People v. Rojas , 2024 IL App (1st) 220786-U ( 2024 )

2024 IL App (1st) 220786-UFOURTH DIVISION
Order filed: February 22, 2024
No. 1-22-0786
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the
limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
)
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of Cook
Respondent-Appellee, ) County.
)
v. ) No. 06 1441155
)
) Honorable Jeanne
ARMANDO ROJAS,
) M. Wrenn, Judge,
) presiding.
Petitioner-Appellant. )
JUSTICE HOFFMAN delivered the judgment of the court.
Justices Martin and Ocasio concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶ 1 Held: We reversed and remanded with directions to conduct an evidentiary hearing where the
circuit court erred when it denied the petitioner’s petition to vacate his 2006 guilty
plea and conviction for domestic battery where the petitioner alleged that plea counsel
affirmatively misstated the law regarding immigration consequences and alleged that
he had a plausible defense and would not have pled guilty had he been aware of the
immigration consequences.
No. 1-22-1746
¶ 2 The petitioner, Armando Rojas, appeals from the order of the circuit court denying his petition
to vacate his 2006 guilty plea and conviction for domestic battery pursuant to section 21401 of the
Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-1401 (West 2020)). On appeal, the petitioner
contends that the circuit court erred in denying the petition because, during his guilty plea
proceedings, he was denied the effective assistance of plea counsel. The petitioner alleges counsel’s
performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness when counsel affirmatively
misadvised him that a first conviction for domestic battery would not affect his immigration status.
The petitioner further alleges that he was prejudiced by this misstatement of the law because he
would not have pled guilty but would have instead persisted in his claim of innocence. For the
reasons that follow, we reverse and remand for an evidentiary hearing.
¶ 3 The following statement of facts is derived from the common law record, including the
petitioner’s petition to vacate his conviction. On September 19, 2006, the petitioner pled guilty to
two counts of misdemeanor domestic battery and one count of interfering with reporting of domestic
violence. The State had alleged that the petitioner threw a family member, his four-year-old daughter,
to the floor when she tried to protect her mother; slammed another family member, the complaining
witness, to the floor; choked the complaining witness and bit her; and pulled the phone off the wall
to prevent the complaining witness from calling 911. Before accepting the petitioner’s plea, the
circuit court admonished him including, as relevant here, the following:
“THE COURT: And as result to you pleading guilty it may result in your deportation, denial
of admission to the United States and/or denial of naturalization of citizenship.
Do you understand that?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes.”
-2-
No. 1-22-1746
Following further admonishments, the circuit court accepted the petitioner’s plea of guilty and
sentenced him to an agreed upon term of probation including alcohol and drug evaluation classes.
¶ 4 In December 2006, the State filed a petition for the violation of the petitioner's probation. The
petition alleged that, on October 21, 2006, the petitioner was arrested for aggravated driving under
the influence of alcohol (DUI). The petition further alleged that the petitioner had failed to complete
a drug and alcohol evaluation. The petitioner does not contest that, on January 22, 2007, he pled
guilty to aggravated DUI and received 18 months’ probation. On January 27, 2007, he pled guilty to
violation of his probation and was sentenced to 90 days in the Cook County Department of
Corrections, time considered served.
¶ 5 The petitioner’s next contact with law enforcement occurred on June 24, 2017, when he was
arrested for another aggravated DUI. The petitioner failed to appear in court and a warrant was
issued. The warrant was executed on December 4, 2018. On September 26, 2019, the petitioner pled
guilty and the circuit court sentenced him to two years’ probation. The petitioner’s probation was
terminated successfully.
¶ 6 On August 31, 2021, the petitioner filed a petition to vacate the judgment of September 19, 2006.
The petition alleged that that the petitioner’s attorney never told him how serious the charges were
for immigration purposes, instead “his attorney actually told him that because this was his first
domestic violence incident, it would not affect his immigration status.” The petition further alleged
that the petitioner’s conviction made him “ineligible for cancellation of removal.” Attached to the
petition was the petitioner’s affidavit, in which he alleged that, on the morning of July 2, 2006, the
complaining witness threatened him and told him to leave because he had come home late. The
petitioner alleged that the complaining witness attacked him with a bat. The petitioner further alleged
he never bit her but that she cut her head on his belt buckle while they struggled. Attached to the
-3-
No. 1-22-1746
petition was an undated notice to appear before an immigration judge which alleged that the
petitioner was an alien present in the United States who arrived “without being admitted or paroled
or who arrived in the United States at any time or place other than as designated by the Attorney
General.” 1 The petitioner also attached as an exhibit the February 12, 2020, order of an immigration
judge denying his application for cancellation of removal. The February 12, 2020, order states that
the respondent had previously been ordered removed from the United States to Mexico. The record,
however, does not contain the removal order.
¶ 7 The State filed a response to the petitioner’s 2-1401 petition, in which the State argued that the
petition should be denied without an evidentiary hearing because the petitioner could not establish
the prejudice prong of the Strickland analysis (see Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984)).
The State argued that the court’s admonishment about the potential immigration consequences was
sufficient to eliminate any potential prejudice created by counsel’s alleged faulty advice.
¶ 8 On February 18, 2022, the circuit court conducted a hearing on the petitioner’s section 21401
petition. The circuit court heard arguments but did not conduct an evidentiary hearing. Following
arguments, the circuit court held that the petitioner had not established ineffective assistance of
counsel because any prejudice created by defense counsel’s mistaken advice was cured by the circuit
court’s admonishments. The circuit court denied the petitioner’s petition holding that an evidentiary
hearing was unnecessary. This appeal followed.
1
Although the notice to appear is undated, the parties agree that it was issued sometime
shortly after the petitioner’s second DUI arrest.
-4-
No. 1-22-1746
¶ 9 On appeal, the petitioner contends that the circuit court erred when it denied his petition to vacate
his guilty plea, because he adequately alleged that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel.
The State responds that the petitioner cannot allege prejudice as a result of any deficient performance
because the potential prejudice was cured by the circuit court’s admonishments during the
petitioner’s guilty plea. We agree with the petitioner.
¶ 10 The petitioner initiated these proceedings under section 2-1401 of the Code. Section 2-1401
provides a comprehensive statutory procedure authorizing a trial court to vacate or modify a final
order or judgment older than 30 days. People v. Abdullah, 2019 IL 123492, ¶ 13. Although filed in
the same proceeding that the judgment or order was entered, a section 2-1401 petition is not a
continuation of the original action. Id. Ordinarily, a section 2-1401 petition must be filed within two
years. See735 ILCS 5/2-1401(c) (West 2022). However, the legislature has amended section 2-1401
to remove the two-year time limit when a defendant alleges that a plea of guilty has immigration
consequences. See Pub. Act 102-639 (eff. Aug. 27, 2021)(adding section 735 ILCS 5/2-1401(c-5)).
¶ 11 In most cases, to be entitled to relief, a section 2-1401 petition must set forth specific factual
allegations supporting each of the following elements: (1) the existence of a meritorious defense;
(2) due diligence in presenting this defense or claim to the circuit court in the original action; and
(3) due diligence in filing the section 2-1401 petition for relief. Warren County Soil and Water
Conservation Dist. v. Walters, 2015 IL 117783, ¶ 37. However, a section 2-1401 petition is not
limited to factual challenges but may be used to raise a legal challenge. Id., ¶ 41. Section 2-1401
should be liberally construed to grant relief when necessary to achieve justice. People v. Lawton,
212 Ill. 2d 285, 298 (2004). We review de novo the denial of a section 2-1401 petition entered
without an evidentiary hearing. See People v. Vincent, 226 Ill. 2d 1, 18 (2007).
-5-
No. 1-22-1746
¶ 12 Generally, a section 2-1401 petition is not an appropriate vehicle for a challenge based on
ineffective assistance of counsel. See People v. Pinkonsly, 207 Ill. 2d 555, 567 (2003). However,
relief may be granted under section 2-1401 when necessary to achieve justice. Lawton, 212 Ill. 2d at
298 (2004). Accordingly, a court may grant relief from a constitutional violation even where the
legislature has not delineated a specific mechanism for doing so. Id. at 301 (holding that section
21401 was available to challenge commitment as a sexually dangerous person based on allegedly
ineffective assistance of counsel). Here, as in Lawton, the petitioner is alleging ineffective assistance
of counsel, but cannot bring his claim in a postconviction petition because he is not “imprisoned in
the penitentiary.” See 725 ILCS 5/122-1(a) (West 2022). Therefore, we conclude that the petitioner
could bring his ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim in a section 2-1401 petition.
¶ 13 Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are judged against the familiar Strickland standard.
See People v. Peeples, 205 Ill. 2d 480, 511 (2002) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466
U.S. 668 (1984)). The Strickland standard has two prongs, performance and prejudice. See People
v. Cherry, 2016 IL 118728, ¶ 24. To establish deficient performance, a defendant must demonstrate
that counsel’s performance was objectively unreasonable under prevailing professional norms. Id.To establish prejudice, a defendant must demonstrate that there is reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s errors, the result of the proceedings would have been different. Id. If it is easier to dispose
of a Strickland claim on the ground that the defendant has not established prejudice, a court may
proceed directly to the prejudice prong and bypass the question of counsel’s performance. People v.
Johnson, 2021 IL 126291, ¶ 53.
¶ 14 Here, the State contends that guilty plea counsel’s performance met the prevailing norms when
he informed the petitioner that a first conviction for domestic battery would not affect his
immigration status. The State argues that the immigration consequences were not “succinct, clear
-6-
No. 1-22-1746
and explicit” because, in 2006, the petitioner did not immediately suffer any adverse immigration
consequences and that he was not found ineligible for cancellation of removal until 2017 after his
second aggravated DUI.
¶ 15 In Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356 (2010) the Supreme Court held that the failure to advise a
defendant that a guilty plea had potential immigration consequences could constitute ineffective
assistance Title 8 of the U.S. Code (Aliens and Nationality Act or Act) defines a person convicted of
domestic violence as deportable stating in relevant part: “Any alien who at any time after admission
is convicted of a crime of domestic violence, a crime of stalking, or a crime of child abuse, child
neglect, or child abandonment is deportable.” 8 U.S.C.A. § 1227 (West 2022). The petitioner in this
case alleged that he was ineligible for cancellation of removal because he had a domestic violence
conviction. The plain language of the Act contains no exception for a first offense. Although the
immigration consequences may have been delayed by many years, this delay in enforcement does
not erase the serious consequence of rendering the petitioner eligible for deportation or eliminate the
prejudice of counsel’s alleged advice that a first offense would not affect his immigration status. See
People v. Guzman, 2014 IL App (3d) 090464. ¶ 36 (“The prejudice occurs at the time the guilty plea
is entered as a result of the incomplete information provided by counsel, not when the immigration
consequence occurs.”) Therefore, we conclude that the petitioner adequately alleged facts, which if
proven, would support a finding that plea counsel’s performance was deficient.
¶ 16 The State contends that even if counsel’s performance was deficient, there was no prejudice to
the petitioner because he was admonished by the circuit court that his conviction “may result in ***
[his] deportation.” The admonishment given by the circuit court was required by section 113-8 of
Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/113-8 (West 2006)). People v. Valdez, 2016 IL
119860, the reviewing court held that the admonition required by section 113-8 was adequate to cure
-7-
No. 1-22-1746
any prejudice resulting from plea counsel’s failure to inform the defendant of the potential
immigration consequences. Id., ¶ 32. The State argues that we should follow Valdez and find that
any prejudice was cured by the trial court’s admonition. We find Valdez distinguishable.
¶ 17 In Valdez, defense counsel failed to inform the defendant that there were potential immigration
consequences attached to his burglary conviction. Id., ¶ 9. Here, the petitioner alleged that defense
counsel did not simply fail to inform him of the potential for immigration consequences; rather,
defense counsel affirmatively misstated the immigration consequences. The petitioner alleged that
defense counsel told him that a first offense would not affect his immigration status. We note that
the federal immigration statute contains no exception for a first offense. See 8 USC § 1227 (West
2022). The trial court’s admonishment merely stated that there “may” be immigration consequences.
Although this might cure potential prejudice where defense counsel has remained silent despite an
obligation to inform the defendant, we find that it is not sufficiently clear to alert a defendant to
ignore counsel’s unequivocal statements to the contrary. Therefore, we conclude that the circuit
court’s admonishment did not cure the prejudice created by defense counsel’s allegedly mistaken
advice.
¶ 18 Finally, the State argues that the petitioner cannot establish prejudice because he has not shown
that there is a reasonable probability that, absent defense counsel’s inaccurate advice, he would have
pled not guilty and proceeded to trial. Here, the petitioner alleged that he had a defense in that the
complaining witness actually attacked him and injured herself during the struggle. The State
responds that it would have been able to present a photograph of the injury which would have
overcome the petitioner’s defense. However, a defendant is not required to show that it is likely that
he would have prevailed at trial. When faced with the possibility of deportation, a defendant may be
willing to risk a lengthier prison sentence in exchange for even a slight chance of prevailing at trial.
-8-
No. 1-22-1746
See Guzman, 2014 IL App (3d) 090464 ¶ 35. A defendant need only show that he would have pled
not guilty and chanced the outcome at trial. Id., ¶ 36. Here, the petitioner was facing only a
misdemeanor conviction. He has alleged that he had a plausible defense, and faced significant
immigration consequences if found guilty. In these circumstances, we cannot say that the decision
to plead not guilty would have been unreasonable. Therefore, we conclude that the petitioner alleged
facts that, if found credible, establish that he would have rejected the guilty plea offer.
¶ 19 Therefore, we conclude that the petitioner has adequately alleged facts supporting his arguments
that his attorney gave him faulty immigration advice, that the resulting prejudice was not cured by
the circuit court’s admonition, and that he had a legitimate defense to the charges against him.
Accordingly, the petitioner is entitled to an evidentiary hearing on the question of whether he was
denied the effective assistance of counsel.
¶ 20 For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court granting the State’s
motion to deny the petitioner’s petition without an evidentiary hearing and remand with directions
to conduct an evidentiary hearing on the petition.
¶ 21 Reversed and remanded with directions.
-9-