. The defendant rejected each offer. Then, while the jury was deliberating, the State
offered the defendant a 16-year sentence, which the defendant also rejected. The jury found the
defendant guilty of armed robbery and unlawful restraint.
¶5 Following the defendant’s conviction, the trial court ordered the preparation of a
presentence investigation, and the probation officer determined that the defendant had two prior
Class X felonies, making the defendant subject to a mandatory life sentence due to the armed
robbery conviction, the defendant’s third Class X felony conviction. The defendant filed a pro se
motion for a new trial on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel and the trial court’s failure
to admonish regarding the life sentence. The trial court appointed new counsel, who filed another
motion for a new trial, asserting that trial counsel failed to conduct an adequate investigation of
the defendant’s criminal history and thus failed to advise the defendant of the true consequences
of a decision to plead not guilty. The motion asserted that the defendant would have accepted the
16-year plea deal had he been correctly informed.
¶6 After a hearing on the motion, the trial court denied the motion and sentenced the
defendant to natural life in prison. The defendant appealed, arguing that he was denied the
effective assistance of counsel during plea negotiations. This court affirmed the defendant’s
convictions and sentence, finding that the misinformation was the result of the defendant’s own
subterfuge. People v. Hudson, No. 3-07-0596 (2009) (unpublished order under Supreme Court
Rule 23). The defendant sought leave to appeal to the Illinois Supreme Court, but the petition
was denied.
¶7 Thereafter, the defendant filed a pro se petition for postconviction relief under the Post-
Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2010)). In his postconviction
petition, the defendant argued that he was not eligible for sentencing as a habitual criminal. He
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also argued that his trial and appellate attorneys were ineffective for failing to raise this issue and
for failing to argue that his sentence violated the ex post facto clauses of the United States and
Illinois Constitutions. The trial court found that the defendant’s constitutional claims were
waived because they could have been raised on direct appeal, and the rest of defendant’s
arguments were substantially without merit. The defendant’s petition was summarily dismissed
and the defendant appealed. This court affirmed the dismissal. People v. Hudson, 2012 IL App
(3d) 100485-U.
¶8 The defendant then filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in federal district court
under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (2000), claiming that this court unreasonably concluded that he was not
denied the right to the effective assistance of counsel during plea negotiations. The federal
district court conditionally granted the defendant’s habeas petition, finding that trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to advise the defendant that he was subject to a mandatory life sentence.
Hudson v. Harrington, No. 13 C 00678, 2014 WL 4244255 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 27, 2014),
enforcement denied sub nom. Hudson v. Butler, No. 13 C 00678, 2016 WL 3742848 (N.D. Ill.
July 13, 2016), aff’d sub nom. Hudson v. Lashbrook, 863 F.3d 652 (7th Cir. 2017). The federal
court explained that in cases involving ineffective assistance of counsel during plea negotiations,
there are two kinds of prejudice that criminal defendants can suffer. The first arises where a
defendant was offered a lesser sentence on a charge, rejected the plea offer, and then was
convicted on the same charge. In that situation, the “state trial ‘court may exercise discretion in
determining whether the defendant should receive the term of imprisonment the government
offered in the plea, the sentence he received at trial, or something in between.’ ” Hudson, 2014
WL 4244255, at *9 (quoting Lafler v. Cooper, 566 U.S. 156, 171 (2012)). “The second form of
prejudice arises where ‘resentencing alone will not be full redress for the constitutional injury. If,
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for example *** a mandatory sentence confines a judge’s sentencing discretion after trial, a
resentencing [based] on the conviction at trial may not suffice.’ ” (Emphasis added.) Id. (quoting
Lafler, 566 U.S. at 171). The federal district court concluded that the remedy for the sixth
amendment violation pursuant to Lafler was to direct the State to reoffer the 20-year deal, to a
charge that would not trigger mandatory life imprisonment. Assuming the defendant accepted the
offer, “ ‘the state trial court [could] then exercise its discretion in determining whether to vacate
the convictions and resentence [defendant] pursuant to the plea agreement, to vacate only some
of the convictions and resentence [defendant] accordingly, or to leave the convictions and
sentence from trial undisturbed.’ ” Id. (quoting Lafler, 566 U.S. at 174).
¶9 Pursuant to the order from the federal district court, the State reoffered the 20-year plea
deal to the charge of attempted armed robbery, a Class 1 felony, a charge that would not trigger
mandatory life imprisonment. The defendant accepted the offer. The trial court, though, after
reviewing the materials in the case as if there was never a trial, rejected the plea deal and said it
would not have accepted it in 2005. The trial court maintained the defendant’s prior convictions
of armed robbery and unlawful restraint and his sentence of natural life without parole. The
defendant filed the instant appeal.
¶ 10 While this appeal was pending, the defendant returned to federal court, seeking to enforce
the habeas decision by ordering his immediate release from prison. The federal district court
dismissed the action, finding that it was up to this court to determine whether the trial court acted
within the bounds of its discretion in rejecting the plea offer. Hudson, 2016 WL 3742848. The
Seventh Circuit affirmed that dismissal. Hudson, 863 F.3d 652.
¶ 11 ANALYSIS
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¶ 12 The defendant argues that the trial court erred in rejecting the State’s 20-year plea offer
and maintaining the defendant’s convictions and life sentence. The State acknowledges that the
federal district court concluded that trial counsel’s representation during plea negotiations was
ineffective assistance and that the only issue before the state trial court was the remedy for that
constitutional violation. However, the State argues that the state trial court properly exercised its
discretion under Lafler when it considered, but rejected, the reoffered plea deal. The defendant
argues that the state circuit court failed to neutralize the taint of the sixth amendment violation,
and acceptance of the 20-year plea was required to neutralize the taint.
¶ 13 The parties disagree regarding the applicable standard of review. The State argues for an
abuse of discretion standard, applicable when a state trial court rejects a plea agreement. See
People v. Henderson, 211 Ill. 2d 90, 103 (2004). The defendant argues for a de novo standard.
See People v. Hale, 2013 IL 113140, ¶ 15. The remedy for a sixth amendment violation during
plea negotiations is one that is tailored to the injury suffered from the constitutional violation.
People v. Curry, 178 Ill. 2d 509, 537 (1997). It must neutralize the taint of the constitutional
violation, but at the same time not grant a windfall to the defendant or unnecessarily infringe on
competing interests. Lafler, 566 U.S. at 170. As the Lafler court noted, the state trial court has to
exercise its discretion to determine the correct remedy. Lafler, 566 U.S. at 174. Thus, we review
the trial court’s decision to determine if it abused its discretion in fashioning a remedy that would
neutralize the taint of the sixth amendment violation.
¶ 14 Defendants have a sixth amendment right to effective assistance of counsel during plea
negotiations; they have “the constitutional right to be reasonably informed with respect to the
direct consequences of accepting or rejecting a plea offer.” Curry, 178 Ill. 2d at 528. As noted
above, the federal district court already concluded that the defendant’s trial counsel’s
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representation during plea negotiations was ineffective assistance, and the only issue on remand
to the state trial court was the remedy for that constitutional violation. The appropriate remedy is
the one best tailored to the injury suffered from the constitutional violation; it must “ ‘neutralize
the taint’ ” of the constitutional violation. Lafler, 566 U.S. at 170. The remedy should not,
however, grant a windfall to the defendant or needlessly waste State resources. Id. Although it
may be difficult to restore a defendant and the prosecution to the exact positions they were in
prior to the rejection of a plea offer, that baseline should be used in crafting the remedy. Id. at
172.
¶ 15 The federal district court, citing Lafler, noted that some relief other than resentencing on
the defendant’s convictions was required to remedy the constitutional violation because the trial
court would still be constrained to order mandatory life imprisonment if there was simply a
resentencing on the defendant’s convictions. The federal court determined that the first plea
offer, to a charge that would not trigger a mandatory life sentence, best placed the parties at the
beginning of the plea process. The federal court acknowledged that this plea deal did not factor
in the two prior Class X felonies—but it was a better alternative than no remedy for the
constitutional violation. Hudson, 2014 WL 4244255, at *9 n.5. This rationale specifically limits
the state trial court’s discretion with respect to resentencing the defendant to a term of natural
life.
¶ 16 Proceeding in accordance with the conditional writ of habeas corpus, the prosecution
reoffered a plea to the defendant: 20 years’ imprisonment on the Class 1 felony of attempted
armed robbery. Under the authority of Lafler and Curry, the state trial court had discretion to
reject details of the plea, but that discretion was limited by the requirement that the remedy had
to neutralize the taint of the constitutional violation. Thus, under the facts of this case, that
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discretion did not extend to rejecting a plea to a charge that did not trigger a mandatory life
sentence. We vacate the trial court’s order and remand with directions to accept the plea to the
Class 1 felony and resentence accordingly.
¶ 17 CONCLUSION
¶ 18 The judgment of the circuit court of Will County is reversed and remanded.
¶ 19 Reversed and remanded.
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