People v. Allen , 2024 IL App (1st) 221681 ( 2024 )

2024 IL App (1st) 221681Nos. 1-22-1681, 1-22-1682, 1-22-1683 (cons.)
Opinion filed June 20, 2024
Third Division
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County.
)
) Nos. 17 CR 16663
v. ) 17 CR 16664
) 17 CR 16665
)
JAMES ALLEN, ) Honorable
) Charles P. Burns
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.
JUSTICE VAN TINE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Reyes and Justice Lampkin concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Following a jury trial, defendant James Allen was found guilty of two counts of residential
burglary, two counts of aggravated criminal sexual assault, and one count of home invasion and
was sentenced to a total of 63 years in prison. On appeal, defendant argues that (1) his waiver of
his right to trial counsel was invalid, (2) the jury instructions on residential burglary were
erroneous, (3) the State failed to prove him guilty of residential burglary because the evidence did
not establish his intent to commit theft, and (4) his conviction for home invasion should be vacated
Nos. 1-22-1681, 1-22-1682, 1-22-1683 (cons.)
pursuant to the one-act, one-crime rule. For the following reasons, we affirm defendant’s
convictions for aggravated criminal sexual assault and home invasion but reverse his convictions
for residential burglary and remand for a new trial on those charges.
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 Defendant was charged under three case numbers: 17 CR 16663, 17 CR 16664, and 17 CR
16665. All charges arose out of events that occurred in a condominium building in downtown
Chicago on October 29, 2017, and the three cases were tried together. 1 Each case number related
to a different unit in the building. The State proceeded to trial on the following charges: one count
of residential burglary premised on entering unit 407 with intent to commit theft (720 ILCS 5/19-
3(a) (West 2016)) in case number 17 CR 16663; one count of residential burglary premised on
entering unit 909 with intent to commit theft (id.) in case number 17 CR 16664; and, in case
number 17 CR 16665, two counts of aggravated criminal sexual assault premised on bodily harm
(id. § 11-1.30(a)(2)) and one count of home invasion premised on criminal sexual assault (id. § 19-
6(a)(6)) arising out of defendant’s actions in unit 515.
¶4 A. Pretrial Proceedings
¶5 Approximately five months before trial, on April 7, 2021, defendant stated that he sought
to “exercise [his] Fifth Amendment rights to self-representation, pro per, not to be confused with
pro se, also reserving the right to be assisted by counsel.” Defendant complained that he had been
appointed three different assistant public defenders (APDs) and the most recent APD “ha[d] the
least experience” of all three. The court agreed that defendant had the right to represent himself
1
We will refer to the condominium units by their numbers because that is how the State charged
the case and because it aids in understanding the facts of the case. However, for the sake of the residents’
privacy, we will not otherwise identify the building’s location.
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but cautioned that he would be held to the same standard as an attorney and suggested that he
confer with his most recent APD before making a final decision.
¶6 On May 11, 2021, defendant’s APD stated that he conferred with defendant and that
defendant still wanted to represent himself. The court explained to defendant that he had “three
open cases” and that “[a]ll these cases are serious” and asked if he was sure he wanted to represent
himself. Defendant responded, “I’m positive.” The court then advised defendant of the charges in
each case and explained that defendant could be sentenced to 18 to 90 years in prison in case
number 17 CR 16665 and 4 to 15 years each in case numbers 17 CR 16664 and 17 CR 16663. The
court also explained that probation was not available, that defendant could be fined $25,000 in
each case, and that he would be on parole for four years after completing his sentence. Defendant
stated that he understood the charges and possible sentences and that he wanted to represent
himself. The court then explained that defendant had the right to an attorney and what an attorney
would do at trial, and again advised defendant that he would be held to the same standard as an
attorney if he represented himself. Defendant again confirmed that he wanted to represent himself.
¶7 The court explained that defendant did not have a right to standby counsel and that
appointing standby counsel was a matter of the court’s discretion. Defendant never requested
standby counsel but expressed doubt that he could “cross-examin[e]” himself at trial. At a hearing
on August 6, 2021, a private attorney informed the court that she met with defendant the previous
day. Defendant asked the private attorney to serve as standby counsel, but she told him she could
not. Defendant again informed the court that he wanted to represent himself.
¶8 Shortly before trial, on September 9, 2021, the State filed a motion for defendant to be
evaluated for fitness to represent himself, which the court granted. The following day, Dr.
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Christofer Cooper found that defendant was fit to represent himself or to stand trial with counsel,
whichever he chose. Dr. Cooper noted that defendant was able to explain why he wanted to
represent himself and that he understood the charges against him and the nature and purpose of
legal proceedings. Defendant was taking antipsychotic medication. Dr. Cooper evaluated
defendant again during trial on September 15, 2021, and reached the same conclusions.
¶9 B. Trial
¶ 10 In his opening statement, defendant explained to the jury that it was his first time at trial
and his first time representing himself. He conceded that “[e]verything the State is saying,
happened” but argued that the State could not prove his intent. Defendant also explained that he
was “pleading insanity” because he “was out of [his] mind on the night of the commission of the
crime” and had been “diagnosed with over six different disorders.”
¶ 11 1. The State’s Case-in-Chief
¶ 12 The evidence established that residents of the condominium building used a key fob to
enter the building’s main door but that guests had to ring the buzzer, be admitted by security, and
sign in. The State moved into evidence security camera video recordings from the early morning
hours of October 29, 2017. The videos depict defendant, who is naked, crossing the street toward
the building and approaching the glass lobby doors. Defendant stands outside the lobby doors until
a security guard stationed at the front desk lets him in. Defendant sits at the security desk and looks
at a computer, then boards an elevator and takes it to one of the upper floors. The security guard
who allowed defendant into the building did not testify at trial. The evidence established that he
was fired after this incident.
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¶ 13 Timothy Parent testified that he lived in unit 509. At approximately 5:30 a.m. on October
29, 2017, Parent awoke to someone knocking on his door and yelling, “I know she’s in there, I
know—my girl is in there, I know my daughter’s in there.” Parent looked through the peephole
and saw defendant, whom he identified in court. Parent called security from inside his unit. A
security guard responded within minutes, but no one was in the hallway outside Parent’s unit. The
security guard then left. Parent exited his apartment, and as he waited to board an elevator, a man
ran down the hallway screaming for help, yelling “he’s on top of my roommate and he’s raping
her.” Parent followed the man yelling for help to another unit and saw defendant standing naked
in the doorway. Parent told defendant to get out, and defendant charged at him, so Parent ran down
a stairwell hoping to lead defendant to security in the lobby. Parent reached the lobby, but
defendant did not follow him. Parent told a security guard that defendant was attacking someone,
and the security guard called police. Parent identified a photograph of a decorative wreath that was
taken from his unit’s front door sometime between October 28 and October 29, 2017.
¶ 14 T.F. testified that she lived in unit 515. 2 She and her friend Daniel McEvoy went out to
celebrate her birthday and returned to her unit at approximately 2 a.m. on October 29, 2017. T.F.
slept in her bed, and McEvoy slept on the couch. T.F. did not remember whether she locked the
door that night. She awoke to defendant, whom she identified in court, naked on her bed. Defendant
grabbed T.F.’s hair, shoved her head toward his erect penis, and “told [her] to suck it.” T.F. tried
to pull back, but the man shoved her head down “[v]ery forcefully.” T.F. started to cry and said
“no,” but defendant repeatedly told her to “shut the f*** up, don’t say anything, be quiet.”
Defendant forced his penis into T.F.’s mouth for several minutes, then pulled her dress up and told
T.F. is a victim of sexual assault, so we use her initials to protect her privacy. See People v.
2
Munoz-Salgado, 2016 IL App (2d) 140325, ¶ 1 n.1.
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her to lie down. Defendant lay on top of T.F., inserted his penis into her vagina, placed his hand
on her throat, and applied pressure.
¶ 15 McEvoy came into the bedroom, and T.F. said, “[P]lease help me.” McEvoy asked
defendant who he was, and defendant responded, “I’m Satan.” Defendant removed himself from
T.F. and chased McEvoy into the hallway. Police arrived approximately five minutes later, and
T.F. told them what happened. She noticed handprints on the wall of her unit and a wreath and a
fire extinguisher tag that did not belong to her in the unit. T.F. went to the hospital, and staff
performed a sexual assault kit. She suffered a vaginal tear and a whiplash-like neck injury. T.F.
then went to a police station but was unable to identify defendant in a photo array. At trial, T.F.
identified a photograph of the wreath and fire extinguisher tag she found on her bedroom floor, a
photograph of her bed, the clothing she was wearing when defendant sexually assaulted her, the
clothing she wore to the hospital, and her bedding. The State moved these items into evidence.
T.F. identified defendant in court as the man who sexually assaulted her, and defendant apologized
to her for doing so.
¶ 16 McEvoy’s testimony was consistent with T.F.’s. He testified that he and T.F. went out to
celebrate her birthday and returned to T.F.’s unit at approximately 2:30 a.m. on October 29, 2017.
He woke up when he heard a struggle in T.F.’s bedroom. He went to check on her and saw
defendant, whom he identified in court, naked on top of T.F., sexually assaulting her. McEvoy
moved toward defendant and asked who he was; defendant responded, “I’m Satan.” Defendant
lunged at McEvoy, who ran into the hallway outside the unit and yelled for help as defendant
pursued him into a stairwell and grabbed the hood of his sweatshirt. When McEvoy reached the
lobby, he told security that a man was sexually assaulting T.F. and asked them to call police.
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McEvoy later saw defendant as police were escorting him out of the building in handcuffs.
Defendant was “jovial” and “laughing under his breath” and said, “I got her good.”
¶ 17 Daniel Devine testified that he and his roommate lived in unit 407. They went out with
friends on the night of October 28, 2017, and, upon returning home, left the door unlocked so that
Devine’s roommate’s brother could sleep on the couch. Between 4 and 5 a.m. on October 29,
Devine woke up and saw a naked man, whom he identified as defendant, walking toward his bed.
Devine told defendant to leave. Defendant said he had friends in unit 909 or 929. Devine testified
that “it sounded like [defendant] was sort of not all there, like he was on something.” Defendant
was wearing Devine’s hats and a scarf. Defendant then sat on Devine’s balcony with a bottle of
wine from the kitchen counter and yelled, “I own this place, I own this building.” Devine again
told defendant to leave and demanded that he take off the hats and scarf. Defendant put a hat on
the counter but left the unit with “a handful of stuff” belonging to Devine and his roommate.
Sometime later, a resident of a ninth-floor unit returned Devine and his roommate’s belongings,
including a cell phone, keys, and a scarf.
¶ 18 Brian Morrill testified that he lived in unit 909. Morrill went to bed at approximately 10:30
p.m. on October 28, 2017, and did not lock his door. At approximately 5:30 the following morning,
he awoke to his dog barking and saw defendant, whom he identified in court, standing naked in
his kitchen. Morrill asked defendant what he was doing; defendant mumbled a response that
sounded like “I own this building.” Morrill returned to his bedroom, shut the door, and called
security. When Morrill opened his bedroom door again, defendant was standing in front of it.
Defendant picked up Morrill’s guitar and pretended to play it. Morrill closed the bedroom door
until police arrived. At that point, defendant was sitting on Morrill’s couch with the guitar and a
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bottle of wine from Morrill’s wine rack. Police handcuffed defendant and removed him from the
unit. Morrill found a scarf and a set of keys, neither of which belonged to him, in his unit. He also
noticed that his wallet had been moved from the kitchen to near the wine rack. Morrill identified
still photographs from a police body camera video recording, which depicted defendant sitting
naked on his couch playing a guitar and wearing sunglasses. Morrill also identified photographs
of the lobby of the condominium building, the hallway of his unit, the couch that defendant sat on,
and his guitar that defendant picked up. The State moved these photographs into evidence.
¶ 19 John Jones testified that he worked as a security guard at the building. When he arrived at
approximately 6:25 a.m. on October 29, 2017, an alarm was going off, and a resident said that
someone was “still in the building.” Jones called police, and another resident came to the lobby
and said, “he’s raping my roommate.” A resident on the ninth floor called the security desk and
said that “the individual was in his apartment and he was behind a locked door,” which Jones
relayed to police. Jones later saw defendant naked in the lobby with police. Jones identified still
photographs from one of the building’s security cameras, which depicted defendant crossing the
street, entering the building through the front door, and waiting for an elevator in the lobby. The
State moved these photographs into evidence.
¶ 20 Chicago police sergeant Mary Nanninga testified that she responded to a sexual assault call
at the condominium building at approximately 6 a.m. on October 29, 2017. Nanninga found
defendant in Morrill’s unit naked on the couch with a guitar and a bottle of wine and wearing
sunglasses. Another officer handcuffed defendant and escorted him to the lobby. Defendant was
calm and cooperative and said that he lived in Morrill’s unit. Nanninga identified a video recording
from Officer Rafael Lee’s body camera, which the State moved into evidence. The video depicts
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Morrill allowing Lee into his unit, where Lee finds defendant naked on Morrill’s couch, wearing
sunglasses and holding a guitar. Defendant complies with being handcuffed, and Lee escorts him
out of the unit.
¶ 21 Officer Robert Williams testified that between 5:30 and 6 a.m. on October 29, 2017, he
responded to a call for assistance at the condominium building and saw defendant, whom he
identified in court, naked and handcuffed in the lobby. Williams placed defendant in his police
vehicle and transported him to a hospital. Defendant told a triage nurse that his back hurt because
he “was f***ing her.”
¶ 22 Officer Ron Bialota testified that he was on duty as an evidence technician on the morning
of October 29, 2017. At approximately 7:45 a.m., he went to the condominium building and
photographed the lobby and unit 515. He recovered and inventoried bedding and clothing from
unit 515’s bedroom, along with a fingerprint on the wall. Bialota also photographed unit 909.
Bialota identified all the photographs he took and items he recovered, and the State moved them
into evidence.
¶ 23 Detective Andrew Burns testified that he interviewed defendant, whom he identified in
court, at the hospital on October 29, 2017. Burns provided Miranda warnings (see Miranda v.
Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)), and defendant indicated that he understood them. Defendant
consented to a buccal swab, which Burns performed and inventoried. Burns identified the buccal
swab and the consent form that defendant signed, and the State moved them into evidence.
¶ 24 Nurse Debra Terri-Larson testified that she administered a sexual assault kit on T.F. at the
hospital on October 29, 2017. At the hospital, T.F. said that she woke to a man on top of her
demanding that she perform oral sex and that the man “went on to assault her vaginally.” Terri-
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Larson identified the sexual assault kit she performed. The parties stipulated that police inventoried
the sexual assault kit.
¶ 25 Four Illinois State Police forensic scientists testified as expert witnesses. Their testimony
established that fingerprints recovered in this case were not suitable for comparison and the sexual
assault kit and T.F.’s clothing and bedding were negative for the presence of semen. However,
defendant’s DNA matched Y chromosome profiles on T.F.’s oral and face swabs.
¶ 26 2. Defendant’s Case in Chief
¶ 27 Defendant testified that he had “no recollection of the night in question.” The last thing he
remembered was smoking cannabis at home approximately a week prior to October 29, 2017.
Defendant testified that, on October 29, 2017, he was “under the hallucination that [he] was
looking for [his] daughter and that [her] mother was throwing [his] daughter a hotel party” and
that “people in the building took off [his] clothes.” Defendant acknowledged that he told police
the condominium building’s address and identified other buildings nearby. He also told police
about Morrill’s dog barking and that he played a guitar, knocked on doors on the fifth floor, and
went to the ninth floor.
¶ 28 Dr. Michael Byrne, whom one of defendant’s previous attorneys retained, was qualified as
an expert in forensic psychiatry. He evaluated defendant on November 6, 2019. Defendant told Dr.
Byrne that he did not remember the events of October 29, 2017. Defendant experienced delusions
of “being abducted by aliens and being involved in the Illuminati, [and] knowing Jay-Z.” Dr. Byrne
opined that defendant was not “able to appreciate the criminality of [his] conduct” on October 29,
2017. Dr. Byrne based that opinion on defendant’s calm entry into the building, which was
inconsistent with “trying to discreetly commit a crime,” and defendant taking “items of
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inconsequential value” while entering units that he happened to find unlocked. Defendant’s
statements that he owned the building suggested a “grandiose delusional thought that [defendant
was] wealthy and important.” Defendant did not attempt to leave the building as though he were
fleeing a crime scene and did not resist arrest. Dr. Byrne acknowledged that intent to commit
crimes such as sexual assault and burglary can be formed when the opportunity arises and that
people with schizoaffective disorder can understands the criminality of their conduct. Dr. Byrne
testified that defendant being administered antipsychotic medication at the hospital after his arrest
was “indicative of a very serious psychotic decompensation.” Dr. Byrne diagnosed defendant with
schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type, and opioid and cannabis disorder. Dr. Byrne acknowledged
that he was the only doctor to have diagnosed defendant with schizoaffective disorder.
¶ 29 3. The State’s Case in Rebuttal
¶ 30 The State’s evidence in rebuttal established that defendant was first hospitalized for mental
illness at St. Bernard Hospital and Health Care Center (St. Bernard) on October 31, 2015. He tested
positive for cannabis and alcohol and was diagnosed with acute psychosis due to substance abuse.
Defendant was transferred to Chicago Lakeshore Hospital and then to the University of Illinois
Hospital (UIC). Doctors at UIC concluded that defendant was suffering from cannabis-induced
psychosis and ruled out any other kind of primary psychotic illness. Defendant was discharged
from UIC on November 9, 2015, and was not prescribed any medication. Defendant was evaluated
at St. Bernard following his arrest on October 29, 2017. He tested positive for cannabis and was
diagnosed with acute psychosis. The following day, Dr. Kartan of Cermak Health Services of Cook
County (Cermak) diagnosed defendant with substance abuse disorder, depression, and anxiety, but
ruled out schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Defendant told Dr. Kartan he used a synthetic form
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of cannabis called “K2” two days before the incident and had used heroin, Xanax, and alcohol in
the past. On November 5, 2017, defendant told another doctor at Cermak that he smoked “a blunt
laced with PCP” near the time of the offense and did not remember anything that happened after
that. At the time of trial, defendant was taking antipsychotic medication.
¶ 31 Dr. Christofer Cooper testified that he was a forensic psychologist and the assistant director
of forensic clinical services for the circuit court of Cook County. He was qualified as an expert in
forensic psychology. Dr. Cooper examined defendant on February 4, 2020, and concluded that
defendant did not exhibit “any symptoms of a mental illness at the time of the offense that would
have impaired his ability to appreciate the criminality of his conduct.” That is, defendant was
legally sane on October 29, 2017. Dr. Cooper diagnosed defendant with substance-induced
psychotic disorder and severe cannabis use disorder as of October 29, 2017, and severe cannabis
use disorder and malingering as of February 4, 2020. The differing diagnoses reflected that, at the
time of the incident, defendant “was experiencing substance-induced symptoms or psychotic
symptoms that he doesn’t normally have.” The diagnosis of malingering indicated that defendant
exaggerated having delusions about the Illuminati and “various rappers.” Dr. Cooper opined that
defendant being disruptive in the courtroom was not the product of mental illness; rather, it was
intentional behavior. Dr. Cooper disagreed with Dr. Byrne’s diagnosis that defendant suffered
from schizoaffective disorder as unsupported by defendant’s clinical history.
¶ 32 Dr. Mathew Markos testified that he was a forensic psychiatrist and the director of forensic
clinical services for the circuit court of Cook County. He was qualified as an expert in the field of
forensic psychiatry. Dr. Markos examined defendant on September 1, 2020. Defendant said that
he had no memory of this incident. Dr. Markos opined that defendant experienced cannabis-
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induced psychosis but was legally sane on October 29, 2017. He diagnosed defendant with
“cannabis disorder” and concluded that defendant did not suffer from a primary psychotic illness,
including schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
¶ 33 At the end of its case in rebuttal, the State moved into evidence a video recording of
Detective Burns’s interview of defendant at the hospital. Defendant did not object. No witnesses
testified regarding this video. The video depicts defendant lying in a hospital bed. He says that he
understands his Miranda rights and agrees to speak with Burns and an assistant state’s attorney
(ASA). Defendant is groggy and appears to be falling asleep at times during the interview but says
he is following the ASA’s questions. Defendant states that he went downtown for his daughter’s
birthday party early on the morning of October 29, 2017. He was not under the influence of drugs
or alcohol and was clothed when he entered the condominium building. Defendant says that his
daughter and her mother had lived in that building for “a couple of years” but that he may have
“picked the wrong hotel.” Defendant identifies the building by the street it was on and buildings
that were across the street from it. He had never been to that building before. Defendant spoke to
a man at the front desk, who directed him to the elevators. Defendant was looking for unit 929 but
went to the fifth floor because his daughter was turning five. He knocked on the door of unit 529,
which Burns tells him is actually unit 509. Someone allowed defendant into a unit where a dog
was barking. Defendant wanted to play “a whole bunch of guitars,” but someone in the unit
“snatched” his clothes. Defendant repeatedly denies that he sexually assaulted a woman.
Approximately 16 minutes into the interview, defendant says that he is “through f*** talking” and
is hungry and thirsty. Burns and the ASA give defendant water, and Burns says that they will try
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to get him food. Defendant claims that police arrested him for no reason. Burns and the ASA end
the interview shortly after defendant again says that he is “through talking.”
¶ 34 4. Jury Instructions, Verdict, and Posttrial Proceedings
¶ 35 During the jury instructions conference, the State proposed Illinois Pattern Jury
Instructions, Criminal, No. 14.13 (approved July 29, 2022) (hereinafter IPI Criminal No. 14.13),
and Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 14.14 (approved July 29, 2022) (hereinafter
IPI Criminal No. 14.14), on residential burglary. Defendant did not object. The court sua sponte
noted that the residential burglary “statute also says enters or [ ]knowingly and without authority
remains within the dwelling place of another.” The State said that it had “no objection to doing a
non-IPI to include ‘or remains within.’ ” The following exchange occurred:
“THE COURT: Here’s the statute: Residential burglary, 720 ILCS 5/19-3(a). A
person commits residential burglary when he or she knowingly and without authority enters
or knowingly and without authority remains within the dwelling place of another, or any
part therein, with the intent to commit a felony or theft.
That’s the statute. Do you have any objection to changing that instead of—it’s
going to be—it would be for the first proposition, knowingly entered or knowingly without
authority remains within the dwelling place of another with the intent to commit the offense
of theft.
Do you have any objection to that?
THE DEFENDANT: No objection.
THE COURT: I think that needs to be changed. I’m kind of surprised that’s not an
IPI, but that’s what the statute says.
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[THE STATE]: I agree.”
¶ 36 Prior to closing arguments, the court orally instructed the jury as follows:
“A person commits the offense of residential burglary when he knowingly and
without authority enters the dwelling place of another with the intent to commit therein the
offense of theft.
To sustain the charge of residential burglary, the State must prove the following
propositions:
First Proposition: That the defendant knowingly entered the dwelling place of
another; and
Second Proposition: That the defendant did so without authority; and
Third Proposition: That the defendant did so with the intent to commit therein the
offense of theft.”
¶ 37 However, the written instructions that the jury received, which the court had previously
proposed and which neither party objected to, stated:
“A person commits the offense of Residential Burglary when he knowingly and
without authority enters or knowingly and without authority remains within the dwelling
place of another with the intent to commit therein the offense of theft. ***
To sustain the charge of Residential Burglary, the State must prove the following
propositions:
n [sic]
First Proposition: That the defendant knowingly and without authority entered or
knowingly and without authority remained within the dwelling place of another; and
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Second Proposition: That the defendant did so without authority; and
Third Proposition: That the defendant did so with the intent to commit therein the
offense of theft.” 3
¶ 38 In closing, the State read the residential burglary definition instruction as saying that a
person commits residential burglary “when he knowingly and without authority enters or
knowingly without authority remains within the dwelling place of another with the intent to
commit therein the offense of theft.” (Emphasis added.). However, the State read the first
proposition of the residential burglary issues instruction as “the defendant knowingly entered and
remained in the dwelling place of another.” (Emphasis added.). The State argued that defendant
entered Morrill’s unit without authority and entered and remained in Devine’s unit without
authority. With respect to defendant’s intent to commit theft, the State contended that “[i]t doesn’t
matter what his intention was when he walked in” because he took “electronics, a lanyard, a scarf,
*** somebody’s cell phone and a bottle of wine” from Devine’s unit and picked up a wallet, a
bottle of wine, and a guitar in Morrill’s unit.
¶ 39 In response, defendant argued that T.F., McEvoy, and Morrill were not credible and blamed
the security guard who let him into the condominium building. He complained about the trial
court’s rulings on his objections and explained that he did not “trust the Public Defender’s Office.”
Defendant then began discussing the Illuminati and celebrity Jennifer Hudson’s supposed
connection to the trial court judge, at which point the trial court sustained the State’s objection and
held a sidebar in chambers. Defendant also threatened to bring the jury back to retry the case
3
We note that the first and second propositions of the written issues instruction on residential
burglary contain duplicative language regarding lack of authority.
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indefinitely by “catch[ing] a contempt charge.” He conceded that the State “proved [him] guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt” but argued that it was up to the jury “to decide if [he] was able to
appreciate the criminality of [his] acts.” Defendant concluded by arguing that there was reasonable
doubt as to whether he was intoxicated at the time of the offense and contended that he could not
appreciate the criminality of his acts due to mental illness.
¶ 40 During the State’s rebuttal argument, the court held defendant in contempt for giving the
court “the finger” when it overruled an objection and for swearing at the court during a sidebar in
chambers.
¶ 41 The jury found defendant guilty of two counts of aggravated criminal sexual assault and
one count of home invasion as to T.F., one count of residential burglary as to Devine’s unit, and
one count of residential burglary as to Morrill’s unit.
¶ 42 Defendant filed a pro se motion for a new trial, arguing that the State improperly
introduced hearsay evidence and his 2016 burglary conviction, that Dr. Cooper and Dr. Markos’s
diagnoses were incorrect, and that records from the day of his arrest indicated that he was
involuntarily admitted to a mental health facility. An APD filed an amended motion for a new trial,
which argued in relevant part that the State failed to prove defendant guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt. Neither motion for a new trial raised the validity of defendant’s waiver of his right to
counsel, the residential burglary jury instructions, or one-act, one-crime issues. The trial court
denied defendant’s motions for a new trial.
¶ 43 The court sentenced defendant to a total of 63 years in prison. Defendant filed a motion to
reconsider sentence, which was denied.
¶ 44 Defendant timely appealed.
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¶ 45 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 46 On appeal, defendant contends that (1) his waiver of his right to counsel was invalid, (2) the
jury instructions on residential burglary were erroneous, (3) the State failed to prove his intent to
commit theft as an element of residential burglary, and (4) his conviction for home invasion should
be vacated pursuant to the one-act, one-crime rule.
¶ 47 A. Waiver of Trial Counsel
¶ 48 Defendant contends that trial court erred in accepting his waiver of his right to counsel.
Specifically, defendant argues that (1) he could not validly waive his right to counsel due to mental
illness, (2) he did not understand the potential consequences of presenting an insanity defense, and
(3) the trial court abused its discretion by not appointing standby counsel.
¶ 49 The sixth amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees criminal defendants the
right to assistance of counsel and the right to proceed pro se. U.S. Const., amend. VI; People v.
McNutt, 2020 IL App (1st) 173030, ¶ 78 (citing People v. Haynes, 174 Ill. 2d 204, 235 (1996)). A
defendant’s right to self-representation is “as basic and fundamental as [the] right to be represented
by counsel.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Marcum, 2024 IL 128687, ¶ 43. A trial
court must honor a defendant’s decision to proceed pro se even though it might be unwise. McNutt,
2020 IL App (1st) 173030, ¶ 78. We will reverse a trial court’s acceptance of a defendant’s waiver
of counsel only if the trial court abused its discretion. Id. ¶ 85. An abuse of discretion occurs when
the trial court’s ruling was arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable to such an extent that no reasonable
person would agree with it. Id.
¶ 50 Defendant did not raise his waiver of counsel in his posttrial motion. Generally, to preserve
an issue for appellate review, a defendant must object at trial and raise the issue in a posttrial
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Nos. 1-22-1681, 1-22-1682, 1-22-1683 (cons.)
motion. People v. Brand, 2021 IL 125945, ¶ 32. If the defendant fails to do so, he forfeits the issue
on appeal. Id. However, the plain error rule allows us to review an unpreserved issue when a clear
or obvious error occurred and either (1) the evidence was so closely balanced that the error alone
threatened to tip the scales of justice against the defendant regardless of the seriousness of the error
or (2) the error was so serious that it affected the fairness of the trial and challenged the integrity
of the judicial process regardless of the closeness of the evidence. People v. Sebby, 2017 IL
119445, ¶ 48. The validity of a defendant’s waiver of counsel affects a fundamental right, so we
will review for plain error. See People v. Khan, 2021 IL App (1st) 190051, ¶ 40. The defendant
has the burden of persuasion in a plain error analysis. Id. ¶ 41. The first step of plain error review
is to determine whether a clear or obvious error occurred. Id.
¶ 51 1. Validity of Waiver
¶ 52 Defendant argues that he did not validly waive his right to counsel due to his mental illness.
To validly waive the right to counsel, a defendant must first be fit to stand trial. People v. Harris,
2013 IL App (1st) 111351, ¶ 79. To be fit to stand trial, a defendant must have a rational and factual
understanding of the proceedings against him. People v. Washington, 2016 IL App (1st) 131198,
¶ 70. Illinois law presumes that a defendant is fit to stand trial. 725 ILCS 5/104-10 (West 2016).
A defendant is unfit if, because of a mental or physical condition, he is unable to understand the
nature and purpose of the proceedings or unable to assist in his defense. Id. In this case, there is
no dispute that defendant was fit to stand trial. Dr. Cooper found defendant fit before and during
trial, and even retained defense expert Dr. Byrne agreed with that conclusion.
¶ 53 Because defendant was fit to stand trial, the issue becomes whether his waiver of counsel
was knowing and voluntary. Harris, 2013 IL App (1st) 111351, ¶ 79; Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S.
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Nos. 1-22-1681, 1-22-1682, 1-22-1683 (cons.)
389, 400-02 (1993) (if a defendant is fit to stand trial and knowingly and voluntarily waives his
right to counsel, then he receives a fair trial that comports with due process); People v. Kidd, 178
Ill. 2d 92, 104 (1997). All waivers of counsel must be “voluntary, knowing, and intelligent.”
Marcum, 2024 IL 128687, ¶ 43. To ensure that a defendant’s waiver of counsel is voluntary,
knowing, and intelligent, the trial court must comply with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 401(a) (eff.
July 1, 1984). Marcum, 2024 IL 128687, ¶ 44. Rule 401(a) provides:
“ ‘Any waiver of counsel shall be in open court. The court shall not permit a waiver of
counsel by a person accused of an offense punishable by imprisonment without first, by
addressing the defendant personally in open court, informing him of and determining that
he understands the following:
(1) the nature of the charge;
(2) the minimum and maximum sentence prescribed by law, including,
when applicable, the penalty to which the defendant may be subjected because of
prior convictions or consecutive sentences; and
(3) that he has the right to counsel and, if he is indigent, to have counsel
appointed for him by the court.’ ” Id. (quoting Ill. S. Ct. R. 401(a) (eff. July 1,
1984)).
Strict, technical compliance with Rule 401(a) is not always required. Id. ¶ 46. Substantial
compliance with Rule 401(a) is sufficient if the record indicates that the defendant’s waiver of
counsel was knowing and voluntary and the admonishments the defendant received did not
prejudice his rights. Id. We assess each waiver of trial counsel on its own facts. Id.
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Nos. 1-22-1681, 1-22-1682, 1-22-1683 (cons.)
¶ 54 When defendant first expressed his desire to represent himself, the trial court advised him
to discuss the matter with his APD, which he did. On the following court date, defendant confirmed
that he wanted to proceed pro se, and the court admonished him pursuant to Rule 401(a). The court
informed defendant of the charges in all three cases, the sentencing ranges in each case, the
unavailability of probation, possible fines, and the length of his parole. The court also advised
defendant that he had the right to an attorney, explained what an attorney would do, and reminded
defendant that he would be held to the same standard as an attorney if he represented himself. The
record establishes that the court thoroughly advised defendant of the consequences he faced and
the risks of representing himself and that the court confirmed multiple times that defendant wanted
to proceed pro se. There is no question that the trial court complied with Rule 401(a).
¶ 55 Nevertheless, defendant argues that the “totality of the circumstances,” such as his history
of mental illness, “use of psychoactive drugs,” and behavior during trial shows that he was
incapable of waiving his right to counsel. The record does reflect defendant engaging in
inappropriate arguments with the trial court and using profanity and obscene gestures. However,
the court was vigilant about holding sidebars in chambers when defendant began acting out.
Because the jury did not see many of defendant’s outbursts, it is difficult for us to say whether or
how those outbursts affected the jury’s verdict. During deliberations, the jury expressed no
concerns about defendant’s self-representation. In addition, defendant’s disrespectful statements
were almost always the product of his frustration with the trial court’s rulings. That is, defendant
clearly understood what was happening at trial; he simply did not agree with the court’s rulings
and expressed that disapproval outside of the jury’s presence in inappropriate ways.
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Nos. 1-22-1681, 1-22-1682, 1-22-1683 (cons.)
¶ 56 Defendant’s argument on this point comes with the benefit of hindsight. When the court
allowed defendant to proceed to trial pro se, the court did not know if and how defendant might
act during trial. The court knew only that Dr. Cooper had found defendant fit to stand trial and to
represent himself and that defendant had insisted on proceeding pro se even after the court’s
admonishments about the risks of doing so.
¶ 57 Defendant cites People v. Lego, 168 Ill. 2d 561 (1995), for the proposition that a defendant
who is fit to stand trial may still be unable to validly waive his right to counsel. In Lego, unrebutted
testimony from two expert witnesses established that the pro se defendant suffered from mental
illnesses that caused him to experience delusions that he had practiced as a lawyer for decades and
that his legal skills were equal to or better than any attorney. Id. at 568-78. The supreme court
found that, considering the impact of the defendant’s mental illnesses on his ability to judge his
own legal skills, he could not validly waive his right to counsel. Id. at 577. By contrast, in this
case, defendant’s history of mental illness does not suggest that he was wholly incapable of making
a knowing, voluntary, and intelligent waiver of counsel. Rather, it indicates that defendant has
psychotic episodes when he abuses cannabis. There is no indication that defendant was
experiencing a cannabis-induced psychotic episode when he decided to proceed pro se or at any
point during trial. Unlike Lego, no expert witness in this case testified that defendant was unable
to validly waive his right to trial counsel. And, unlike the defendant in Lego, defendant was not
under the delusion that his trial skills were equal to those of an attorney. Defendant repeatedly
acknowledged the disadvantage he was at in trying this case without formal legal training. Lego is
distinguishable and does not support reversal. Accordingly, we find that defendant’s waiver of
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counsel was knowing, voluntary, and intelligent and that defendant’s mental illness did not render
him incapable of validly waving his right to counsel.
¶ 58 2. Insanity Defense
¶ 59 Defendant next contends that his waiver of counsel was invalid because he presented an
insanity defense without understanding the risks of doing so. Specifically, defendant claims that
he did not know that an acquittal by reason of insanity might result in his involuntary commitment
rather than going free as he would after a typical acquittal.
¶ 60 An insanity defense asserts that the defendant lacked the capacity to appreciate the
criminality of his conduct due to “mental disease or mental defect.” 720 ILCS 5/6-2(a) (West
2016). A finding of not guilty by reason of insanity is an acquittal. People v. Harrison, 226 Ill. 2d
427, 441 (2007). However, when a defendant is acquitted by reason of insanity, the Department of
Human Services (DHS) must conduct an evaluation as to whether the defendant requires mental
health services. 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(a) (West 2016). If the evaluation is inpatient, the defendant must
be “placed in a secure setting.” Id. That is, section 5-2-4 “authorizes the acquitee’s involuntary
commitment.” People v. Bethke, 2014 IL App (1st) 122502, ¶ 14. A person committed to DHS
custody following an acquittal by reason of insanity may petition for discharge but must prove by
clear and convincing evidence that he no longer suffers from a mental illness. People v. Gunderson,
2017 IL App (1st) 153533, ¶ 19; 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(e), (g) (West 2016).
¶ 61 Rule 401(a) does not require admonishments about the potential consequences of an
insanity defense. Ill. S. Ct. R. 401(a) (eff. July 1, 1984). It requires only admonishments about the
“minimum and maximum sentence” in the event of conviction. Id. As explained above, the trial
court complied with that requirement. Defendant asks us to create additional Rule 401(a)
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admonishments when a pro se defendant plans to present an insanity defense. We decline that
invitation for two reasons. First, the current version of section 6-2(a), which codifies the insanity
defense, has been unaltered since 1998 (720 ILCS 5/6-2(a) (West 1998)), and Illinois Supreme
Court Rule 401(a) (eff. July 1, 1984) has been unaltered since 1984. Neither provision has been
amended to connect an insanity defense to a waiver of counsel. Our supreme court and our
legislature certainly know that criminal defendants sometimes represent themselves, sometimes
present insanity defenses, and could potentially do both. We will not create additional Rule 401(a)
admonishments when our supreme court and legislature have declined to do so for at least 25 years.
¶ 62 Furthermore, no Illinois authority supports the additional Rule 401(a) admonishments that
defendant seeks. The Fourth District has suggested 10 additional admonishments to defendants
who wish to proceed pro se, but none of them addresses the risks of an insanity defense. People v.
Hood, 2022 IL App (4th) 200260, ¶ 79 (citing People v. Ward, 208 Ill. App. 3d 1073, 1081-82
(1991)). The case law that defendant cites does not suggest the creation of additional Rule 401(a)
admonishments regarding the potential consequences of presenting a pro se insanity defense. See,
e.g., People v. Gettings, 175 Ill. App. 3d 920, 921 (1988) (the represented defendant chose not to
present an insanity defense); United States v. Read, 918 F.3d 712, 719 (9th Cir. 2019) (counsel
presented an insanity defense over the defendant’s clear rejection of such a defense). Accordingly,
we find that the trial court did not err by not admonishing defendant about the potential
consequences of an acquittal by reason of insanity before accepting his waiver of counsel.
¶ 63 3. Standby Counsel
¶ 64 Defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by not appointing him standby
counsel for trial. Standby counsel assists a pro se defendant “ ‘ “in overcoming routine procedural
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or evidentiary obstacles” ’ ” to goals such as introducing evidence or objecting to testimony.
People v. Khan, 2021 IL App (1st) 190679, ¶ 72 (quoting People v. Gibson, 136 Ill. 2d 362, 378
(1990), quoting McKaskle v. Wiggins, 465 U.S. 168, 183 (1984)). Standby counsel can also help
ensure compliance with the rules of courtroom protocol and procedure. Id. However, a pro se
defendant does not have a right to standby counsel. Id. Ultimately, “a defendant who chooses to
represent him or herself ‘must be prepared to do just that’ ” without the assistance of standby
counsel. People v. Moore, 2023 IL App (1st) 211421, ¶ 106 (quoting Gibson, 136 Ill. 2d at 383).
When deciding upon a defendant’s request to appoint standby counsel, a court should consider the
nature and gravity of the charges, the factual and legal complexity of the proceedings, and the
ability and experience of the defendant. Gibson, 136 Ill. 2d at 380. We review whether the trial
court erred in deciding not to appoint standby counsel for an abuse of discretion. Id.¶ 65 We find that the trial court’s decision not to appoint standby counsel was not an abuse of
discretion. One Gibson factor weighed in favor of appointing standby counsel: the gravity of the
charges against defendant. Defendant proceeded to trial on multiple felony charges, and there is
no question that he faced substantial prison time if convicted. However, that factor alone is not
enough to warrant reversal. See People v. Pratt, 391 Ill. App. 3d 45, 46, 58 (2009) (no abuse of
discretion in denying standby counsel where the defendant was convicted of first degree murder
and sentenced to 40 years’ imprisonment). The other Gibson factors weighed against the necessity
of standby counsel. This trial was not particularly complex in that defendant did not dispute the
facts put forth by the State. In fact, defendant conceded that the events occurred as the State alleged
and challenged only his intent to commit theft and his sanity. He and Dr. Byrne presented a
substantial defense on those issues. As to defendant’s experience and ability, while this was the
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Nos. 1-22-1681, 1-22-1682, 1-22-1683 (cons.)
first time he had represented himself, Dr. Markos testified that defendant was of moderate to high
intelligence and had completed two years of college. Altogether, the Gibson factors favored not
appointing standby counsel or, at most, were roughly balanced. The trial court’s decision was not
so unreasonable that no one would agree with it.
¶ 66 While defendant did not explicitly request standby counsel, the record does suggest that
defendant wanted standby counsel. Defendant expressed doubt that he could examine himself on
the stand. He asked a private attorney to act as standby counsel, and the attorney declined to do so.
However, we question how effective appointed standby counsel would have been as a practical
matter. If standby counsel had been requested, the court would have appointed an APD as standby
counsel. But defendant had made it clear that he did not want assistance from APDs. He repeatedly
denigrated the abilities of APDs, claiming that they are not actually attorneys and that “the Public
Defender has never done their job.” Even if the trial court had appointed standby counsel, we are
skeptical that defendant would have accepted standby counsel’s assistance.
¶ 67 Defendant argues that the State took advantage of the absence of standby counsel by
leading witnesses on direct examination and eliciting hearsay. To some extent that is true, and on
one occasion, the trial court said as much at sidebar. However, trial court sua sponte intervened to
stop this improper questioning. The court’s intervention had approximately the same effect as a
sustained objection made by standby counsel would have had.
¶ 68 Just because we or another court might have appointed standby counsel does not mean that
the trial court abused its discretion in deciding otherwise. See In re Marriage of Samardzija, 365
Ill. App. 3d 702, 708 (2006). Abuse of discretion review is the most deferential standard of review
in Illinois law. People v. Radojcic, 2013 IL 114197, ¶ 33. Considering the trial court’s familiarity
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with defendant and this case, we cannot say that no reasonable person would have taken the trial
court’s approach to standby counsel. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s acceptance of
defendant’s waiver of his right to counsel.
¶ 69 B. Jury Instructions on Residential Burglary
¶ 70 Defendant contends that the jury instructions on residential burglary were erroneous
because the written instructions stated that the jury could find defendant guilty of that offense if
they concluded that he “knowingly and without authority entered or knowingly and without
authority remained within the dwelling place of another.” (Emphasis added.) Defendant objects to
the inclusion of the “remained within” language because the State charged only burglary by
unauthorized entry. The State agrees that including that language was error but contends that it
was “harmless error.”
¶ 71 Defendant did not raise this issue in his posttrial motion. “Generally, a defendant forfeits
review of any putative jury instruction error if the defendant does not object to the instruction or
offer an alternative instruction at trial and does not raise the instruction issue in a posttrial motion.”
(Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Hartfield, 2022 IL 126729, ¶ 44. Nevertheless,
defendant requests plain error review. Plain error occurs where “(1) the evidence is close,
regardless of the seriousness of the error, or (2) the error is serious, regardless of the closeness of
the evidence.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. ¶ 50. Relatedly, Illinois Supreme Court Rule
451(c) (eff. Apr. 8, 2013) provides that “substantial defects [in criminal jury instructions] are not
waived by failure to make timely objections thereto if the interests of justice require.” “Rule 451(c)
is coextensive with the ‘plain error’ clause of [Illinois] Supreme Court Rule 615(a), and we
construe these rules identically.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Hartfield, 2022 IL 126729,
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Nos. 1-22-1681, 1-22-1682, 1-22-1683 (cons.)
¶ 49. A “jury instruction error rises to the level of plain error only when it creates a serious risk
that the jurors incorrectly convicted the defendant because they did not understand the applicable
law.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. ¶ 50.
¶ 72 “Inherent in plain-error analysis is a determination of whether any error occurred.” Id. ¶ 51.
“The function of jury instructions is to provide the jury with accurate legal principles to apply to
the evidence so it can reach a correct conclusion.” Id. “We must determine whether the
instructions, taken as a whole, fairly, fully, and comprehensively apprised the jury of the relevant
legal principles.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. We review de novo whether the jury
instructions accurately conveyed the appliable law. Id.
¶ 73 The residential burglary statute provides that a “person commits residential burglary when
he or she knowingly and without authority enters or knowingly and without authority remains
within the dwelling place of another, or any part thereof, with the intent to commit therein a felony
or theft.” 720 ILCS 5/19-3(a) (West 2016). Illinois courts have interpreted this language as
describing two mutually exclusive theories of culpability: burglary by unauthorized entry or
burglary by unauthorized remaining. People v. Boose, 139 Ill. App. 3d 471, 473 (1985) (addressing
burglary under section 19-1(a) of the Criminal Code of 1961 (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 38, ¶ 19-
1(a), currently codified in the Criminal Code of 2012 (720 ILCS 5/19-1(a) (West 2016))); see
People v. Acklin, 2020 IL App (4th) 180588, ¶ 23 (same). Burglary by unauthorized remaining
requires that the defendant initially entered with authority and later remained without authority.
People v. Rudd, 2012 IL App (5th) 100528, ¶ 12 (citing People v. Boone, 217 Ill. App. 3d 532,
533 (1991)); see People v. Tinkler, 85 Ill. App. 3d 528, 530-31 (1980).
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Nos. 1-22-1681, 1-22-1682, 1-22-1683 (cons.)
¶ 74 The pattern jury instructions on residential burglary reflect these two theories of culpability
in two separate sets of instructions: IPI Criminal No. 14.13 and IPI Criminal No. 14.14 for
unauthorized entry and IPI Criminal No. 14.13A (approved July 29, 2022) and IPI Criminal No.
14.14A (approved July 29, 2022) for unauthorized remaining. As to the first set, the definition
instruction states that a “person commits the offense of residential burglary when he knowingly
and without authority enters the dwelling place of another *** with the intent to commit therein
the offense of [theft].” IPI Criminal No. 14.13. The issues instruction requires proof “[t]hat the
defendant knowingly entered the dwelling place of another” and “did so without authority.” IPI
Criminal No. 14.14. As to the second set, the definition instruction states that a “person commits
the offense of residential burglary when he knowingly enters with authority the dwelling place of
another *** and thereafter without authority remains within that dwelling place *** with the intent
to commit therein the offense of [theft].” (Emphases added.) IPI Criminal No. 14.13A. The issues
instruction requires proof that (1) “the defendant knowingly entered the dwelling place of another
***; and” (2) “the defendant did so with authority; and” (3) “the defendant thereafter, without
authority, knowingly remained within that dwelling place ***; and” (4) “the defendant remained
within that dwelling place *** with the intent to commit therein the offense of [theft.]” (Emphases
added.) IPI Criminal No. 14.14A.
¶ 75 In this case, the State charged defendant with residential burglary by unauthorized entry,
alleging that “he, knowingly and without authority, unlawfully entered the dwelling place[s]” of
Devine and Morrill. Therefore, the trial court should have given IPI Criminal Nos. 14.13 and 14.14
without modification. A trial court must use the Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions (IPIs) unless they
do not accurately state the law. Ill. S. Ct. R. 451(a) (eff. Apr. 8, 2013); see People v. Edmondson,
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Nos. 1-22-1681, 1-22-1682, 1-22-1683 (cons.)
2018 IL App (1st) 151381, ¶ 63 (a trial court may deviate from the IPIs only to accommodate
unusual facts or changes in the law). The trial court’s oral instructions correctly followed the IPIs
on residential burglary by unauthorized entry. However, the written instructions modified IPI
Criminal Nos. 14.13 and 14.14 by adding “or knowingly and without authority remains” to the
first element of residential burglary. 4 In addition, during closing argument, the State read the issues
instruction as “the defendant knowingly entered and remained in the dwelling place of another.”5
(Emphasis added.). In total, the jury received three different instructions as to the first element of
residential burglary. The oral instructions required the State to prove that defendant entered
without authority, the written instructions allowed the State to prove that defendant entered or
remained without authority, and the State’s description of the instructions required proof that
defendant entered and remained without authority.
¶ 76 “[T]wo directly conflicting instructions on an essential element, one stating the law
correctly and the other erroneously” result in a situation in which “we can never know which
instruction the jury was following.” Hartfield, 2022 IL 126729, ¶ 59. Such a scenario produces an
error that compromises “the integrity of the judicial system itself” and that requires reversal under
either a plain-error or harmless-error analysis. Id. That is exactly what happened in this case. We
do not know whether the jury followed the court’s oral instructions, which stated the law correctly,
or the written instructions, which did not. If the jury followed the written instructions, we do not
know which theory the jury used to find defendant guilty. The jury may have properly found
4
The trial court’s written instructions on residential burglary tracked the language of the
residential burglary statute, but this case illustrates why using the IPIs is important. The IPIs clearly
reflect the mutually exclusive nature of the two theories of burglary, whereas the statute does not.
5
The State’s brief repeats this incorrect description of the first element of residential burglary; it
says that “[d]efendant entered and remained within the dwelling places of units 909 and 407 without
authority.” (Emphasis added.).
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Nos. 1-22-1681, 1-22-1682, 1-22-1683 (cons.)
defendant guilty of residential burglary because he entered Devine and Morrill’s units without
authorization. However, the jury may have found defendant guilty simply because he remained in
Devine and Morrill’s units without authorization. Devine and Morrill’s testimony certainly
supported such a conclusion. But the State never charged that theory of residential burglary. Even
if it had, a defendant cannot commit residential burglary solely by unauthorized remaining; rather,
authorized entry must precede unauthorized remaining. See Rudd, 2012 IL App (5th) 100528, ¶ 12.
Here, there was no dispute that defendant’s entry into Devine and Morrill’s units was not
authorized. So, if the jury followed the written instructions and found defendant guilty because he
remained inside Devine and Morrill’s units without authorization, then the jury found defendant
guilty of residential burglary based on a theory that Illinois law does not even recognize. The same
is true if the jury followed the State’s reading of the instructions and found defendant guilty
because his entry and remaining were unauthorized.
¶ 77 Furthermore, there is a risk that the jury’s seemingly unanimous verdict is actually a blend
of these three theories: unauthorized entry, unauthorized remaining, and unauthorized entry
followed by unauthorized remaining. Even if some jurors followed the oral instructions and
properly found defendant guilty based on unauthorized entry, other jurors may have followed the
written instructions or the State’s suggestion and found defendant guilty based on uncharged,
nonexistent theories of culpability. Altogether, the residential burglary instructions in this case are
so flawed and contradictory as to create a serious risk that defendant was improperly convicted of
that offense.
¶ 78 The State concedes that the written residential burglary instructions were erroneous but
argues that such error was “harmless” because “it was undisputed that defendant had no authority
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to enter or remain within any of the dwellings.” Harmless error review does not apply here because
defendant did not preserve this issue. See People v. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d 598, 611 (2010)
(harmless error applies to preserved issues while plain error applies to forfeited issues). Rather,
plain error review, as our supreme court has defined it in the context of jury instructions, applies.
See Hartfield, 2022 IL 126729, ¶ 50. Regardless, defendant’s authority or lack thereof to remain
in the units was irrelevant because the State never charged residential burglary by unauthorized
remaining. Accordingly, we hold that the residential burglary instructions constitute plain error.
We reverse defendant’s convictions for residential burglary and remand for a new trial on those
charges. See People v. Gonzalez, 326 Ill. App. 3d 629, 632 (2001).
¶ 79 Our reversal and remand of defendant’s residential burglary convictions raises a double
jeopardy issue. The double jeopardy clause of the United States Constitution prohibits the State
from having a second opportunity to try the case unless the first trial presented sufficient evidence
to prove the defendant guilty. People v. Sperry, 2020 IL App (2d) 180296, ¶ 30; see People v.
Olivera, 164 Ill. 2d 382, 393 (1995) (the double jeopardy clause forbids a second trial to give the
State another opportunity to supply evidence that it failed to introduce in the first trial.). “Thus,
before remanding for a new trial, the possibility of double jeopardy requires us to rule upon the
sufficiency of the evidence.” See Sperry, 2020 IL App (2d) 180296, ¶ 30. Specifically, defendant
argues that the State failed to prove him guilty of residential burglary because it did not introduce
sufficient evidence of his intent to commit theft.
¶ 80 Reviewing the record in the light most favorable to the State (see People v. Newton, 2018
IL 122958, ¶ 24), we conclude that there was sufficient evidence to support the jury’s conclusion
that defendant intended to commit theft. Theft is knowingly obtaining or exerting unauthorized
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control over the property of the owner. 720 ILCS 5/16-1(a)(1) (West 2016). There is no dispute
that defendant took, used, and moved several items that did not belong to him, such as hats, a scarf,
wine, a cell phone, and keys in Devine’s unit and wine, a guitar, and a wallet in Morrill’s unit.
Additionally, multiple witnesses testified that defendant said, “I own this building,” suggesting
that he intended to exert control over the building and objects within it even though nothing in the
building was his property. That is the definition of theft. See id. A rational trier of fact could have
concluded that, when defendant entered Devine and Morrill’s units, he intended to exert
unauthorized control over items within those units, i.e., to commit theft. Therefore, we find no
double jeopardy issue with remanding for a new trial on the residential burglary charges. However,
this conclusion will not be binding on retrial and does not express our opinion of defendant’s guilt
or innocence. See Sperry, 2020 IL App (2d) 180296, ¶ 30.
¶ 81 C. One-Act, One-Crime
¶ 82 Finally, defendant argues that his conviction for aggravated criminal sexual assault is a
lesser included offense of home invasion predicated on criminal sexual assault, so his conviction
for home invasion, as the less serious of the two offenses, should be vacated pursuant to the one-
act, one-crime rule. Defendant did not raise this issue in his posttrial motion, but he seeks plain
error review. Plain error review applies to potential one-act, one-crime violations. People v. Coats,
2018 IL 121926, ¶¶ 9-10.
¶ 83 1. State’s Forfeiture
¶ 84 In its response brief, the State agreed that defendant’s conviction for home invasion should
be vacated pursuant to the one-act, one-crime rule. However, after we ordered oral argument on
this issue, the State filed a motion to withdraw its concession of error and for leave to file a
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Nos. 1-22-1681, 1-22-1682, 1-22-1683 (cons.)
supplemental brief, which we granted. The State now argues that no one-act, one-crime violation
occurred because aggravated criminal sexual assault is not a lesser included offense of home
invasion predicated on criminal sexual assault. We also allowed defendant to file a supplemental
brief, in which he argues that we should hold the State to its original concession of error.
¶ 85 Defendant is correct that the State forfeited its current position by not raising that argument
in its brief. See People v. Ward, 2023 IL App (1st) 190364, ¶ 122 (citing Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7)
(eff. Oct 1, 2020)). However, forfeiture only binds the parties, not the reviewing court. People v.
Melvin, 2023 IL App (4th) 220405, ¶ 11. The State’s initial failure to recognize that defendant’s
convictions for home invasion and aggravated criminal sexual assault may not constitute a one-
act, one-crime violation does not automatically preclude us from considering that issue.
¶ 86 Moreover, whether a one-act, one-crime violation occurred is a question of law we review
de novo. People v. Scott, 2015 IL App (1st) 133180, ¶ 14. We review the trial court’s judgment,
not its reasoning, and we can affirm on any basis supported by the record. People v. Betance-
Lopez, 2015 IL App (2d) 130521, ¶ 60. As we will explain below, we affirm defendant’s multiple
convictions based on the charging documents and the jury instructions, which are included in the
record on appeal.
¶ 87 Defendant cites Jackson v. Board of Election Commissioners of Chicago, 2012 IL 111928,
¶ 33, for the principle that a reviewing court can override forfeiture only “in the interests of
achieving a just result and maintaining a sound and uniform body of precedent.” In this case, we
overlook the State’s forfeiture of this issue to achieve a just result. The just result here is upholding
a jury verdict that properly found defendant guilty of both aggravated criminal sexual assault and
home invasion. An unjust result would be allowing defendant to escape accountability for one of
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Nos. 1-22-1681, 1-22-1682, 1-22-1683 (cons.)
these serious crimes simply because of the State’s oversight in briefing this appeal. We are also
compelled to provide guidance on why aggravated criminal sexual assault is not a lesser included
offense of home invasion predicated on criminal sexual assault because little if any Illinois
authority squarely addresses that issue. Accordingly, we will consider the one-act, one-crime issue
on the merits.
¶ 88 2. Lesser Included Offense
¶ 89 The one-act, one-crime rule provides that a defendant cannot be convicted of multiple
offenses based on the same physical act. People v. Reveles-Cordova, 2020 IL 124797, ¶ 12 (citing
People v. King, 66 Ill. 2d 551, 566 (1977)). The rule also prohibits multiple convictions when the
offenses are based on separate acts but one offense is a lesser included offense of the other. People
v. Miller, 238 Ill. 2d 161, 165 (2010). The one-act, one-crime rule requires a two-step analysis.
Reveles-Cordova, 2020 IL 124797, ¶ 12. First, we determine whether the defendant’s conduct
involved multiple acts or a single act. Id. If the conduct involved multiple acts, we must determine
whether one offense is a lesser included offense of the other. Id. We review potential violations of
the one-act, one-crime rule de novo. Coats, 2018 IL 121926, ¶ 12. Defendant raises only the second
part of the one-act, one-crime analysis, arguing that his convictions for aggravated criminal sexual
assault are lesser included offenses of home invasion predicated on criminal sexual assault. He
contends that the home invasion conviction should be vacated because it is the less serious offense.
¶ 90 Defendant was convicted of two counts of aggravated criminal sexual assault predicated
on bodily harm (720 ILCS 5/11-1.30(a)(2) (West 2016)) and one count of home invasion
predicated on “criminal sexual assault against T.F.” (id. § 19-6(a)(6)). To determine whether one
offense is a lesser included offense of another, we use the “abstract elements” test. Reveles-
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Nos. 1-22-1681, 1-22-1682, 1-22-1683 (cons.)
Cordova, 2020 IL 124797, ¶ 13. Under this approach, we examine the statutory elements of the
two offenses. Id. “If all of the elements of one offense are included within a second offense and
the first offense contains no element not included in the second offense, the first offense is deemed
a lesser-included offense of the second.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. It must be
impossible to commit the greater offense without committing the lesser offense. Id.¶ 91 A defendant commits home invasion when he knowingly and without authority enters the
dwelling place of another, has reason to know that one or more persons are present, and engages
in one of six predicate acts. 720 ILCS 5/19-6(a)(1)-(6) (West 2016). The predicate acts include
using force or threatening to use force while armed with a firearm or other dangerous weapon (id.
§ 19-6(a)(1), (3)), intentionally causing injury (id. § 19-6(a)(2)), using force or threatening to use
force and discharging a firearm (id. § 19-6(a)(4)), personally discharging a firearm that
proximately causes great bodily harm (id. § 19-6(a)(5)), and, relevant here, committing one of five
listed sexual offenses (id. § 19-6(a)(6)). The predicate sexual offenses under subsection (a)(6) are
criminal sexual assault (id. § 11-1.20), aggravated criminal sexual assault (id. § 11-1.30),
predatory criminal sexual assault of a child (id. § 11-1.40), criminal sexual abuse (id. § 11-1.50),
and aggravated criminal sexual abuse (id. § 11-1.60). Id. § 19-6(a)(6). In this case, the indictment
did not specify a predicate offense for home invasion by statutory number, but it stated that the
predicate offense was “criminal sexual assault.” The jury instructions on home invasion said the
same thing. We interpret this language to mean that the predicate offense for home invasion was
criminal sexual assault under section 11-1.20 as opposed to aggravated criminal sexual assault
under section 11-1.30. Relevant here, a defendant commits criminal sexual assault when he
commits an act of sexual penetration and uses force or threat of force. Id. § 11.20(a)(1). A
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Nos. 1-22-1681, 1-22-1682, 1-22-1683 (cons.)
defendant commits aggravated criminal sexual assault when he commits criminal sexual assault
and causes bodily harm to the victim. Id. § 11-1.30(a)(2).
¶ 92 The issue is whether, for purposes of the abstract elements test, the third element of home
invasion is the commission of any of the five sex offenses listed in subsection (a)(6) or the
commission of the specific sex offense identified by the State as the predicate. Our supreme court
addressed a version of this question in Reveles-Cordova. In that case, the court analyzed how to
apply the abstract elements test when the defendant was convicted of both criminal sexual assault
and home invasion predicated on criminal sexual assault. Reveles-Cordova, 2020 IL 124797, ¶¶ 1,
14. The court held:
“Proof of criminal sexual assault is a necessary element of proof of home invasion
predicated on criminal sexual assault. All the elements of criminal sexual assault are
included in the offense of home invasion predicated on criminal sexual assault, and
criminal sexual assault contains no element not included in home invasion. It is impossible
to commit home invasion predicated upon criminal sexual assault without committing
criminal sexual assault. As such, criminal sexual assault is a lesser-included offense of
home invasion.” Id. ¶ 21.
¶ 93 Applying the holding of Reveles-Cordova to this case, the question is whether all the
elements of aggravated criminal sexual assault are included in the offense of home invasion
predicated on criminal sexual assault. See id. We find that they are not. Home invasion predicated
on criminal sexual assault under section 11-1.20 does not include the element of bodily harm
present in aggravated criminal sexual assault under section 11-1.30(a)(2). It is possible to commit
home invasion predicated on criminal sexual assault without committing aggravated criminal
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Nos. 1-22-1681, 1-22-1682, 1-22-1683 (cons.)
sexual assault. For example, if the jury found that defendant sexually assaulted T.F. but did not
cause bodily harm, it could acquit defendant of aggravated criminal sexual assault but still find
him guilty of home invasion predicated on criminal sexual assault. Therefore, under the abstract
elements test, defendant’s convictions for aggravated criminal sexual assault are not lesser
included offenses of home invasion predicated on “simple” criminal sexual assault.
¶ 94 Defendant argues that “pars[ing] among the different offenses enumerated in subsection
(a)(6) to avoid merger would have absurd, unfair consequences that the legislature could not have
intended.” But “parsing” is exactly what our supreme court requires: “the five sex offenses
identified in subsection (a)(6) should be construed as separately proscribed offenses.” Id. ¶ 20.
¶ 95 This case is not, as defendant contends, like People v. Richardson, 2022 IL App (1st)
191689-U. 6 In Richardson, the defendant was convicted of aggravated criminal sexual assault
predicated on committing criminal sexual assault during a home invasion (720 ILCS 5/11-
1.30(a)(4) (West Supp. 2011)) as well as home invasion predicated on criminal sexual assault (720
ILCS 5/12-11(a)(6) (West 2010)). 7 Richardson, 2022 IL App (1st) 191689-U, ¶¶ 15-16. This court
concluded that the defendant’s convictions violated the one-act, one-crime rule because, under
those facts, “it is impossible to commit aggravated criminal sexual assault predicated on home
invasion without committing home invasion and impossible to commit home invasion predicated
on criminal sexual assault without committing aggravated criminal sexual assault.” Id. ¶ 17. By
contrast, in this case, defendant’s convictions for aggravated criminal sexual assault were not
6
Although Richardson is an unpublished order under Rule 23, defendant properly cites it as
persuasive authority because it was issued after January 1, 2021. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 23(e)(1) (eff. Feb. 1,
2023).
7
In 2013, the home invasion statute was renumbered from section 12-11 to section 19-6. See 720
ILCS 5/12-11 (West 2010); 720 ILCS 5/19-6 (West 2012).
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Nos. 1-22-1681, 1-22-1682, 1-22-1683 (cons.)
predicated on home invasion, and defendant could have committed home invasion without
committing aggravated criminal sexual assault. If defendant had sexually assaulted T.F. without
causing bodily harm, he would be guilty of home invasion predicated on criminal sexual assault
but not guilty of aggravated criminal sexual assault. That is, defendant’s commission of aggravated
criminal sexual assault was not necessary to his commission of home invasion predicated on
criminal sexual assault. Therefore, aggravated criminal sexual assault is not a lesser included
offense of home invasion in this case.
¶ 96 Finally, defendant argues that this approach to the lesser included offense analysis results
in defendant being subject to a greater penalty—convictions for both aggravated criminal sexual
assault and home invasion—solely because the State charged a lesser offense, “simple” criminal
sexual assault, as the predicate for home invasion. That is, had the State charged home invasion
predicated on aggravated criminal sexual assault instead of “simple” criminal sexual assault, the
convictions would have merged. That may be true, but it is up to the legislature to address that
issue if it wishes to do so. We must apply the criminal statutes as written and the abstract elements
test as our supreme court instructed in Reveles-Cordova. We also note that the State has wide
discretion in charging defendants (People v. Perry, 224 Ill. 2d 312, 339 (2007)) and is entitled to
charge strategically to avoid merger of convictions under the one-act, one crime rule. Accordingly,
we affirm defendant’s separate convictions for home invasion and aggravated criminal sexual
assault.
¶ 97 III. CONCLUSION
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Nos. 1-22-1681, 1-22-1682, 1-22-1683 (cons.)
¶ 98 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm defendant’s convictions for aggravated criminal
sexual assault and home invasion. We reverse defendant’s convictions for residential burglary and
remand for a new trial on those charges.
¶ 99 Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded.
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Nos. 1-22-1681, 1-22-1682, 1-22-1683 (cons.)
People v. Allen, 2024 IL App (1st) 221681Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, Nos. 17-CR-
16663, 17-CR-16664, 17-CR-16665; the Hon. Charles P. Burns,
Judge, presiding.
Attorneys James E. Chadd, Douglas R. Hoff, and Jonathan Yeasting, of
for State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.
Appellant:
Attorneys Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Enrique
for Abraham, Mary L. Boland, John E. Nowak, and Beth Pfeiffer
Appellee: Burns, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.
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