People v. Smith , 2022 IL App (3d) 190277-U ( 2022 )

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except
in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
2022 IL App (3d) 190277-UOrder filed March 29, 2022
____________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
THIRD DISTRICT
2022
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS, ) of the 21st Judicial Circuit,
) Kankakee County, Illinois
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
) Appeal No. 3-19-0277
v. ) Circuit No. 16-CF-562
)
CHARLES R. SMITH JR., ) Honorable
) Clark E. Erickson,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding
____________________________________________________________________________
PRESIDING JUSTICE O’BRIEN delivered the judgment of the court.
Justice Hauptman concurred in the judgment.
Justice Lytton concurred in part and dissented in part.
____________________________________________________________________________
ORDER
¶1 Held: Evidence was sufficient to sustain defendant’s conviction for unlawful possession
of a weapon by a felon. Trial court did not err when it denied defendant’s Batson
challenge. Defendant forfeited claim of prosecutorial misconduct in opening
statements and closing arguments and plain error review is not appropriate.
¶2 Defendant Charles R. Smith Jr. was convicted by a jury of unlawful possession of a weapon
by a felon and sentenced to a three-year term of imprisonment. We affirm.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 Defendant was charged by indictment with one count of unlawful possession of a weapon
by a felon. 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(a) (West 2016). The charges arose from an investigatory traffic stop
that occurred on December 28, 2016. Defendant was returning to his house after picking up his
one-year-old daughter from her mother’s house. He was stopped by Kankakee police investigator
Steven Hunter, who was investigating a shooting that had taken place at a convenience store the
prior week. The sports utility vehicle (SUV) defendant was driving had been at the store when the
shooting took place. After stopping the SUV, Hunter called for backup and waited for their arrival.
Hunter then approached the driver’s side of the SUV and spoke to defendant, who asked if he
could call his mother to pick up his daughter who was in the backseat. Hunter ordered defendant
out of the SUV, saw a handgun wedged between the driver’s seat and the center console, and
arrested defendant.
¶5 Prior to trial, defendant moved in limine to bar any reference to the convenience store
shooting, arguing the incident was prejudicial and inflammatory to him. In that incident, defendant
had driven to the store in the SUV with an unidentified passenger. Two men left the store at the
same time as defendant, and the passenger noticed that one of them was reaching into his pocket,
presumably to grab a gun. The passenger grabbed his own gun and shot the other man, who fled.
The wounded man later arrived at a hospital but would not cooperate with the police. The
passenger’s gun was not the gun that was recovered in the SUV at the investigatory stop. At a
hearing on the in limine motion, the State argued that defendant was “a person of interest” on an
“earlier incident” and “his vehicle was a vehicle of interest” in a prior incident under investigation.
The defense agreed the SUV was a vehicle of interest but rejected the State’s characterization of
defendant as a person of interest. The trial court granted defendant’s motion, limiting Hunter to
describing that he stopped the SUV as a subject of a prior incident under investigation.
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¶6 Jury selection ensued. The venire pool consisted of 14 potential jurors, three of whom were
black, including Tamela Love-Fisher, Christopher Jackson and Chrystal Alfred. The State used
peremptory challenges only on the three black veniremembers.
¶7 The first peremptory strike was against Love-Fisher. She informed the State during
voir dire that she knew the defendant or his family in that she thought her son played football with
the defendant. She said the knowledge would not create a problem for her or affect her ability to
be fair. She also informed the court that her son had been accused of burglary 11 years earlier and
that he was treated fairly by the process.
¶8 The State used a second peremptory strike against Jackson. He said he knew Hunter from
the community. Jackson informed the court that he also knew defendant and his family members
because he went to school with them. He did not think that familiarity would create a problem with
his partiality. He did not feel he would be biased. Jackson indicated he could treat defendant’s
testimony the same as he treated testimony from other witnesses.
¶9 The third peremptory strike was used against Alfred. She informed the court that her son
was convicted in Cook County at the age of 16 and had been in the Illinois Department of
Corrections (IDOC) for the last 18 years. She said her son was treated fairly by the State and the
police but a witness had been unfair. She stated her son’s conviction and incarceration would not
have any bearing on her ability to be fair as a juror.
¶ 10 After the third challenge, defendant raised a Batson claim, arguing the State’s use of its
peremptory challenges was racially motivated. The trial court concluded that defendant presented
a prima facie case and required the State to provide race-neutral explanations for the peremptory
strikes.
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¶ 11 In defense of its use of a peremptory challenge to exclude Love-Fisher, the State argued
that she knew defendant and/or his family and the State did not want to explore the connection
further. The State commented that “we wanted to go ahead and err on the side of caution given the
fact that she does in fact know the defendant through the fact that her son and his—and him were
teammates at some point.” As to striking Jackson, the State again said its use of the peremptory
challenge was legitimate because Jackson knew the defendant and “knowing the—the family of
the defendant the State wanted to err on the side of caution as to not putting him on a jury where
he would have to explain to the family his decision if he were to decide to convict.” Regarding
Alfred, the State responded that Alfred said her son was not treated fairly and had been incarcerated
for 18 years which would cause her bias against the State.
¶ 12 Defendant argued the State’s reasons for the peremptory challenges were pretextual. The
trial court disagreed and denied the Batson motion, finding the State offered race-neutral
explanations for use of its peremptory challenges to exclude the three black veniremembers.
¶ 13 Opening statements took place. The State argued that there was “nothing routine about a
traffic stop” and “[e]very single time the men and women who wear the blue uniform” make a
stop, they face unknown situations, including how the subject of the stop feels about the police.
The State ended its opening statement with the comment that defendant was not “a patriot
exercising his second amendment right to bare [sic] arms.” Rather, he was “a felon with a gun.”
¶ 14 Hunter testified for the State. He was a Kankakee city detective on patrol on December 28,
2016, when he saw the SUV, which he knew was the subject of an ongoing investigation. He
stopped the vehicle, radioed for assistance, and waited until backup arrived. When Kankakee
police officers Lacie Zingre and Logan Anderson responded, Hunter approached the driver’s side
of the SUV. He saw defendant in the driver’s seat and defendant’s one-year-old daughter in the
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backseat. He did not see defendant make any furtive movements. Hunter asked defendant to exit
the vehicle and he did. At that point, Hunter noticed the grip of a handgun wedged between the
driver’s seat and the center console. The gun was positioned to the right of and lower than the
seatbelt buckle. The gun was a gray Glock pistol. Hunter retrieved the gun, which process was
documented at the scene and demonstrated at trial through photographs, including State’s exhibit
Nos. 4-8. Hunter testified that State’s exhibit No. 4 depicted the gun as he initially saw it in plain
view.
¶ 15 Zingre testified that she was an investigator on December 28, 2016, and responded with
Anderson to a traffic stop assistance call from Hunter. Defendant was still in the SUV when she
arrived and Hunter was speaking to him. She heard bits and pieces of the conversation. Defendant
did not immediately exit the vehicle when requested by Hunter. Rather, defendant wanted to call
his mother or his daughter’s mother to pick up the child. At that point, no one had told defendant
he was under arrest. After defendant exited the SUV, Hunter called out the code for “gun.”
Defendant was then placed in handcuffs.
¶ 16 Anderson, a Kankakee detective, testified he was working with Zingre on December 28,
2016, when they received Hunter’s call for assistance. Upon their arrival at the traffic stop, Hunter
approached the driver’s side of the SUV. When Hunter asked defendant to exit the vehicle,
defendant did not do so right away but asked to call his mother to pick up his daughter. Defendant
was not under arrest at that time.
¶ 17 The parties stipulated that defendant had been convicted of a felony in 2009 in Kankakee
County. The State rested. The defense moved for a directed verdict, which the trial court denied.
¶ 18 Defendant testified. Defendant, his two daughters, and their mother LaShonda, spent the
Christmas holiday with LaShonda’s brother in Bloomington, arriving there on December 23 and
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returning home on Christmas afternoon, when they went to celebrate at the home of defendant’s
mother. On December 28, defendant drove his mother’s SUV to pick up his daughter from
LaShonda’s house and was returning home when Hunter stopped him. Several family members
shared the SUV, including defendant’s cousin, father, sister, and his sister’s boyfriend. He did not
know the gun was in the vehicle. He had never seen the gun before, never touched it, did not know
who owned it, and did not know how it ended up in the SUV.
¶ 19 The defense rested. Closing arguments took place. Defendant argued that there was no
fingerprint or DNA evidence connecting him to the gun. In response, the State argued:
“What would have been the argument when we go ahead and do the DNA and it turns
out with it having something? Oh, he must have touched it when he was buckling his
seatbelt. He didn’t know it was there. He must have touched it. So what? Oh, he
drives this car so maybe his dandruff fell on to the gun and that’s why it’s there, but
he still doesn’t know. So what? Yeah, there’s no DNA. There’s no fingerprints. You
know what else there is? There’s no one else who could possess this gun instead of—
instead of that defendant.”
¶ 20 The State described defendant’s request to call someone to pick up his daughter as proof
of guilt, arguing defendant made the request before Hunter found the gun and arrested defendant.
The State surmised that defendant knew he would be arrested because the gun was in the vehicle.
It proceeded as follows:
“He walks out of the car after barking—oh, hold on a second. I need someone to care
for my kid because I know I’m going with you guys, and they find the gun. This isn’t
a second seatbelt cover. That’s a gun. That’s what that is. And how does he know that
that’s a gun there? Because he knows he’s going with the police. At what time does
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he know that he’s going to the police? Before they say you’re under arrest. So how
does this play out? 10-32, cuffs. That’s the chronology you need to worry about
because that chronology tells you that this defendant knows he’s going with police
before they said he was being arrested. That’s the chronology that’s important. That
shows his mental state. That shows what he knows and he knows he’s not getting out
of this one.”
¶ 21 The trial court instructed the jury, which retired to deliberate. Nearly three hours later, they
sent a note asking, “What is reasonable doubt ***?” The trial court, after consulting with the
parties, replied, “[N]o definition can be given. It is up to the jury to determine what constitutes
reasonable doubt.” The jury thereafter found defendant guilty.
¶ 22 Defendant filed a posttrial motion for a new trial and/or in arrest of judgment, arguing the
trial court erred in denying his Batson claim. A hearing took place. Defendant again argued the
peremptory strikes were race-based and the State’s reasons were pretextual. The State argued that
it was unknown whether the three potential jurors the State struck were black and that defendant
did not establish a prima facie case of discrimination. The State presented the same reasons it
challenged the three black veniremembers as it offered at the Batson hearing. It argued that
defendant’s connection to Love-Fisher’s son as football teammates was concerning and would
“influence” her. It did not want Jackson to have to explain the verdict to defendant’s family. The
State said that striking him was not race-based but rather based on “what is that relationship that
he has with members of the defendant’s family.” In supporting its challenge to Alfred, the State
pointed to her son’s prior experience with the criminal justice system and the unfair witness. The
State argued that Alfred said:
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“[H]er being upset was because of a witness. It wasn’t because of the State, it wasn’t
because of the court system. But here’s the problem, Judge. The witness was relied on
by the State when they decided to charge the case, when they decided to go forward
with the case, when that case went through the judicial system and resulted in a
conviction which her child has been sitting in prison for that extended period of time.
So when she says that she only holds it against the witness, well, that witness started a
ball of events that includes the State’s Attorney’s Office which ultimately filed
charges based off of the crime that was committed, you know, and whatever—I don’t
know the specifics, Judge.”
¶ 23 The trial court denied defendant’s motion. A sentencing hearing took place and the trial
court sentenced defendant to a three-year term of imprisonment. He timely appealed.
¶ 24 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 25 Defendant raises three issues on appeal. First, he challenges whether the State proved him
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Next, he argues the trial court erred when it denied his Batson
claim. Third, defendant submits that the State committed prosecutorial misconduct in its opening
statement and closing rebuttal argument.
¶ 26 We turn first to defendant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. Defendant argues
that the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of unlawful possession of a
weapon by a felon. He maintains the sole evidence the State offered was his proximity to the gun,
which was insufficient to sustain his conviction.
¶ 27 The State must prove every element of an offense beyond a reasonable doubt. U.S. Const.,
amend. XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 2; In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364 (1970); People v. Brown,
2013 IL 114196, ¶ 48. In addressing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we consider
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whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact
could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Collins, 106 Ill. 2d
237, 261 (1985).
¶ 28 “It is unlawful for a person to knowingly possess on or about his person *** any weapon
prohibited under Section 24-1 of this Act or any firearm or any firearm ammunition if the person
has been convicted of a felony ***.” 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(a) (West 2016). To prove unlawful
possession of a weapon by a felon, the State must establish the defendant knowingly possessed a
firearm and that he had a prior felony conviction. People v. Adams, 388 Ill. App. 3d 762, 766
(2009). Possession may be actual or constructive. People v. Bailey, 333 Ill. App. 3d 888, 891
(2002). Actual possession requires the State to show that the defendant exercised “present personal
dominion” over the gun such that he “exercises immediate and exclusive dominion or control”
over it. People v. Schmalz, 194 Ill. 2d 75, 82 (2000). Mere proximity is insufficient to sustain actual
possession. Id. at 81.
¶ 29 The State proves constructive possession when it demonstrates the defendant had
knowledge of the presence of the gun and had immediate and exclusive control over the area in
which it was found. People v. Ingram, 389 Ill. App. 3d 897, 899-900 (2009). A defendant’s
presence in the vehicle where a weapon is discovered, without more, is not enough to establish
knowledge of the gun. Id. at 900. To establish possession was knowing, the court considers the
following factors: (1) the weapon’s visibility from the defendant’s position; (2) the gun’s size;
(3) the time period the defendant had to view the gun; and (4) any gestures by the defendant to
hide or retrieve the gun. Bailey, 333 Ill. App. 3d at 891-92. Other factors include whether
defendant’s actions showed consciousness of guilt, such as attempting to flee from the police.
People v. Williams, 266 Ill. App. 3d 752, 760 (1994).
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¶ 30 The State proved constructive possession. The first factor we look to determine whether
the evidence was sufficient to sustain that finding is the visibility of the gun from the defendant’s
position. The gun was tucked between the driver’s seat and the center console with the butt of the
gun sticking up. Hunter said he saw the grip of the gun in plain view from his position outside the
vehicle. The photographs submitted by the State show the gun in the vehicle as it was seen by
Hunter. Hunter’s testimony and the photographs establish the gun was in plain view and visible
from defendant’s position. The next factor is the gun’s size. As Hunter testified, only the grip of
the gun was visible but that portion of the gun was large enough for Hunter to identify it as a
firearm from his viewpoint outside the vehicle. Hunter testified he was especially familiar with the
type of gun and recognized it immediately because he carried the same gun. According to Hunter,
the grip was “protruding in plain view.”
¶ 31 The third factor is the time the defendant had to view the gun. The evidence established
that defendant went to pick up his daughter from her mother’s home and bring her to his mother’s
home. Although there were no facts offered as to the distance between houses or how long
defendant had been driving the vehicle that morning, there was enough time for him to notice the
gun. Hunter was able to identify it during the short duration of the investigative stop prior to
defendant’s arrest. A reasonable assumption was that defendant’s trip to and from LaShonda’s
house was longer than the time Hunter spent at the driver’s side window. The State did not establish
the last factor, as there was no evidence that defendant made any furtive gestures or attempts to
hide or retrieve the gun. However, the State offered defendant’s requests to call his mother as
consciousness of guilt, similar to an attempt to flee. Based on these facts, we conclude the State
proved defendant’s knowledge of the presence of the gun and that he had immediate and exclusive
control over the area in which it was discovered.
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¶ 32 In addition to proof of constructive possession, the State also offered into evidence a
certified copy of defendant’s prior conviction. We thus find the State proved beyond a reasonable
doubt that defendant unlawfully possessed the firearm as a felon.
¶ 33 The second issue we consider is defendant’s Batson claim. Defendant argues the trial court
erred when it denied his Batson claim, pointing to the State’s use of peremptory challenges to
strike the only three black veniremembers. According to defendant, in defending its challenges to
the potential jurors, the State mischaracterized their statements which in turn caused the court to
improperly deny his Batson claim.
¶ 34 Courts use a three-step process to evaluate a Batson claim. Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S.
79, 96-98 (1986). In the first step, the defendant must establish a prima facie case that the State
used its peremptory challenges in a discriminatory manner. Id. at 93-94. In the second step, the
burden shifts to the State to offer a race-neutral basis for its strikes. Id. at 94. The State’s reasons
must be “clear, legitimate, and trial specific.” People v. Bradshaw, 2020 IL App (3d) 180027, ¶ 36.
The defense may then rebut the State’s proffered reasons as pretextual. People v. Davis, 231 Ill.
2d 349, 363 (2008). The third step involves the court’s determination whether the defendant has
shown the State purposefully discriminated. Id. at 363. This court will not reverse a trial court’s
ruling on a Batson claim unless it was clearly erroneous. Bradshaw, 2020 IL App (3d) 180027,
¶ 37. “A determination is clearly erroneous when a review of the entire record leaves the reviewing
court with the ‘definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.’ ” Id. (quoting People
v. Payne, 2015 IL App (2d) 120856, ¶ 43).
¶ 35 The trial court found that the State’s use of three peremptory challenges against the only
three black veniremembers constituted prima facie evidence of discrimination. The State then
proceeded to offer race-neutral explanations for the peremptory strikes. For both Love-Fisher and
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Jackson, the State expressed its concern that they knew defendant and/or his family. Love-Fisher’s
son played football with the defendant. Jackson went to school with defendant’s family members.
According to the State, it was not worth the risk to accept the two jurors. It surmised that Love-
Fisher could have been “influenced” by the connection with defendant and Jackson might have to
explain a guilty verdict to defendant’s family. When a potential juror indicates he or she is familiar
with the defendant, the use of a peremptory challenge is not improper. See People v. Brown, 152
Ill. App. 3d 996, 1002-03 (1987) (finding peremptory strike against black venireperson who had
seen defendant “in the taverns” sufficient to rebut inference of discrimination). Only one other
member of the venire said he knew defendant. Cleveland Thomas, a nonblack retired police officer,
who said he knew “the young man’s family” and admitted he was pro-prosecution, was excused
for cause by the court. The trial court did not err when it accepted the State’s explanations for
striking Love-Fisher and Jackson.
¶ 36 The State also points to the prior involvement of Love-Fisher’s son in the criminal justice
system as an additional reason for using a peremptory strike against her. Pam Pickett, a white juror,
had a child involved in the criminal justice system as well. Pickett, however, did not know
defendant or his family. Like Pickett, the third black venireperson, Alfred, did not know defendant
or his family but also had a child involved in the criminal justice system. Her son was convicted
at age 16 and was still serving his DOC sentence nearly 20 year later. Alfred said that the police
and prosecutor treated her son fairly but a witness engaged in unfair conduct. She said that
experience would not affect her ability to judge fairly in the instant case. The State argued that its
use of a peremptory strike against her was based on Alfred’s claim of an unfair witness, thus
differentiating her from Pickett, who did not indicate that she experienced any unfairness in the
justice system based on her child’s involvement in it. Another nonblack, Kathleen Ruge, who, like
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Pickett, was chosen for the jury, said she was stopped unfairly by the police. However, she further
explained that the experience would not affect her ability to be fair and impartial. We note the
distinction between a traffic stop and the incarceration of one’s child in differentiating Alfred and
Ruge. Both women stated their experiences would not affect their impartiality. Nevertheless,
Ruge’s negative interaction was the temporary detention of a traffic stop and presumably not life-
altering, while Alfred’s son remained in prison as a result of what she perceived was unfairness by
a participant in the criminal justice system. People v. Shaw, 2016 IL App (4th) 150444, ¶ 51
(differentiating situation of stricken veniremember from similar circumstances of seated jurors).
We conclude that the State’s reasons for using a peremptory strike against Alfred was not based
on race. People v. Thomas, 266 Ill. App. 3d 914, 920 (1994) (fact that a venireperson’s family
member has been charged with a crime is a race-neutral reason to use a peremptory challenge).
¶ 37 Defendant maintains that the State should have inquired further into the responses from the
black veniremembers. According to defendant, each of the excluded veniremembers indicated that
they could be fair and impartial, despite their knowledge of the defendant, his family or their own
family’s experience with the criminal justice system. He submits that if the State was concerned
about the veniremembers’ responses, it should have inquired further and its failure to do so
suggests discriminatory intent. See Miller-El v. Dretke, 545 U.S. 231, 246 (2005) (“ ‘[T]he State’s
failure to engage in any meaningful voir dire examination on a subject the State alleges it is
concerned about is evidence suggesting that the explanation is a sham and a pretext for
discrimination.’ ”) (quoting Ex parte Travis, 776 So.2d 874, 881 (Ala. 2000)).
¶ 38 In assessing the validity of the State’s race-neutral explanation, our focus is on “the facial
validity” of the State’s explanation. (Emphasis in original.) People v. Munson, 171 Ill. 2d 158, 174
(1996). The State’s explanation does not need to be persuasive or plausible. Id. at 175. As discussed
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above, the State offered race-neutral explanations for striking Love-Fisher, Jackson and Alfred.
The State’s reasons were valid on their face and not pretextual for racial discrimination.
Accordingly, its use of the peremptory strikes did not violate Smith’s right to a fair trial. We find
the trial court did not err when it accepted the State’s race-neutral reasons to exclude Love-Fisher,
Jackson and Alfred.
¶ 39 The third and final issue is whether the State committed misconduct in its opening
statement and closing rebuttal argument. Defendant submits that the State’s opening statement and
closing argument included racist code phrases and were designed to play on the jurors’ implicit
and explicit biases. He also points to the exclusion of the only three black people in the venire as
further contributing to the State’s racial misconduct. In addition, he further submits that the State
mislead the jury on a key issue. According to defendant, the State’s dog whistles to the jury’s
prejudices and other prosecutorial misconduct deprived him of a fair trial.
¶ 40 The State owes the defendant a duty of fairness throughout the trial and is responsible for
safeguarding the constitutional rights of everyone, including a defendant. People v. Rowjee, 308
Ill. App. 3d 179, 185 (1999). An opening statement is designed to give the jurors an overview of
what the parties expect the evidence will prove. People v. Kliner, 185 Ill. 2d 81, 127 (1998). A
closing argument allows the parties to review and discuss the evidence presented, apply the law,
and “ ‘argue why the evidence and law compel a favorable verdict.’ ” People v. Nicholas, 218 Ill.
2d 104, 121 (2005) (quoting T. Mauet & W. Wolfson, Trial Evidence 439 (2d ed. 2001)). Counsel
is afforded wide latitude in closing argument and the proper scope includes argument and
statements based on facts in evidence or reasonable inferences from the evidence. People v.
Crawford, 343 Ill. App. 3d 1050, 1058 (2003). The introduction of race into the State’s arguments
is not permissible. People v. Marshall, 2013 IL App (5th) 110430, ¶ 13.
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¶ 41 Defendant did not object to the State’s comments or raise the issue in a posttrial motion
but seeks plain error review. The plain error doctrine allows a reviewing court to consider an
unpreserved error when (1) the evidence was closely balanced and the error threatened to tip the
scales of justice against the defendant, regardless of the seriousness of the error, or (2) the error
was so serious that it affected the fairness of the trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial
process, regardless of the closeness of the evidence. People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 187 (2005).
Before plain error review may be employed under either prong, there must be clear or obvious
error. People v. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 49.
¶ 42 We begin with an analysis of whether clear or obvious error occurred. We find no error. In
the State’s opening statement, the prosecutor did not mention race. He did not refer to the Black
Lives Matter or the Blue Lives Matter movements, contrary to defendant’s assertion. The
prosecutor’s comments regarding the uncertainty police officers face when they approach a
stopped vehicle apply regardless of the race of the driver. Moreover, while the defense asserts that
the State’s use of the word, “patriot” aligns with whites, the State’s use of a “felon with a gun”
speaks more to defendant’s status as a citizen barred from possessing a firearm than to a suggestion
or stereotype regarding his race.
¶ 43 We also disagree with defendant’s interpretation of the State’s closing remarks. Defendant
maintains the State continued its improper racial framework in statements in rebuttal with
deliberate misrepresentations of the evidence, use of the motion in limine ruling against him, and
improperly commenting about the fingerprint evidence with facts not presented, which combined
with the alleged Batson errors, served to deprive him of a fair trial.
¶ 44 We reject defendant’s claim that the State misrepresented the evidence and used the motion
in limine ruling as a weapon against him. According to defendant, the State presented his request
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to call his mother to pick up his daughter as consciousness of guilt when the State was aware the
police wanted to interview defendant about the convenience store shooting. He argues the motion
in limine prevented defendant from offering proof that his belief of an impending arrest or
interview was due to his involvement with the shooting and not consciousness of guilt. However,
defendant offers no evidence that Hunter intended to interview him immediately or that Hunter
would require defendant to accompany him to the police station at that time. Hunter, Zingre and
Logan all testified that defendant sought a ride for his daughter prior to discovery of the gun and
defendant’s subsequent arrest. We consider that the prosecutor’s comments were a reasonable
inference from the evidence.
¶ 45 Defendant next argues that the State’s comments regarding the lack of fingerprint evidence
and its conjecture that if fingerprint evidence had been discovered, the defense would have argued
it did not implicate defendant. These comments were based on facts that were not in evidence and
were improper. Nevertheless, the trial court instructed the jury that it was to disregard any rebuttal
argument that was not based on the facts. People v. Kopczick, 312 Ill. App. 3d 843, 851 (2000).
(“Improper prosecutorial remarks can be cured by an instruction to the jury to disregard argument
not based on the evidence and to consider instead only the evidence presented to it.”). We have no
reason to believe the jury did not follow the court’s limiting instruction. People v. Boston, 2018 IL
App (1st) 140369, ¶ 103 (“It is presumed that jurors follow the instructions provided by the trial
court”).
¶ 46 Because we conclude there was no error in the State’s opening statement and closing
argument, we find the State did not commit clear or obvious error and plain error review is not
warranted. Accordingly, defendant has forfeited this issue on appeal. Even if we were to conclude
the State’s comments amounted to clear or obvious error, plain error review would not change the
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outcome. In this case, the evidence was not closely balanced. Defendant maintains the case
amounted to a credibility determination as to whether he knew the gun was in the vehicle. The gun
was found wedged in between the driver’s seat and the center console, next to the seatbelt buckle
and within defendant’s sight and reach. The State presented the factors necessary to establish
defendant’s knowledge of the gun. Defendant’s denial of knowledge does not result in a credibility
determination. Because the evidence was not closely balanced, first prong plain error review is not
warranted. Review under the second prong is not warranted either. Second prong review is limited
to structural errors so serious as to affect the fairness of the trial and challenge the integrity of the
judicial process. There were no such errors here.
¶ 47 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 48 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Kankakee County is
affirmed.
¶ 49 Affirmed.
¶ 50 JUSTICE LYTTON, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
¶ 51 I concur with the majority’s conclusions that the evidence was sufficient to sustain
defendant’s conviction and that defendant forfeited his claim of prosecutorial misconduct.
However, I disagree with the majority’s finding that the trial court properly rejected
defendant’s Batson challenge because I am left with the definite and firm conviction that the
State failed to overcome defendant’s prima facie showing that one or more of the State’s
peremptory challenges were based on race.
¶ 52 When faced with a Batson challenge, the role of the trial court, and subsequently this court,
is not to accept at face value the race-neutral reasons proffered by the State for striking black
potential jurors. See Kesser v. Cambra, 465 F.3d 351, 359 (9th Cir. 2006); see also Miller-El
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v. Dretke, 545 U.S. 231, 252 (2005) (“A Batson challenge does not call for a mere exercise in
thinking up any rational basis.”). We cannot give rubber-stamp approval to the State’s offered
nonracial explanations. See People v. Davis, 345 Ill. App. 3d 901, 911 (2004). Rather, we must
evaluate the record as a whole and consider each explanation within the context of the trial
because “ ‘[a]n invidious discriminatory purpose may often be inferred from the totality of the
relevant facts.’ ” Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 363 (1991) (quoting Washington v.
Davis, 426 U.S. 229, 242 (1976)); see also Miller-El, 545 U.S. at 239 (noting
that Batson requires inquiry into “ ‘the totality of the relevant facts’ ”) (quoting Batson, 476
U.S. at 94, 96)).
¶ 53 The “ ‘totality of the relevant facts’ ” includes the prosecutor’s statements about his jury
selection strategies and his explanations for striking minority jurors. See Hernandez, 500 U.S.
at 363 (quoting Davis, 426 U.S. at 242). Relevant facts also include the characteristics of the
jurors the State did not challenge. See Miller-El, 545 U.S. at 241. Comparing prospective jurors
who were struck and not struck can be an important step in determining whether a Batson
violation occurred. See id.; Snyder v. Louisiana, 552 U.S. 472, 483-484 (2008). “If a
prosecutor’s proffered reason for striking a black panelist applies just as well to an otherwise-
similar nonblack who is permitted to serve, that is evidence tending to prove purposeful
discrimination.” Miller-El, 545 U.S. at 241; see also People v. Mack, 128 Ill. 2d 231, 239
(1989) (“The State’s explanation for the exclusion of a black venireman cannot be considered
race neutral *** if the State failed to exclude white veniremen having the same or similar
characteristic ***.”). Black and non-black potential jurors only have to be similarly situated,
not identical, for a comparison to be probative of discriminatory intent. See Miller-El, 545 U.S.
at 247, n.6 (“A per se rule that a defendant cannot win a Batson claim unless there is an exactly
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identical white juror would leave Batson inoperable; potential jurors are not products of a set
of cookie cutters.”)
¶ 54 In addition to comparing prospective white and non-white jurors, other evidence may tend
to show that a race-neutral reason offered by the State is a sham and a pretext for
discrimination. Such evidence includes (1) the prosecutor making factually inaccurate
statements about black prospective jurors (Flowers v. Mississippi, 139 S. Ct. 2228, 2250
(2019)), and (2) the “State’s failure to engage in any meaningful voir dire examination on a
subject the State alleges it is concerned about” (Miller-El, 545 U.S. at 246 (quoting Ex Parte
Travis, 776 So.2d 874, 881 (Ala. 2000)); see also People v. Pecor, 286 Ill. App. 3d 71, 79
(1996) (prosecutor’s failure to ask additional questions of potential jurors who are excluded is
a “factor to be considered by the trial court in evaluating the legitimacy of the State’s [race-
neutral] explanation”).
¶ 55 To establish a Batson violation, the defendant need not prove that every non-white potential
juror was improperly excused from the jury by the State. The exclusion of even
one minority venireperson because of race is unconstitutional and requires reversal of the
defendant’s conviction. See People v. Andrews, 155 Ill. 2d 286, 294 (1993) (citing People v.
Harris, 129 Ill. 2d 123, 175 (1989)).
¶ 56 Here, a comparison of two white jurors, Pickett and Ruge, with a black potential juror,
Alfred, establishes that the State’s reasons for striking Alfred were a sham and a pretext for
racial discrimination. During voir dire, Pickett and Alfred provided nearly identical answers
to all questions. Both denied knowing any witnesses, defendant or any member of his family;
neither had served on a jury in a criminal case before; neither had heard anything about the
case before; neither had a relative or good friend in law enforcement; both agreed that they
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would not automatically give greater weight to the testimony of a police officer than other
witnesses; both understood and accepted that the defendant is presumed innocent of the charges
against him, that the defendant must be proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, that the
defendant is not required to offer evidence on his behalf, and that the defendant’s decision not
to testify cannot be held against him; both felt they could be fair and impartial jurors, and both
had children who had been accused of a crime. Alfred stated that her son had been convicted
of assault 18 years earlier and was still serving time, and Pickett stated that her daughter had
been charged with DUI and theft approximately 10 years earlier. Their answers diverged only
when they were asked whether they believed their children had been “treated fairly” with
respect to the criminal charges against them. Alfred stated that she believed her son had been
treated “unfairly” by a witness but treated “fairly” by the police and prosecutor. Pickett
believed her daughter had been treated “fairly” by everyone involved.
¶ 57 In striking Alfred, the prosecutor explained that he did so because she had an incarcerated
family member whom she believed was treated unfairly. Striking a venireperson who has a
family member charged with a crime is a race neutral ground for exercising a challenge. See
People v. Thomas, 266 Ill. App. 3d 914, 920 (1994) (citing People v. Hooper, 133 Ill. 2d 469(1989); People v. Powell, 224 Ill. App. 3d 127 (1991)). However, the State did not excuse
Pickett, who also had a family member charged with a crime. The only difference between
Pickett and Alfred (other than their races) was that Alfred believed her son had been treated
“unfairly,” while Pickett believed her child had been treated “fairly.” However, upon closer
inspection, these varying answers do not justify the State’s striking of Alfred. A potential
juror’s belief that a family member has been treated unfairly by police or a prosecutor is a race-
neutral reason to excuse a juror. See Roberts v. State, 651 S.E.2d 689, 694 (Ga. 2007); Young
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v. State, 744 So. 2d 1077, 1084 (Fla. Ct. App. 1999). However, Alfred testified that her son
was treated fairly by the police and the prosecutor but treated unfairly by a witness. I have
found no authority supporting the exclusion of a potential juror on such a basis. Therefore, I
would find the State failed to set forth a race-neutral reason for excluding Alfred.
¶ 58 My conclusion is bolstered by a comparison of Alfred with another white juror, Ruge.
Again, both women provided answers nearly identical to each other during voir dire. Their
answers diverged only on two topics: whether they had a family member accused of a crime
and whether they had ever been pulled over by police. While Alfred’s son was convicted of
assault, Ruge said she had no family members accused of a crime. Additionally, Ruge indicated
she had been pulled over by police while Alfred did not. Ruge stated that she thought she was
treated unfairly by police when she was pulled over. A potential juror’s belief that she has been
treated unfairly by police is a race-neutral basis to exclude a juror. See State v. Jackson, 896
A.2d 137, 144 (Conn. App. Ct. 2006); McLester v. State, 547 S.E.2d 709, 713 (Ga. App. Ct.
2001). However, the State did not excuse Ruge, a white juror.
¶ 59 “Prosecutors commonly seek to exclude from juries all individuals, whatever their race,
who have had negative encounters with the police because they fear that such people will be
biased against the government.” State v. Smith, 222 Conn. 1, 14 (1992). In this case, a potential
juror’s negative experience with police would have been especially troubling to the State
because nearly all the State’s witnesses were police officers. That the State did not strike a
white juror who believed she was treated unfairly by police but struck a black potential who
harbored no bad feelings of the police or prosecutors lends support to my conclusion that the
State’s striking of Alfred was not race neutral and that the prosecutor’s stated reasons were
pretextual.
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¶ 60 In addition, the prosecutor’s striking of the only other black potential jurors, Jackson and
Love-Fisher, and his reasons for doing so support my conclusion that the trial court erred in
rejecting defendant’s Batson challenge. During voir dire, Love-Fisher testified that she thought
she knew defendant because he played football with her son. She stated that she could still be
a fair juror and would not favor either side. Love-Fisher also testified that her son had been
accused of burglary 11 years earlier. She believed her son had been treated fairly with respect
to that situation. Jackson stated that he knew Officer Hunter, as well as defendant’s “family
members.” Jackson also stated that he saw defendant “around.” When asked by the court how
well he knew defendant’s family members, Jackson stated they “[w]ent to school together.”
Jackson stated that he would be able to be impartial and unbiased despite knowing defendant’s
family.
¶ 61 In explaining his decision to strike Love-Fisher from the jury, the prosecutor stated that he
excused her for two reasons: (1) her son played football with the defendant, and (2) her son
had been accused of a crime. The prosecutor further explained: “[W]e did not explore the extent
of how well she knew the defendant, but we wanted to go ahead and err on the side of caution
given the fact that she does in fact know the defendant through the fact that her son *** and
him were teammates at some point.” With respect to Jackson, the prosecutor stated that he
excused him because “he too stated that he knew the defendant” and “he went to school with
the family members of the defendant.” The prosecutor explained: “[T]he State wanted to err
on the side of caution as to not putting him on a jury where he would have to explain to the
family his decision if he were to decide to convict.”
¶ 62 The prosecutor’s stated reasons for striking Love-Fisher and Jackson and are insufficient
to overcome the presumption that his strikes were race-based for several reasons. First, as
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explained above, having a family member accused of a crime, as Love-Fisher did here, was
not a valid excuse for excusing her from the jury because Pickett, a non-white juror, had a child
accused of a crime and the State did not strike her from the jury. Like Pickett, Love-Fisher
believed her son had been treated fairly, so her situation is indistinguishable from Pickett’s in
that respect. That the prosecutor provided that reason to justify excusing Love-Fisher from the
jury when that reason applied equally to a white juror who was not excused shows that reason
was pretextual and the real reason for challenging Love-Fisher was racially motivated. See
People v. Randall, 283 Ill. App. 3d 1019, 1029 (1996) (citing People v. Mack, 128 Ill. 2d at
239).
¶ 63 Furthermore, the prosecutor misstated Jackson’s testimony to the court when he said that
Jackson not only knew defendant’s family but also the defendant. Jackson never said he knew
defendant. He stated that he knew “defendant’s family.” The prosecutor’s misrepresentation
suggests that his race-neutral excuse was a sham. See Flowers, 139 S. Ct. at 2250.
¶ 64 Finally, the prosecutor failed to engage in any meaningful questioning of either Love-
Fisher or Jackson to determine how well they knew defendant or his family, calling into
question the legitimacy of the prosecutor’s stated reasons for striking them. See Miller-El, 545
U.S. at 246. In this case, the prosecutor stated that he chose to “err on the side of caution” by
striking Jackson and Love-Fisher. This statement suggests that the State could have obtained
additional information from Jackson and Love-Fisher but chose not to. A prosecutor’s decision
to strike venirepersons based on a lack of information must be closely scrutinized because such
an explanation “can be easily utilized as a pretext for discriminatory challenges.” People v.
Harris, 129 Ill. 2d 123, 188 (1989); People v. Smith, 236 Ill. App. 3d 812, 815 (1992). Courts,
in evaluating such explanations, should consider whether the State made any attempt to
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discover the unknown information by asking the potential jurors additional questions. Harris,
129 Ill. 2d at 188; Smith, 236 Ill. App. 3d at 815.
¶ 65 Here, the State made no attempt to engage Jackson or Love-Fisher in questioning to
determine how well they knew defendant or his family members. For example, the prosecutor
never asked Love-Fisher how long ago her son played football with defendant or if she had
any contact with defendant since then. With respect to Jackson, the State never determined
which members of defendant’s family Jackson went to school with, how long ago he went to
school with them, or if he was still in contact with them. As a result, the prosecutor’s suggestion
that Jackson might “have to explain to the family his decision” if he and the rest of the jury
convicted defendant was based on pure speculation and not a race-neutral reason to exclude
him from the jury. See People v. Mays, 254 Ill. App. 3d 752, 763 (1993) (State’s proffered
race-neutral reason for striking a potential black juror is improper if it is speculative).
¶ 66 At the postjudgment hearing on defendant’s motion for a new trial, the prosecutor
explained that he did not ask more questions to Jackson or Love-Fisher in an attempt to “dive
into” their relationships with defendant because he was concerned that a response from a
potential juror might “influence the rest of the jury.” Such an explanation is insufficient to
overcome defendant’s prima facie showing of racial discrimination because “the same
arguments could be made about virtually any question tendered during voir dire.” People v.
Harris, 164 Ill. 2d 322, 354 (1994) (J. Harrison, dissenting). “[E]very question holds the
uncertainty of an unexpected response.” Id. “If we knew what the answers would be and how
other jurors would respond to them, there would be no point to voir dire at all.” Id. Allowing
the State to insufficiently question potential jurors and then challenge them based on a lack of
information renders Batson meaningless. See Harris, 129 Ill. 2d at 188; see also People v.
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Bradshaw, 2020 IL App (3d) 180027, ¶¶ 40-41 (State’s failure to clarify an issue bolsters the
defendant’s argument that the State’s reason for dismissing a black potential juror was
pretextual). Because the State failed to fully and thoroughly question Jackson and Love-Fisher
about their relationships with defendant and/or his family, the State failed to rebut defendant’s
prima facie showing that the State excluded them based on race.
¶ 67 In light of the foregoing, I believe the trial court’s finding that the State’s reasons for
exercising peremptory challenges to remove all three potential black jurors from the jury were
race neutral was clearly erroneous. I would, therefore, reverse defendant’s conviction and
remand for a new trial.
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