People v. Ortega ( 2021 )

2021 IL App (1st) 172007-UNo. 1-17-2007
Order filed March 31, 2021
Fourth Division
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the
limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the Circuit
) Court of Cook County.
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 14 CR 2643
)
MARIO ORTEGA, ) Honorable
) Timothy Joseph Joyce,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.
JUSTICE LAMPKIN delivered the judgment of the court.
Justice Martin concurred in the judgment.
Presiding Justice Gordon dissented.
ORDER
¶1 Held: The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant’s pretrial request
for supplementary discovery concerning the State’s expert in historical cell site
analysis. In addition, the State laid an adequate foundation for the expert’s
testimony, and defendant’s trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to request a
Frye hearing regarding the admissibility of historical cell site analysis. Finally,
defendant’s unpreserved claims of prosecutorial misconduct in closing argument
do not constitute plain error.
No. 1-17-2007
¶2 Defendant Mario Ortega was convicted of first degree murder for the shooting death of
Efrain Cruz. The evidence at trial included the testimony of an expert in the field of historical cell
site analysis, who opined, based on an analysis of Ortega’s cell phone records, that Ortega’s cell
phone was in the general vicinity of the crime scene around the time of the shooting. On appeal,
Ortega challenges the expert’s testimony in three respects. First, he argues that the trial court erred
in denying his request for supplemental discovery regarding the expert’s qualifications and training
and the information, procedures, and principles on which the expert relied. Second, he argues that
the State failed to lay an adequate foundation for the expert’s testimony. And third, he argues that
his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request a Frye hearing on the admissibility of expert
testimony based on historical cell site analysis. Finally, Ortega contends that the State made several
improper comments in closing argument that denied him a fair trial. For the following reasons, we
reject Ortega’s contentions and affirm the trial court’s judgment. 1
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 In September 2012, Cruz and his girlfriend, Dolores Colon, lived with their two children
and Cruz’s mother in an apartment at 3260 West Le Moyne Street in Chicago. That address is at
the corner of Le Moyne Street and Spaulding Avenue. Colon testified that she and Cruz sold small
quantities of marijuana out of their apartment to friends and acquaintances.
¶5 On the afternoon of September 20, 2012, Ortega’s girlfriend, Brianna Ruiz, and her friend,
Deserie Aponte, drove to Cruz and Colon’s apartment to buy marijuana. Colon initially refused to
sell to them because she did not know them. However, when a boy from the neighborhood dropped
1
In adherence with the requirements of Illinois Supreme Court Rule 352(a) (eff. July 1, 2018), this
appeal has been resolved without oral argument upon the entry of a separate written order.
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No. 1-17-2007
off Colon’s daughter from school, he told Colon that one of the girls was his cousin. Colon then
gave the boy two bags of marijuana to take to the girls.
¶6 Later, as Aponte and Ruiz drove around, Ruiz received several calls from Ortega. Ortega,
whose nickname is “Crazy,” demanded to know where Ruiz was. Ruiz lied and said she was at
home. Ruiz then texted her mother, Emily Ocasio, with whom she lived, and asked her whether
Ortega was around. Ocasio looked out the window of her apartment in the area of North Avenue
and Richmond Street and saw Ortega pacing back and forth while talking on the phone. Ocasio
testified that Ortega was wearing a gray hoodie, white T-shirt, and blue jeans. Ortega saw Ocasio
in the window and called her. He asked whether Ruiz was there, and Ocasio said she was with
Aponte. Ortega told Ocasio that Ruiz had gone to buy marijuana on Le Moyne. Ocasio went
outside to speak with Ortega, whom she described as irate. Ortega told Ocasio that he was going
to “get” the people at Le Moyne and Spaulding. After about 15 minutes, Ocasio went back inside.
¶7 At some point later, Aponte and Ruiz arrived, and Ocasio came back outside. Ortega then
appeared to “pop[ ] out of nowhere” and came rushing toward Ruiz, still irate. He yelled at Ruiz
for lying to him about being at home. He said, “Let me find out you bought weed from that nigga
Efrain, I’m going to call that nigga.” Ortega also confronted Aponte. Referring to her car, he told
her, “That’s a nice little whip, you wouldn’t like for it to be lit up.” When Ocasio threatened to
call the police, Ortega said that he was not scared of the police. Ortega eventually got into the front
passenger seat of a red car and left.
¶8 Later that evening, around 9:00, Ortega went to Colon and Cruz’s apartment. Colon was
asleep and Cruz was not home. Cruz’s mother woke Colon and told her that someone was knocking
on the window. When Colon got up, she saw Ortega, whom she did not know, standing at the front
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No. 1-17-2007
door. Ortega was wearing a gray hoodie and black jeans. He told Colon that he wanted to buy a
quarter of marijuana, which was a larger amount than Cruz and Colon sold. He also asked for “E,”
which Colon found odd because only Cruz’s friends and family called him that. Colon told Ortega
that Cruz was not home, and Ortega left. Colon watched as Ortega walked across the street and
got into the front passenger seat of a red car. When Cruz returned home a short time later, Ortega
again appeared at the front door. Cruz introduced Ortega to Colon as “King Crazy.” Cruz gave
Ortega the number for the cell phone he and Colon shared, and Ortega entered the number into his
phone and dialed it. Colon did not save Ortega’s number in her phone’s contacts.
¶9 Around 11:30 that evening, Colon and Cruz got a call from an unrecognized number. Cruz
answered, and Colon could overhear that the male caller wanted to buy marijuana. Cruz told the
caller to come to the front door, where they usually made their sales, but the caller insisted on
making the transaction at the back of the building. Cruz eventually agreed and went out back.
A few seconds later, Colon heard a gunshot, followed by a pause, and then four more gunshots.
She ran outside to the gated area off the alley behind the apartment and found Cruz on the ground
bleeding. She saw someone walking down the alley and called out “hey you,” and the person then
started running. The person was wearing a gray hoodie and black jeans. Colon could not see the
person’s face.
¶ 10 Marilyn Cintron, who lived a few buildings down on the other side of the alley, heard the
gunshots and looked out the window of her basement apartment. She saw a young man running
through the alley. She testified that the man was 5'5" or 5'6" and had light skin. Cintron denied
telling police that the man had a medium complexion, but the parties stipulated that she had given
such a description. Cintron testified that the man was wearing a gray jacket with a hoodie and dark
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No. 1-17-2007
blue jeans. She saw the man run out of the alley and get into a four-door maroon car. Cintron
testified that, before the man got into the car, he looked to his left and his right. Cintron initially
testified that she was able to see the man’s face for about 30 seconds, but on cross-examination
she acknowledged that it was closer to one second. A few days later, a detective showed Cintron
a photo array to see if she could identify the man she had seen running down the alley. Cintron
selected photos of two men who she said looked alike, one of whom was Ortega. In January 2014,
Cintron viewed a lineup and identified Ortega as the man she had seen running down the alley.
Cintron also identified Ortega in court.
¶ 11 Herbert Chilson, who lived in the same building as Colon and Cruz, also heard the
gunshots. Looking out the window of his third-floor apartment, he saw someone in a light gray
hoodie and black pants open the back gate and run down the alley, but he was unable to see the
person’s face. Chilson called 9-1-1 and ran downstairs to render aid to Cruz. A short time later,
police and paramedics arrived on the scene, and Cruz was transported to the hospital, where he
was later pronounced dead. The cause of death was multiple gunshot wounds.
¶ 12 At the scene, a police evidence technician recovered three expended cartridge casings and
a fired bullet. The technician also collected the doorknob assembly from the rear gate. A forensic
analysis revealed that the three cartridge casings were fired from the same gun, but it could not be
determined whether the recovered bullet was also fired from that gun. No fingerprints suitable for
comparison were found on the doorknob. A swab collected from the doorknob tested positive for
the presence of blood. Further testing identified a male DNA profile on the swab collected from
the doorknob, which matched Cruz’s DNA profile and did not match Ortega’s DNA profile.
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No. 1-17-2007
¶ 13 Also at the scene, Colon told the police about the phone call she and Cruz received before
the shooting and gave the police her cell phone. When Colon returned home from the hospital the
next day, she also told her family members about the phone call. She gave the caller’s number—
which she then had memorized—to her cousin, Luis Rivera, who entered the number into his
phone. When Rivera did so, his phone displayed the name “King Crazy.” Rivera then showed
Colon a Facebook photo, and Colon recognized the person in the photo as the man who had come
to her apartment before Cruz was shot, whom she again identified in court as Ortega. Colon later
provided the Facebook photo to Detective Marc Leavitt.
¶ 14 Detective Leavitt received Colon and Cruz’s cell phone from the officer who collected it
at the scene. He examined the phone and saw that it had received a call at approximately
11:31 p.m. on September 20, 2012, from the number 773-676-3298. His investigation revealed
that the phone number was registered to a Mario DeJesus, with an address of 1045 North Central
Park Avenue, and that the phone had been activated on July 14, 2012. Detective Leavitt contacted
the landlord at that address and learned that no one named Mario DeJesus lived there. The parties
stipulated that the record keeper for a government facility in St. Charles, Illinois, would testify
that, as of May 17, 2012, the facility’s files listed Ortega’s phone number as 773-676-3298.
¶ 15 Ortega’s friend, Elisa Figueroa, testified that she was at work on the evening of September
20, 2012. Her shift was scheduled to end at 11:00 p.m. and she had arranged for Ortega to pick her
up. At 11:20 p.m., she called and texted Ortega but got no response. When Ortega eventually
responded, he told her that he was on his way. Figueroa went across the street and waited for
Ortega at a McDonald’s. When the McDonald’s closed at midnight and Ortega had still not arrived,
Figueroa called her aunt, who picked her up and brought her to the aunt’s house at Armitage and
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No. 1-17-2007
Kostner. While Figueroa was at her aunt’s house, Ortega contacted her. Later, Ortega arrived to
pick up Figueroa in a red car. Ortega was in the front passenger seat, and a man named Bryan
Polanco was in the rear driver’s side seat. Figueroa did not recognize the driver. Figueroa got in
the rear passenger seat. As they drove around, Ortega sang along to the lyrics of a song with the
line, “A killer is going to be a killer.” Ortega then told Figueroa that he had shot someone. When
Figueroa asked him who, Ortega said someone from Spaulding. Ortega then asked Figueroa to
smell his hand. After doing so, Figueroa told Ortega that his hand smelled like bleach, and Ortega
said “Yep.” While still in the car, Figueroa received a call from her mother, who told her that Cruz
had been shot. Her mother later called again and told her that Cruz had died. When Figueroa
relayed the message that Cruz had died, Ortega laughed and said, “Oh, shit.”
¶ 16 The State also called FBI Special Agent Joseph Raschke, who testified as an expert in the
field of historical cell site analysis. Agent Raschke testified that he is a member of the FBI’s
cellular analysis survey team, which assists other investigative agencies in tracking the location of
cell phones based on records maintained by cell phone companies. Agent Raschke testified that he
has received more than 500 hours of classroom training from both the FBI and cell phone
companies in the subjects of cellular telephone technology, radiofrequency, and cellular networks,
and that he has reviewed and analyzed “thousands of [cell phone and cell site] records over
hundreds of cases” and testified as an expert in historical cell site analysis approximately 75 times.
He also instructs other investigators across the country in how to analyze and interpret data from
cell phone company records. On cross-examination, Agent Raschke acknowledged that he is not a
scientist or network engineer and has never worked for a cell phone company. He also stated his
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No. 1-17-2007
view that historical cell site analysis is not a science and that he is not aware of any generally
accepted principles or textbooks used in the field.
¶ 17 Agent Raschke explained that cell phones operate by transmitting and receiving radio-
frequency signals from cell towers, which are pieces of equipment that cell phone companies place
in areas in which they provide cellular service. Agent Raschke explained that cell phones are
designed and programmed to utilize the cell tower that will provide the strongest, clearest signal.
Agent Raschke testified that the tower providing the strongest, clearest signal will usually be the
tower closest to the phone, but he acknowledged that factors such as environmental conditions or
the characteristics of a particular tower may affect that calculus. Agent Raschke further explained
that cell towers are often divided into different sectors, which are positioned to transmit signals in
specific directions, meaning that if a cell phone utilized a sector of a cell tower that faced north,
the phone could not have been located to the south of the tower. Agent Raschke testified that each
cell phone company keeps a master list of where its cell towers are located, how many sectors each
tower has, and the direction in which the sectors point.
¶ 18 Agent Raschke explained that cell phone companies collect and maintain historical data
about the cell tower that a cell phone communicated with when it was in active use. By analyzing
that data, Agent Raschke is able to determine the location of the tower and the particular sector
that a phone used. That information, in turn, allows Agent Raschke to determine the general area
in which a cell phone was located based on its cell tower usage. Agent Raschke emphasized that
historical cell site analysis can only provide the general area in which a cell phone was located and
cannot be used to place a phone at a precise address.
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No. 1-17-2007
¶ 19 Agent Raschke testified that, using records provided by the cell phone company Cricket,
he performed an historical cell site analysis for the phone number 773-676-3298. With maps that
he created based on those records, Agent Raschke identified the locations and sectors of the towers
that the phone used at various times on September 20, 2012. Agent Raschke testified that, between
7:02 p.m. and 7:47 p.m., the phone had multiple call activity that utilized the south-facing sector
of a tower, which indicated that the phone was south of the tower and likely closer to that tower
than other towers during that period. On a map, Agent Raschke identified the location of the tower
and drew two lines to show the sector’s southerly direction. (Agent Raschke emphasized that the
upside-down V-shape produced by the lines was not meant to indicate the tower’s actual coverage
area.) Also identified on the map were the crime scene location and the address of 1623 North
Richmond Street. Agent Raschke testified that the latter address, which was shown on the map as
due south of the tower, was in the general area of the sector that the phone utilized. Agent Raschke
then testified about the phone’s activity from 7:54 p.m. to 8:01 p.m. and from 10 p.m. to
11:09 p.m., identifying on his maps the towers and sectors that the phone used during those periods.
¶ 20 Next, Agent Raschke testified about the phone’s activity from 11:27 p.m. to 11:34 p.m.
He explained that, in that eight-minute period, the phone made multiple calls that utilized one of
two towers, with several instances in which the phone switched from one tower to the other in the
same minute. This indicated to Agent Raschke that the phone was likely in an area where the
coverage of those towers overlapped. On another map, Agent Raschke identified the towers and
drew lines indicating their sector directions. The map also displayed the location of the crime
scene, which Agent Raschke described as being in the “general vicinity” of where the call activity
in that eight-minute period took place. Finally, Agent Raschke testified about the phone’s activity
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from 11:47 p.m. to 12:36 a.m. and from 12:41 a.m. to 1:09 a.m. On another map, Agent Raschke
indicated the locations of the various towers and the directions of the sectors that the phone used
during those periods. The map also displayed the intersection of Armitage and Kostner and showed
its relative proximity to the tower that the phone used at 12:41 a.m. and 12:53 a.m.
¶ 21 On cross-examination, Agent Raschke explained that, in conducting his analysis, he relied
on a list of cell tower locations provided by the cell phone company. He acknowledged that when
he performed the analysis in 2014, he used a map showing the locations of Cricket’s towers as of
July 2012 rather than September 2012. He explained, however, that he was able to verify that the
tower locations had not changed between July 2012 and September 2012 by viewing a tower list
from 2014 which was identical to the July 2012 list. Agent Raschke also testified that he drove
around the area of the crime scene and viewed the towers that the phone used near the time of the
crime. He acknowledged that he did not measure the angles of the towers, but he explained that it
was not necessary for him to do so because Cricket’s tower list contained that information. He also
acknowledged that he did not review the towers’ maintenance records, but he explained that he
never does so because the fact that a phone used the tower indicates that the tower was working.
¶ 22 Following closing arguments, the jury found Ortega guilty of first degree murder. The trial
court denied Ortega’s motion for a new trial and, after considering a presentence investigation
report and evidence in aggravation and mitigation, imposed a sentence of 55 years in prison. After
the court denied Ortega’s motion to reconsider the sentence, Ortega filed a timely notice of appeal.
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¶ 23 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 24 A. Supplemental Discovery
¶ 25 Ortega’s first argument on appeal is that the trial court erred in denying his pretrial request
for supplemental discovery concerning Agent Raschke’s qualifications and training in the field of
historical cell site analysis and the information, standards, and procedures on which he relied when
performing his analysis in this case. With respect to Agent Raschke’s qualifications and training,
Ortega requested a list of the requirements necessary to become an instructor in historical cell site
analysis; the syllabi and training manuals used in the courses Agent Raschke attended and teaches;
and the names of cases in which Agent Raschke had testified as an expert in the field. As for Agent
Raschke’s analysis, Ortega sought a description of the procedures, methods, scientific principles,
and network information on which Agent Raschke relied in making his findings and conclusions,
and any procedural manuals Agent Raschke used or developed in conducting his analysis. Ortega
also requested a description of the methods Agent Raschke used to draw tower sector boundaries,
an explanation of how Agent Raschke estimated tower coverage areas, and information about the
operating condition of the towers and antennae on the date of the crime. Finally, Ortega sought all
of Agent Raschke’s case notes and the underlying raw data on which he relied, the measurement
results of any field testing he conducted, and any materials supporting the scientific methodology
he used, including validation studies, protocols, articles, and manuals. The trial court denied these
requests, finding them overbroad and unnecessary to allow Ortega to conduct an effective defense.
¶ 26 Although Ortega recognizes that a trial court’s rulings on discovery issues are generally
reviewed for an abuse of discretion (see People v. Williams, 209 Ill. 2d 227, 234 (2004); People v.
Gomez, 236 Ill. App. 3d 283, 292 (1992)), he urges us to review the trial court’s ruling de novo
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because (he contends) the denial of his discovery request affected his ability to effectively exercise
his Sixth Amendment right to confront and cross-examine Agent Raschke. In support, Ortega cites
People v. Burns, 209 Ill. 2d 551, 560 (2004), which held that “[t]he standard of review for
determining whether an individual’s constitutional rights have been violated is de novo.” We do
not quibble with that proposition, but find it inapplicable to the issue here. The crux of Ortega’s
argument is not that he was denied the right to confront and cross-examine Agent Raschke, but
that his ability to conduct his cross-examination as effectively as he would have liked was
undermined by the trial court’s order denying him the requested discovery. But the constitution
“guarantees an opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-examination that is effective
in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish.” (Emphasis in original.)
Delaware v. Fensterer, 474 U.S. 15, 20 (1985) (per curiam). Even assuming that the trial court
erred in denying Ortega’s discovery request, the error did not deprive Ortega of the opportunity to
cross-examine Agent Raschke about his training and qualifications as an expert in the field of
historical cell site analysis or about the underlying basis for the opinions he rendered. In fact, the
record reveals that Ortega was able to effectively probe what he perceived as various shortcomings
in Agent Raschke’s expertise and methods. Accordingly, we review the trial court’s order denying
Ortega’s discovery request under the abuse of discretion standard generally applicable to such
claims and not the de novo standard that is used to review alleged constitutional deprivations.
¶ 27 Discovery in criminal cases is governed, in part, by Illinois Supreme Court Rule 412.
Rule 412(a) requires the State, on a defendant’s request, to disclose, among other things, “any
reports or statements of experts, made in connection with the particular case, including results of
*** scientific tests, experiments, or comparisons, and a statement of qualifications of the expert.”
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Ill. S. Ct. R. 412(a)(iv) (eff. Mar. 1, 2001). In addition, Rule 412(h) states that, “[u]pon a showing
of materiality to the preparation of the defense, and if the request is reasonable, the court, in its
discretion, may require disclosure to defense counsel of relevant material and information not
covered by this rule.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 412(h) (eff. Mar. 1, 2001). By requiring certain mandatory
disclosures, Rule 412(a) protects defendants “against surprise, unfairness, and inadequate
preparation” and affords them “an opportunity to investigate the circumstances from which the
evidence arose.” People v. Cunningham, 332 Ill. App. 3d 233, 249 (2002). The discretionary
disclosures permitted by Rule 412(h), in contrast, are “intended to have a small scope.” People v.
Manley, 19 Ill. App. 3d 365, 370 (1974). When considering a request for supplemental discovery
under Rule 412(h), “it is the trial court’s duty to determine the relevance and materiality of the
materials [sought] and whether the request is unreasonable or oppressive.” Gomez, 236 Ill. App.
3d at 292. Accordingly, as explained above, we will not reverse the trial court’s ruling on a request
for supplemental discovery under Rule 412(h) absent an abuse of discretion. Id.¶ 28 We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Ortega’s requests.
For one thing, we agree with the trial court’s assessment that Ortega’s requests were overbroad.
Ortega’s requests for information about the criteria for becoming an FBI instructor in historical
cell site analysis and the syllabi and training manuals used in the courses that Agent Raschke has
taught and attended went well beyond what was relevant or necessary to cross-examine Agent
Raschke regarding his training and qualifications or the basis for his opinions. Ortega asserts that
the trial court could have resolved the overbreadth by granting only some of his requests. But he
never suggested that option in the trial court. We thus cannot say that the court abused its discretion
in denying the requests in toto.
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¶ 29 Overbreadth aside, Ortega has not shown that his supplemental discovery requests were
material to an effective cross-examination of Agent Raschke. Ortega contends that information
about Agent Raschke’s training and the standards, methods, and information on which he relied in
conducting his analysis go directly to the basis for his opinions and were thus necessary for an
effective cross-examination. But Ortega does not dispute that the State tendered, pursuant to Rule
412(a)(iv), an 11-page report prepared by Agent Raschke and his curriculum vitae, which included
a section covering his professional training and instruction in historical cell site analysis.
And though Agent Raschke’s report is not in the record, Ortega does not dispute the State’s
representation that it “describe[d] the basic principles utilized in [Agent Raschke’s] analysis, the
method of his analysis, [and] the information [he] utilized from the cell phone records.”
¶ 30 With this information, Ortega was able to effectively probe Agent Raschke’s training and
qualifications as an expert in the field of historical cell site analysis and the underlying basis for
his opinions. For instance, Ortega elicited that Agent Raschke is not a scientist or network engineer
and that he received his college degree in accounting. Ortega also elicited Agent Raschke’s view
that historical cell site analysis is not a science and has no generally accepted principles or
textbooks. Ortega was also able to attack what he considered various flaws in Agent Raschke’s
methods. For instance, he elicited that Agent Raschke relied on a list of cell towers from July 2012
rather than September 2012, when the call activity at issue took place. Ortega further elicited that
Agent Raschke did not review maintenance records to confirm that the relevant cell towers were
operating correctly or measure the angle of the towers.
¶ 31 Neither Ortega nor the dissent explains how additional discovery concerning Agent
Raschke’s training and qualifications or the scientific principles, methods, and information on
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which Agent Raschke relied, beyond that which was contained in Agent Raschke’s report and
curriculum vitae, would have materially bolstered Ortega’s cross-examination. The dissent’s
suggestion that the scientific principles and methods underlying the field of historical cell site
analysis are largely exclusive to the FBI, so that Ortega’s counsel could not be expected to
adequately understand the basis for Agent Raschke’s expert testimony without being given access
to FBI manuals on the subject (see infra ¶¶ 90-95), is belied by the numerous scholarly articles
that Ortega’s appellate counsel cites which discuss (and critique) the scientific and technical
underpinnings of the field.
¶ 32 In addition, we note that, while Ortega requested discovery explaining the methods Agent
Raschke used to estimate tower coverage areas and draw tower sector boundaries, nothing in Agent
Raschke’s testimony suggests that he did either of those things. Agent Raschke testified that
historical cell site analysis can be used to estimate the general area in which a cell phone was
located and opined that, around the time of the crime, Ortega’s phone was likely in an area where
the coverage of two particular towers overlapped. But he did not offer any estimate of the towers’
coverage areas. Instead, he emphasized that his opinion was only that Ortega’s phone was in the
“general vicinity” of the crime scene. Similarly, Agent Raschke stressed that the lines drawn on
his maps indicated the directions of the relevant towers’ sectors and not the towers’ actual coverage
areas.
¶ 33 Finally, Ortega contends that the trial court erred in denying his supplemental discovery
requests because the State would have been required to tender similar information under Illinois
Supreme Court Rule 417 if it had intended to present DNA evidence. But Rule 417 specifically
governs discovery obligations related to DNA evidence and has no bearing outside that limited
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context. For all these reasons, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in denying
Ortega supplemental discovery related to Agent Raschke’s historical cell site analysis.
¶ 34 B. Foundation
¶ 35 Next, Ortega contends that the State failed to lay an adequate foundation for the admission
of Agent Raschke’s opinion testimony because Agent Raschke did not testify about the standards
and procedures on which he relied in reaching his conclusions.
¶ 36 The parties disagree about the appropriate standard of review for this claim. Citing People
v. Safford, 392 Ill. App. 3d 212, 221 (2009), Ortega contends that whether the proponent of expert
testimony has demonstrated a sufficient foundation to establish the reliability of the expert’s
opinions is a question of law that is reviewed de novo. Ortega also cites several decisions that have
followed Safford without providing further analysis. See People v. Fountain, 2016 IL App (1st)
131474, ¶ 64; People v. Simpson, 2015 IL App (1st) 130303, ¶ 35; People v. Negron, 2012 IL App
(1st) 101194, ¶ 34. The State counters that Safford’s approach was rejected in People v. Simmons,
2016 IL App (1st) 131300, ¶¶ 108-114. In a thorough opinion, Simmons explained that Safford’s
application of de novo review was inconsistent with our supreme court’s repeated pronouncements
that the abuse of discretion standard governs appellate review of a challenge to the foundational
adequacy of an expert’s testimony. See id. ¶ 109 (collecting cases). Simmons also explained that
Safford’s reliance on the principle that de novo review applies where no facts are in dispute has no
bearing in situations where, as here, “the trial court is asked to make determinations of reliability
and sufficiency after hearing testimony.” Id. ¶ 111. Like Simmons, we conclude that a trial court’s
ruling on the sufficiency of the foundation laid for an expert’s testimony should be reviewed for
an abuse of discretion.
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¶ 37 “If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to
understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by
knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion
or otherwise.” Ill. R. Evid. 702 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011). To lay an adequate foundation for the admission
of expert testimony, its proponent must establish that the witness qualifies as an expert and that
the information upon which the expert relied in reaching his opinion is reliable. Simmons, 2016 IL
App (1st) 131300, ¶ 115. The information on which an expert relies satisfies this threshold showing
of reliability if it is “ ‘of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field in forming
opinions or inferences upon the subject.’ ” Id. (quoting Ill. R. Evid. 703 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011)).
In addition, an “expert may testify in terms of opinion or inference and give reasons therefor
without first testifying to the underlying facts or data,” although the expert may “be required to
disclose the underlying facts or data on cross-examination.” Ill. R. Evid. 705 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011);
see People v. Simpson, 2015 IL App (1st) 130303, ¶ 37 (“Rule 705 permits an expert to give an
opinion without divulging the basis for it and shifts the burden to the opposing party to elicit and
to explore the underlying facts or data on cross-examination.”). Once a proper foundation has been
laid, an expert’s testimony is admissible, but the weight to assign the testimony remains a question
for the finder of fact. Simmons, 2016 IL App (1st) 131300, ¶ 115.
¶ 38 As noted, Ortega argues that the State failed to lay a sufficient foundation for Agent
Raschke’s expert opinions concerning the location of Ortega’s cell phone on the date of Cruz’s
murder because, in Ortega’s view, Agent Raschke did not explain the standards and procedures on
which he based his conclusions. We disagree. Contrary to the premise of Ortega’s argument, Agent
Raschke testified extensively about the standards and information on which he based his opinions.
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No. 1-17-2007
Agent Raschke testified that his conclusions about the location of Ortega’s cell phone at various
times on September 20, 2012, were based on his review of call records obtained for the cell phone
number associated with Ortega and his knowledge of how cell phones operate by interacting with
cell towers through the transmission of radiofrequency signals. Agent Raschke explained that cell
phones are programmed to use the cell tower that provides the strongest, clearest signal, which is
usually (although not always) the tower closest to the phone. Agent Raschke also explained that
cell phone companies keep master lists of the locations of their towers and the directions in which
each of the towers’ sectors point, and that the companies also collect and maintain historical data
about the tower and sector that its cell phones communicate with while in active use. By analyzing
the data maintained by the cell phone companies, Agent Raschke explained, he is able to determine
the location of the tower and the particular sector that a cell phone used when making or receiving
a call, which allows him to further determine the general area in which the cell phone was located
at a particular time.
¶ 39 Applying these principles, Agent Raschke created maps showing the locations of the cell
towers and the directions of the particular sectors that Ortega’s phone interacted with at various
times on the date of the murder. For instance, based on call records showing that the phone had
multiple interactions with the south-facing sector of one tower between 7:02 p.m. and 7:47 p.m.,
Agent Raschke opined that, during that period, the phone was located south of that tower and likely
closer to that tower than any other tower. Agent Raschke further opined that the address of
1623 North Richmond Street, which was displayed on the map to the south of the tower, was in
the general area of the sector that the phone utilized. Likewise, Agent Raschke testified that,
between 11:27 p.m. to 11:34 p.m., the phone made multiple calls that used one of two towers, with
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No. 1-17-2007
the phone switching several times from one tower to the other in the same minute, indicating that
the phone was likely in an area where the coverage of those towers overlapped. On a map, Agent
Raschke showed the location of the crime scene in relation to the location of the towers, with lines
showing the directions of the sectors involved, and opined that the crime scene was in the general
vicinity of where the call activity occurred.
¶ 40 Agent Raschke’s testimony sufficiently explained the standards and procedures on which
he relied and created an adequate foundation for his testimony as an expert. See Fountain,
2016 IL App (1st) 131474, ¶¶ 63-68 (rejecting similar challenge to foundation for Agent Raschke’s
testimony on historical cell site analysis). Ortega asks us to disregard Fountain because the
decision there did not address the import of Agent Raschke’s failure to identify the particular
“network technique” on which his analysis relied. See James Beck, et al., The Use of Global
Positioning (GPS) and Cell Tower Evidence to Establish a Person’s Location—Part II, 49 Crim.
L. Bull. 637, 644 (2013) (discussing “four basic categories of techniques used to track the
movements of a cellular phone”). However, even though Agent Raschke did not name the
technique he used, it is clear from his testimony (as Ortega acknowledges) that he used the “cell
identification” technique. That technique entails an expert reviewing call records to identify the
tower and antennae (or sector) used to process a call and inferring that the phone was within the
geographical coverage area of that tower and sector when the call was made. Id. at 645. The cited
article describes the cell identification technique as “the least accurate network technique,” which
“can only ‘pinpoint’ a user’s location to within 100 meters to 3 kilometers.” Id. That description
of the technique and its limitations is consistent with Agent Raschke’s testimony. As discussed,
Agent Raschke explained that he determined the general area in which Ortega’s cell phone was
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No. 1-17-2007
located at various times by reviewing the phone’s call records and identifying the towers and
sectors that the phone interacted with when making various calls. Moreover, Agent Raschke
explained that his historical cell site analysis could only place a phone within a general area and
not at any particular address. Agent Raschke’s testimony thus adequately explained the principles
on which he relied in reaching his conclusions, allowing Ortega to probe any weaknesses in his
opinions on cross-examination. After a sufficient foundation for Agent Raschke’s testimony was
established, “any issues regarding the details [Agent] Raschke provided to support his
opinion[s] *** went to the weight, not the admissibility[,] of the evidence.” Fountain, 2016 IL
App (1st) 131474, ¶ 68.
¶ 41 Ortega again relies on Safford, in which this court held that the State had failed to lay an
adequate foundation for the expert testimony of a latent fingerprint examiner who opined that the
defendant’s prints matched a latent print found at the crime scene. Safford, 392 Ill. App. 3d at 216.
We held that a foundation for the expert’s opinion was lacking because the expert did not testify
about the points of comparison he considered and thus failed to explain the process by which he
reached his conclusion. Id. at 220-21, 226-28. Absent such testimony, the court held, the defendant
had no real opportunity to cross-examine the expert on the basis for his opinion, leaving the jury
“in the dark as to the reliability and trustworthiness of the result.” Id. at 223.
¶ 42 We reject Ortega’s reliance on Safford, which subsequent decisions have recognized as
“‘an outlier case.’” Simmons, 2016 IL App (1st) 131300, ¶ 123 (quoting Negron, 2012 IL App
(1st) 101194, ¶ 41). As noted above, Agent Raschke thoroughly explained the information and
principles on which he relied in reaching his opinions. Thus, unlike the expert’s testimony in
Safford, Agent Raschke’s testimony did not amount to a “take my word for it.” Safford, 392 Ill.
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No. 1-17-2007
App. 3d at 224. To the extent that Ortega wished to elicit further details about the information or
procedures on which Agent Raschke relied or highlight any flaws in his analysis, it was his “right
and burden to elicit th[ose] facts *** in cross-examination.” People v. Robinson, 2018 IL App (1st)
153319, ¶ 19 (citing Ill. R. Evid. 705 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011)). The absence of further “specificity” in
Agent Raschke’s testimony “simply went to the weight of his opinion,” not its admissibility.
Simmons, 2016 IL App (1st) 131300, ¶ 122.
¶ 43 C. Frye Hearing
¶ 44 Ortega also contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request a Frye
hearing on the admissibility of Agent Raschke’s expert testimony regarding historical cell site
analysis. To prevail on this claim, Ortega must show that his counsel’s performance was deficient,
meaning that it fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Strickland v. Washington,
466 U.S. 668, 687-88 (1984). He must also demonstrate that he was prejudiced by the deficiency,
by showing a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of his trial would have
been different. Id. at 694.
¶ 45 In Illinois, the admissibility of expert testimony based on a new or novel scientific principle
or methodology is governed by the test first articulated in Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013, 1014
(D.C. Cir. 1923). The test is now codified in Illinois Rule of Evidence 702, which provides that:
“Where an expert witness testifies to an opinion based on a new or novel scientific
methodology or principle, the proponent of the opinion has the burden of showing
the methodology or scientific principle on which the opinion is based is sufficiently
established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it
belongs.” Ill. R. Evid. 702 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011).
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“In this context, ‘general acceptance’ does not mean universal acceptance, and it does not require
that the methodology in question be accepted by unanimity, consensus, or even a majority of
experts.” In re Commitment of Simons, 213 Ill. 2d 523, 530 (2004). “Instead, it is sufficient that
the underlying method used to generate an expert’s opinion is reasonably relied upon by experts
in the relevant field.” Id.¶ 46 As noted, Ortega argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request a Frye
hearing to determine the admissibility of Agent Raschke’s expert testimony. Ortega contends that
a Frye hearing was warranted because historical cell site analysis is based on a new or novel
scientific principle or methodology that has not gained general acceptance in the relevant scientific
community. But we have previously held that “testimony regarding historical cell site information
[is] not the product of [a] new or novel scientific principle and methodology.” Fountain, 2016 IL
App (1st) 131474, ¶ 58; see also People v. Williams, 2017 IL App (1st) 142733, ¶ 39 (holding that
“a Frye hearing was not required because the information conveyed [by Agent Raschke] is not the
result of new or novel scientific principles”). Based on Fountain and Williams, we have held that
defense counsel is not ineffective for failing to request a Frye hearing on the admissibility of such
testimony. People v. Wilson, 2017 IL App (1st) 143183, ¶¶ 46-47.
¶ 47 As explained in Fountain, “the use of cell phone location records to determine the general
location of a cell phone is not ‘new’ or ‘novel’ and has been widely accepted as reliable by
numerous courts throughout the nation.” Fountain, 2016 IL App (1st) 131474, ¶ 59 (collecting
cases). The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, while expressing reservations
about some uses of historical cell site analysis, has nevertheless explained that the technique “can
show with sufficient reliability that a phone was in a general area, especially in a well-populated
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No. 1-17-2007
one.” United States v. Hill, 818 F.3d 289, 298 (7th Cir. 2016). “The science and methods upon
which the technique is based,” the court observed, “are understood and well documented.” Id. at
299. In Hill, where “Agent Raschke emphasized that [the defendant’s] cell phone’s use of a cell
site did not mean that [the defendant] was right at that tower or at any particular spot near that
tower,” the court held that it was not an abuse of discretion to admit the testimony. Id. at 298-99.
As in Hill, Agent Raschke here was careful to emphasize the limits of historical cell site analysis,
explaining that it can provide only the general area in which a cell phone was located based on its
tower and sector usage and cannot be used to place a phone at a precise location.
¶ 48 Citing several scholarly articles, Ortega contends that there is emerging criticism in the
scientific community concerning the usefulness and reliability of historical cell site analysis for
tracking the location of cell phones. See Aaron Blank, The Limitations and Admissibility of Using
Historical Cellular Site Data to Track the Location of A Cellular Phone, 18 Rich. J. L. & Tech. 3
(2011); James Beck, et al., The Use of Global Positioning (GPS) and Cell Tower Evidence to
Establish a Person’s Location—Part II, 49 Crim. L. Bull. 637 (2013); Michael Cherry, et al.,
Cell Tower Junk Science, 95 Judicature 151 (2012); Alexandra C. Smith, Pinging into Evidence:
The Implications of Historical Cell Site Location Information, 120 W. Va. L. Rev. 331 (2017).
But the question here is not whether to reconsider Fountain and subsequent decisions accepting
expert testimony in historical cell site analysis without a Frye hearing. Instead, the question is
whether Ortega’s trial counsel was constitutionally deficient for not requesting a Frye hearing.
At the time of Ortega’s trial in June 2017, Fountain stood as binding authority that expert
testimony regarding historical cell site analysis was admissible without a Frye hearing. Fountain,
2016 IL App (1st) 131474, ¶¶ 58-61. In light of the state of the law at the time, Ortega’s trial
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No. 1-17-2007
counsel did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness by not seeking a Frye hearing
on the admissibility of Agent Raschke’s testimony. See People v. English, 2013 IL 112890, ¶ 35
(“counsel cannot be deemed deficient for failing to predict” changes in the law); People v.
Weninger, 292 Ill. App. 3d 340, 345 (1997) (“Representation based on the law prevailing at the
time of trial is adequate, and counsel is not incompetent for failing to accurately predict that
existing law will change.”).
¶ 49 Ortega argues that trial counsel should have recognized that the admissibility of expert
testimony concerning historical cell site analysis was subject to challenge under Frye because, in
2012, the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois refused to allow certain
expert testimony from Agent Raschke. See United States v. Evans, 892 F. Supp. 2d 949 (N.D. Ill.
2012). But in Evans, the government sought to introduce testimony from Agent Raschke that was
based on a novel theory of “granulization.” Id. at 952. When applying that theory,
“Agent Raschke first identifies (1) the physical location of the cell sites used by the
phone during the relevant time period; (2) the specific antenna used at each cell
site; and (3) the direction of the antenna’s coverage. He then estimates the range of
each antenna’s coverage based on the proximity of the tower to other towers in the
area. This is the area in which the cell phone could connect with the tower given
the angle of the antenna and the strength of its signal. Finally, using his training and
experience, Special Agent Raschke predicts where the coverage area of one tower
will overlap with the coverage area of another.” Id.In Evans, the defendant’s phone used two cell towers to place nine calls in an 18-minute period of
time. Id. The government sought to use Agent Raschke’s granulization theory to prove that “the
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No. 1-17-2007
calls made from [the defendant’s] phone could have come from the location where the victim was
held for ransom.” Id. The district court ruled the testimony inadmissible, finding the granulization
theory unreliable and untested. Id. at 956. The court explained that, “in determining the coverage
overlap of the two towers used by [the defendant’s] cell phone ***, Special Agent Raschke
assumed that [the defendant’s] cell phone used the towers closest to it at the time of the calls.” Id.Although Agent Raschke acknowledged that certain factors could cause a cell phone to connect to
a tower that was not the tower closest to it, the district court determined that Agent Raschke “did
not fully account for [those factors] in his analysis” but instead “relied on his training and
experience to estimate the coverage overlap between the two [towers],” without performing the
scientific calculations needed to derive such estimates. Id.¶ 50 Ortega’s reliance on Evans is misplaced. As Ortega acknowledges, the granulization theory
discussed in Evans is a more advanced methodology than what Agent Raschke used here. Unlike
under the granulization theory, Agent Raschke’s analysis here did not “estimate[ ] the range of
each antenna’s [or sector’s] coverage based on the proximity of the tower to other towers in the
area,” nor did it “predict[ ] where the coverage area of one tower will overlap with the coverage
area of another.” Id. at 952. (While Agent Raschke testified that Ortega’s phone was likely in an
area where the coverage of two towers overlapped when his phone switched between the towers
while making multiple calls in an eight-minute window around the time of the murder, Agent
Raschke did not attempt to estimate either tower’s coverage area or predict where the towers’
coverage areas overlapped.) Moreover, although Agent Raschke’s analysis relied on the
assumption that cell phones usually connect to the cell towers that are closest to them (while
acknowledging that other factors can cause a cell phone to connect with a different tower), he did
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No. 1-17-2007
not opine that Ortega’s phone was in a particular location when the calls he analyzed were made.
Instead, he testified only about the general vicinity or general area in which Ortega’s phone was
located. As the Seventh Circuit explained in Hill, a decision postdating Evans, the methodology
that Agent Raschke used to formulate that limited opinion is “sufficient[ly] reliab[le]” and the
science behind it “is well understood.” Hill, 818 F.3d at 298. Because Evans provides no basis for
distinguishing (or reconsidering) Fountain’s holding that the traditional historical cell site analysis
utilized here is admissible without a Frye hearing, Ortega’s counsel cannot be deemed deficient
for failing to request a Frye hearing regarding Agent Raschke’s testimony.
¶ 51 D. Closing Argument
¶ 52 Finally, Ortega argues that the State made several improper remarks in closing argument
that either shifted the burden of proof, were not based on reasonable inferences from the evidence,
or misstated the evidence. He also argues that some of the State’s comments were unduly sarcastic.
Ortega did not contemporaneously object to any of these comments or raise this issue in his post-
trial motion, so his contentions are forfeited and may be reviewed only for plain error. People v.
Glasper, 234 Ill. 2d 173, 203 (2009). To establish plain error, a defendant must show that a clear
or obvious error occurred and that (1) the evidence was so closely balanced that the error alone
threatened to tip the scales of justice against the defendant, or (2) the error was so serious that it
affected the fairness of the trial and the integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness
of the evidence. People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565 (2007).
¶ 53 Ortega first argues that the State misstated the law and improperly shifted the burden of
proof by suggesting that the jury could only acquit him if it disbelieved the State’s witnesses.
Ortega takes issue with the following portions of the State’s closing argument, in particular the
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No. 1-17-2007
prosecutor’s comments that the State’s witnesses had no reason to lie and that there was no
conspiracy against him:
“We know that those girls [Ruiz and Aponte] were telling the truth because
what they told you is corroborated by people they don’t even know[:] Dolores
[Colon], Marilyn [Cintron]. This is not a conspiracy, ladies and gentlemen. When
you have this many witnesses all giving similar facts from different perspective[s],
different parts of the day, you know that that is solid evidence.
Now let’s move on to Elisa Figueroa because she is a very important
witness, because Elisa was a friend of the defendant, and she was with him after
the murder. Elisa has no reason to come in here, make up a story, tell some kind of
conspiracy theory. Elisa was afraid. She came in here, and she was quiet, but she
told you some very important things.
***
You heard from a lot of witnesses in this case who had no motive to come
in here and tell a story or tell lies. There is no conspiracy against Mario Ortega.
You heard the facts. You heard the truth. You heard the pieces of the puzzle, and
that puzzle is solid, and there is nothing that Crazy can do about it.
The defense told you in opening that this case was based largely on rumors.
But ladies and gentlemen, use your common sense. That doesn’t make sense
because a lot of the witnesses in this case, they don’t know Mario Ortega. They
don’t know each other. They have no reason to come in here and testify to what
they told you.
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No. 1-17-2007
They are strangers, some of them, and then we have FBI Agent Raschke. Is
he part of the conspiracy as well? Is his analysis also part of this huge conspiracy
to frame Mario Ortega? That doesn’t make sense. Your common sense will tell you
that.”
¶ 54 We find no clear or obvious error in these comments. The prosecutor’s remarks that the
State’s witnesses had no reason to lie were addressed to the issue of witness credibility, a proper
subject of closing argument. See People v. Cloutier, 156 Ill. 2d 483, 508-09 (1993). Likewise, the
prosecutor’s argument that the State’s witnesses were not part of a conspiracy against Ortega was
a proper response to Ortega’s theory, expressed in his opening statement, that the State’s case was
“based on rumors, circumstantial evidence and incredible witnesses.” See People v. Temple,
2014 IL App (1st) 111653, ¶ 72 (finding no error where “the State only argued its conspiracy
argument after defense counsel argued that all the State’s witnesses were not credible or [were]
mistaken in their testimony and the physical evidence did not corroborate the witness testimony”);
People v. Jackson, 299 Ill. App. 3d 104, 110 (1998) (finding no error where “remarks made by the
State regarding a conspiracy were in response to the defense counsel’s remarks that the detectives
fabricated evidence and lied to defendant” and “the State did not tell the jury that it had to believe
that all the State’s witnesses were lying in order to acquit defendant”).
¶ 55 Ortega contends that the prosecutor’s comments disclaiming any conspiracy against him
improperly suggested that the jury could only acquit him if it found the State’s witnesses were
lying. But our supreme court has drawn “a distinction between situations where a prosecutor
permissibly argues that a jury would have to believe the State’s witnesses were lying in order to
believe the defendant’s version of events and where a prosecutor improperly argues that a jury
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No. 1-17-2007
would have to believe the State’s witnesses were lying in order to acquit defendant.” (Emphasis
in original.) People v. Banks, 237 Ill. 2d 154, 185 (2010). Here, the State did not suggest that the
jury could acquit Ortega only if it found the State’s witnesses were lying. Rather, its argument
urged the jury to reject the defense theory that the case against Ortega was based on rumors and
incredible witnesses by stressing that many of the witnesses either did not know each other or did
not know Ortega and yet still consistently implicated him. That argument falls on the permissible
side of the line recognized in Banks.
¶ 56 The prosecutor’s remarks here are distinguishable from those found objectionable in other
cases. In People v. Miller, 302 Ill. App. 3d 487 (1998), for instance, the prosecutor told the jury
that it had to find that the State’s witnesses were lying in order “[t]o believe that [the defendant]
did not commit this murder.” (Emphasis omitted.) Id. at 496. Similarly, in People v. Dace, 237 Ill.
App. 3d 476, 482 (1992), the prosecutor argued “that in order to acquit the defendant, each juror
would have to tell each of the State’s witnesses that they were wrong about the events to which
they testified.” Id. at 482. And in People v. Cole, 80 Ill. App. 3d 1105, 1107 (1980), the prosecutor
asked the jurors if they believed the State’s witnesses were lying and suggested they could not
acquit the defendant if there was “one iota of truth in the testimony of the witnesses for the State.”
Id. at 1107. The comments in these cases “improperly distorted the burden of proof by incorrectly
intertwining the burden with the jury’s credibility determinations.” Banks, 237 Ill. 2d at 185.
The prosecutor here did no such thing. Rather, the argument that the State’s witnesses had no
motive to lie and were not part of a conspiracy against Ortega was “a direct response to the
defense’s attack on the credibility of the State[’s] witnesses and therefore ‘was not a misstatement
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No. 1-17-2007
of the law or an attempt to distort the burden of proof.’” Temple, 2014 IL App (1st) 111653, ¶ 74
(quoting Banks, 237 Ill. 2d at 185).
¶ 57 Ortega also contends that the State improperly shifted the burden of proof in its rebuttal
argument, when the prosecutor stated: “I guess on behalf of the citizens of Cook County, I owe an
apology to Mario Ortega and should have been looking for Bryan Polanco this whole time.”
The prosecutor then proceeded to explain how the evidence implicated Ortega, and not Polanco.
For instance: “Bryan Polanco was seen in a gray hooded sweatshirt throughout the day. Oh, no,
no, that was Mario Ortega.” And: “Bryan Polanco makes threats against the guy living at Spaulding
and Le Moyne saying he is going to shoot him, he is going to get him. No, no again. Mario Ortega,
he did that.” Like the comments above, these remarks did not suggest that the jury could only
acquit Ortega if it found the State’s witnesses were lying, nor did they otherwise attempt to shift
the burden of proof to Ortega. Instead, these remarks properly responded to the suggestion in
Ortega’s closing argument that Polanco was the real culprit and that the State had not adequately
investigated him.
¶ 58 Ortega further argues that the State’s remarks about Polanco warrant reversal because they
were unduly sarcastic. We disagree. Our supreme court has observed that “improper prosecutorial
remarks,” including sarcastic comments, while “all too frequent,” are “completely unacceptable.”
People v. Moss, 205 Ill. 2d 139, 170-71 (2001). As this court has since recognized, however,
“courts often condone sarcasm,” finding reversible error only in the “rare case” where the
challenged comments “indicate an extreme level of sarcasm,” which “comes across *** not [as]
argument [but] as ridicule and derision at its harshest” and “crosse[s] over from merely tough talk
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No. 1-17-2007
into the realm of inflammatory rhetoric designed to improperly appeal to the juror’s emotions.”
In re Commitment of Gavin, 2014 IL App (1st) 122918, ¶¶ 62-64.
¶ 59 In Moss, for example, the State denigrated the expert witnesses the defendant presented at
the penalty phase of his capital trial as “cash for trash doctors” offering “psycho-babble” and
referred to the defendant’s psychiatric condition and history of brain injury as a “boo-boo to the
brain.” Moss, 205 Ill. 2d at 170. And in Gavin, a case in which the State sought to involuntarily
commit the respondent as a sexually violent person, the prosecutor “made numerous sarcastic
comments about [the respondent’s] health as it relate[d] to his risk of sexual recidivism,” which
“ma[de] light of a serious issue at the penultimate point of the trial.” Gavin, 2014 IL App (1st)
122918, ¶¶ 60, 62. The State’s comments here come nowhere close to the extreme level of sarcasm
condemned in Moss and Gavin. The comments did not ridicule or deride either Ortega, his counsel,
or any witness, nor can they be characterized as inflammatory rhetoric that was likely to appeal to
the jurors’ emotions. Instead, as explained above, the comments were proper (albeit sarcastic)
responses to Ortega’s attempt in his own closing argument to cast suspicion for the murder on
Polanco and question the thoroughness of the State’s investigation.
¶ 60 Ortega next argues that the State made several comments that either misstated the evidence
or were not based on reasonable inferences from the evidence. “A prosecutor has great latitude in
closing argument and may argue fair and reasonable inferences drawn from the evidence at trial.”
People v. Jackson, 2012 IL App (1st) 102035, ¶ 18. “However, prosecutors have an ethical
obligation to refrain from presenting improper and prejudicial evidence or argument” and “may
not argue assumptions or facts not based upon the evidence in the record.” (Internal quotation
marks and citations omitted.) People v. Porter, 372 Ill. App. 3d 973, 978 (2007).
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No. 1-17-2007
¶ 61 First, Ortega contends that the State suggested, without any evidentiary basis, that he
threatened or tried to intimidate the witnesses against him when it described those witnesses as
courageous, afraid, or scared. Ortega cites the following comments from the State’s closing and
rebuttal arguments, all of which we find proper. When discussing Cintron’s testimony identifying
Ortega as the man she saw running down the alley after the shooting, the prosecutor said that
Cintron “sat right here on this witness stand and courageously pointed to [Ortega].” Later, when
summarizing Figueroa’s testimony about what Ortega said and did in the car following the
shooting, the prosecutor prefaced her comments by remarking that “[Figueroa] was afraid. She
came in here, and she was quiet, but she told you some very important things.” Similarly, when
referring to the State’s witnesses generally, the prosecutor stated that they “came in here and did
the courageous thing and told you what happened.” And finally, when returning to the subject of
Figueroa’s testimony in rebuttal, and in the context of addressing Ortega’s argument that Polanco
was the actual shooter, the prosecutor commented that “Figueroa got up there, and you saw how
scared she was. Scared of Bryan Polanco? Bryan Polanco wasn’t here. Why would she be scared
of him? She is scared of the murderer in the room, Mario Ortega.”
¶ 62 In People v. Mullen, 141 Ill. 2d 394 (1990), where the defendant was charged with murder
on a theory of accountability after his codefendant shot a man in the back, our supreme court found
that the prosecution improperly suggested that witnesses were reluctant to testify out of fear that
they too would be shot in the back. Id. at 405. The supreme court explained that the comment was
improper because there was “no evidence in the record that defendant in any way threatened or
intimidated any witness.” Id. Similarly, in People v. Rivera, 277 Ill. App. 3d 811 (1996), this court
found error in a prosecutor’s remark that a witness “took his life in his own hands” by “testify[ing]
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No. 1-17-2007
against a Latin King,” where there was “no indication in the record that [the witness] feared
retaliation from the Latin Kings or anyone else because of his testimony against the defendant.”
Id. at 820-21.
¶ 63 The prosecutor’s comments here are distinguishable from those in Mullen and Rivera.
In those cases, the prosecutor either explicitly stated or clearly implied that a witness feared that
the defendant or his associates would retaliate against the witness for testifying. None of the State’s
remarks here can be similarly construed. For instance, the prosecutor’s comments about Cintron
and the State’s other witnesses being courageous did not link that courage to any intimidation or
threats by Ortega or anyone associated with him. Instead, those comments are most naturally read
as generalized remarks about the courage any witness shows in taking the stand and testifying in
a criminal case and what that courage says about the witness’s credibility. See People v. Wallace,
100 Ill. App. 3d 424, 433 (1981) (“In noting the courage entailed in testifying in criminal cases,
the prosecutor was merely arguing that the victim and [another witness] were credible witnesses”
and not “attempting to suggest that defendant would attack [them] if found not guilty.”)
¶ 64 Similarly, while the prosecutor’s comments describing Figueroa as “afraid” and “scared”
did tie her fear to Ortega, the comments did not suggest that her fear was caused by any threats or
intimidation. And unlike in Mullen and Rivera, the comments were properly based on evidence in
the record, such as Figueroa’s demeanor on the stand and her explanation for why she did not get
out of the car immediately after she began to suspect that Ortega had killed Cruz. As noted above,
in prefacing its discussion of Figueroa’s testimony, the State remarked that “[Figueroa] was afraid.
She came in here, and she was quiet, but she told you some very important things.” This comment
was a clear reference to the fact that, on multiple occasions, the judge had to ask Figueroa to speak
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No. 1-17-2007
up or repeat her answers, suggesting that she was hesitant or apprehensive. It was not improper for
the State to describe this aspect of Figueroa’s demeanor. See People v. Sims, 403 Ill. App. 3d 9,
21 (2010) (isolated comment “reflecting on the demeanor of the witnesses” is not improper);
People v. Morgan, 259 Ill. App. 3d 770, 784 (1994) (“Demeanor of witnesses is a proper subject
for closing argument.”). The State’s subsequent remark that Figueroa was scared of Ortega, and
not Polanco, was also based on evidence in the record, specifically, Figueroa’s testimony on cross-
examination that she did not immediately get out of the car after learning that Cruz had been shot
and hearing Ortega’s unsettling reaction because she “didn’t want anything to happen to [her].”
Because the State’s references to Figueroa’s fear of Ortega was supported by evidence in the record
and did not link her fear to any threats or intimidation by Ortega, we find no error.
¶ 65 We will address Ortega’s remaining challenges to the State’s closing argument comments
together, as we find that the comments were improper but do not rise to the level of plain error.
First, Ortega contends that the State misstated the evidence concerning his comments to Aponte,
Ruiz, and Ocasio after he learned that Ruiz and Aponte had bought marijuana from Cruz. When
discussing Aponte’s testimony, the State made the following assertion: “[Aponte] told you about
the threats he made. *** [J]ust hours before [Cruz] was shot three times, what did this defendant
say? Let me find out that [Cruz] sold you that weed. I’ll kill that nigga, his words.” Likewise, when
arguing that the evidence implicated Ortega, rather than Polanco, the prosecutor stated: “Bryan
Polanco makes threats against the guy living at Spaulding and Le Moyne saying he is going to
shoot him, he is going to get him. No, no again. Mario Ortega, he did that.” Finally, the prosecutor
asked the jury to “think about what [Ortega] said before the shooting. I’m gonna get him.
I’m gonna kill him. Spaulding and Le Moyne.”
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¶ 66 We agree with Ortega that these comments misstated the evidence and cannot be deemed
fair inferences from the evidence. No witness testified that Ortega said, “I’ll kill that nigga.”
Instead, Aponte testified that Ortega said, “Let me find out you bought weed from that nigga
[Cruz], I’m going to call that nigga.” (Emphasis added.) While it would have been permissible for
the State to argue, in light of Aponte’s testimony about Ortega’s demeanor and other surrounding
circumstances, that Ortega intended to convey a threat to harm (and even kill) Cruz, the prosecutor
did not ask the jury to make that inference. Instead, the prosecutor incorrectly stated that “I’ll kill
that nigga” were “his words.” That was a misstatement of the evidence. The same is true of the
prosecutor’s other comments: that Ortega made “threats against the guy living at Spaulding and
Le Moyne saying he is going to shoot him, he is going to get him”; and that Ortega “said before
the shooting[,] I’m gonna get him. I’m gonna kill him. Spaulding and Le Moyne.” Ocasio testified
that Ortega threatened to “get” the people at Le Moyne and Spaulding, but neither she nor any
other witness testified that Ortega explicitly threatened to “shoot” or “kill” the people. Again, it
would have been fair for the State to argue that Ortega’s threat to “get” the people at Le Moyne
and Spaulding was meant as a threat to do them harm, but instead the State incorrectly attributed
specific words to Ortega that are not found in the record. 2
¶ 67 The State also made comments that were not based on fair inferences from the evidence
when it speculated about the reasons why Figueroa smelled bleach on Ortega’s hand in the car
after the shooting. In the defense closing argument, Ortega’s counsel argued that no physical
2
Ortega argues that these comments also misstated the evidence by conflating a threat against the
people at Le Moyne and Spaulding who sold Ruiz marijuana with a direct threat against Cruz. But that was
a fair inference to draw from the evidence, which established that Cruz lived at Le Moyne and Spaulding,
where he sold marijuana from his apartment with Colon, and that Ortega was upset that Ruiz had gone to
that location to buy marijuana from Cruz.
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No. 1-17-2007
evidence tied Ortega to the crime, and in particular that Ortega’s DNA was not found on the
doorknob of the gate behind Cruz’s apartment. Defense counsel later asked rhetorically, when
discussing Figueroa’s testimony about Ortega’s hand smelling like bleach, “What does that
mean?” In its rebuttal, the State responded as follows:
“[Defense counsel] talked about the door handle, and she talked about the
fact Mario Ortega’s DNA was not found on that door handle. That’s right. You
heard in the stipulation that someone’s DNA in blood was found. Whose, Efrain
Cruz.
Maybe that’s why Mario Ortega had to put bleach on his hand, and maybe
that’s why his hand smelled like bleach. He was either trying to get off the gunshot
residue powder from shooting the gun or [he was] trying to get off the blood on his
hand, the blood that would come back to Efrain Cruz.
How do we know that that’s how that blood got on the doorknob? Well, you
heard from Herbert Chilson. He never saw Efrain Cruz going to that gate. Based on
those injuries that you saw, you know that Efrain Cruz didn’t get up and try to walk
out of that gangway through the alley from the gate.
So the only person that touched that gate that transferred Efrain Cruz’s
blood from himself to that door handle was the defendant Mario Ortega. That’s the
only person you have heard so far that said their hand smells like bleach.”
¶ 68 Ortega argues that these comments were not based on fair inferences from the evidence
because there was no evidence that Ortega had Cruz’s blood on his hands or that bleach can be
used to remove gunshot residue. We partially agree. In light of Chilson’s testimony that, shortly
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No. 1-17-2007
after hearing gunshots, he looked out the window and saw a person in a light gray hoodie and black
pants (clothing similar to that which Colon and Ocasio described Ortega as wearing earlier in the
day) open the back gate and run down the alley, we think it is reasonable to infer from the evidence
that Ortega transferred Cruz’s blood to the doorknob. It was thus fair for the State to argue that
Ortega’s hand smelled like bleach because he used bleach to wash any trace of Cruz’s blood from
his hands, a common sense inference to draw from the evidence. On the other hand, there was no
evidence that bleach can remove gunshot residue, nor was any testimony presented about gunshot
residue at all. While prosecutors may “discuss subjects of general knowledge, common experience,
or common sense in closing argument” (People v. Beard, 356 Ill. App. 3d 236, 242 (2005)), we do
not believe the subject of gunshot residue and methods for removing it can be so characterized.
It was thus improper for the State to discuss the subject without any evidentiary basis.
¶ 69 Nevertheless, we conclude that the State’s improper comments do not rise to the level of
plain error. As discussed above, to establish plain error, a defendant must show not only that a
clear or obvious error occurred, but that (1) the evidence was so closely balanced that the error
alone threatened to tip the scales of justice, or (2) the error was so serious that it affected the
fairness of the trial and the integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the
evidence. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 565. Ortega cannot satisfy either prong of this test.
¶ 70 First, the evidence was not closely balanced. While no physical evidence linked Ortega to
Cruz’s murder, the circumstantial evidence was overwhelming. Cintron testified that, after hearing
gunshots, she looked out the window of her apartment and saw a man in a gray hoodie and blue
jeans run out of the alley and get into car. In a pretrial lineup and at trial, Cintron identified that
man as Ortega. As Ortega notes, there were several weaknesses in Cintron’s identification. She
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No. 1-17-2007
conceded that she was only able to view the man’s face for about one second. She also testified
that she described the man to police as having light skin, contrary to the parties’ stipulation that
she described him as having a medium complexion. In addition, when shown a photo array a few
days after the shooting, Cintron was unable to definitively identify Ortega, instead selecting Ortega
and another man who looked alike to her. If the State’s case had rested heavily on Cintron’s
identification, then we would agree that the evidence was closely balanced in light of these flaws.
But the additional evidence of Ortega’s guilt—considered collectively—was itself strong.
¶ 71 Chilson, another neighbor, testified that he looked out his window after hearing gunshots
and saw a person in a gray hoodie and black pants open the rear gate and run down the alley. While
Chilson did not see the person’s face and thus was unable to make an identification, his description
of the person’s attire was similar to that given by Cintron and also similar to Ocasio’s and Colon’s
testimony about the clothing Ortega was wearing earlier that day. There was also testimony that
Ortega was irate after learning that Ruiz had bought marijuana from someone at Le Moyne and
Spaulding, where Colon and Cruz lived and sold marijuana, and that Ortega threatened to “call”
Cruz and “get” the people at Le Moyne and Spaulding. Colon testified that Ortega later came to
her apartment, asking for Cruz, and that Cruz and Ortega exchanged phone numbers. The jury also
heard evidence that, minutes before the shooting, someone called Cruz using a number associated
with Ortega, asking to buy marijuana but insisting that the transaction take place behind the
apartment. And Agent Raschke testified that, based on an historical cell site analysis, it was his
opinion that the cell phone associated with that number was in the general vicinity of the crime
scene around the time of the shooting. Finally, there was Figueroa’s testimony that, in the hours
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No. 1-17-2007
after the shooting, Ortega admitted that he had shot someone from Spaulding and laughed when
he heard the news that Cruz had died.
¶ 72 In light of the powerful evidence of Ortega’s guilt, we cannot conclude that the evidence
was so closely balanced that the State’s improper comments threatened to tip the scales of justice
against Ortega. And Ortega’s contention that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object
to the comments fails for the same reason. Because the evidence was not closely balanced, Ortega
cannot show a reasonable probability that the result of his trial would have been different if counsel
had objected to the comments. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694; see People v. White, 2011 IL 109689,
¶ 133 (equating Strickland’s prejudice prong with the first prong of the plain error test).
¶ 73 The dissent contends that the State’s comments that Ortega had threatened to “kill” and
“shoot” Cruz—rather than “call” and “get” him—were especially likely to have affected the jury’s
verdict due to their repetition. See infra ¶ 106. But the jury was instructed more than once that the
statements of attorneys in closing argument are not evidence and that it should disregard any such
statement that was not based on the evidence. See Illinois Pattern Instructions, Criminal, No. 1.03
(approved July 18, 2014). It is well settled that jury instructions “carry more weight than the
arguments of counsel.” People v. Boston, 2018 IL App (1st) 140369, ¶ 103. For that reason,
we have recognized that “[a] trial court’s instructions that closing arguments are not evidence
protect [a] defendant against any prejudice caused by improper comments made during closing
arguments.” Id. “Absent some indication to the contrary, we must presume that jurors follow the
law as set forth in the instructions given them.” People v. Wilmington, 2013 IL 112938, ¶ 49.
We thus cannot conclude that Ortega was prejudiced by a handful of erroneous factual statements
in the prosecution’s closing argument.
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No. 1-17-2007
¶ 74 Nor were the State’s comments so serious that they affected the fairness and integrity of
Ortega’s trial. As explained, although the State misstated the evidence by asserting that Ortega
said he would kill or shoot Cruz, the jury was likely to have inferred from Ortega’s actual
statements—that he was going to “call” Cruz and “get” the people at Le Moyne and Spaulding
who sold marijuana to Ruiz—that he did in fact intend to shoot or kill Cruz. Likewise, while the
State’s argument that Ortega may have used bleach to remove gunshot residue from his hand was
not based on reasonable inferences from the evidence, the jury could have reasonably inferred—
as the State also urged—that Ortega used the bleach to wash Cruz’s blood from his hands. Because
the State’s improper comments were not egregious and cannot be described as a pattern of
intentional misconduct, Ortega is not entitled to relief under the second prong of the plain error
test. Cf. People v. Johnson, 208 Ill. 2d 53, 64 (2003) (noting that “a pattern of intentional
prosecutorial misconduct may so seriously undermine the integrity of judicial proceedings as to
support reversal under the plain-error doctrine”).
¶ 75 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 76 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
¶ 77 Affirmed.
¶ 78 PRESIDING JUSTICE GORDON, dissenting:
¶ 79 I cannot agree with the majority’s findings concerning the State’s expert and the State’s
remarks during closing argument and, thus, I must respectfully dissent.
¶ 80 First, I find that the trial court did abuse its discretion by denying defendant’s request for
discovery concerning the State’s expert in historical cell site analysis.
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No. 1-17-2007
¶ 81 The majority finds that the trial court was justified in denying defendant’s entire discovery
request because some of the items listed were overbroad. Supra ¶ 28. I cannot concur with this
finding.
¶ 82 If an attorney requests a list of items, it is the trial court’s job to review the list and to
decide, one by one, what a party is or is not entitled to. The majority cites no case in support of
its novel proposition that, if a party is not entitled to certain items, a trial court is justified in
allowing nothing in discovery.
¶ 83 Illinois Supreme Court Rule 412 provides that the State “shall” provide to the accused,
“upon written motion of defense counsel,” the following information regarding a State’s expert
witness: “any reports or statements of experts, made in connection with the particular case,
including results of physical or mental examination and of scientific tests, experiments, or
comparison, and a statement of qualifications of the expert.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 412(a)(iv) (eff. Mar. 1,
2001).
¶ 84 There were individual items listed in defendant’s motion for expert discovery which it was
an abuse of discretion to deny pursuant to this subsection of Rule 412.
¶ 85 For example, FBI Agent Raschke testified that he had previously testified as an expert
approximately 75 times. Defendant’s discovery request asked for “the names of the cases where
S.A. Raschke was found qualified as an expert”—not for the transcripts or reports in those cases,
but simply a list of names. Defendant was entitled to this relatively short list as part of the
“statement of qualifications of the expert,” required by Rule 412(a)(iv). It was not as though the
expert had testified as an expert thousands of times. In its response to defendant’s discovery
request, the State argued that it had provided the expert’s curriculum vitae (CV) which should
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No. 1-17-2007
suffice. However, the apparently out-of-date CV stated that he had testified as an expert witness
53 times, not 75, and the CV listed the court, date and month—but not the name of the case—
thereby making it almost impossible for counsel to follow up on the results and the impact of his
testimony in these cases. I find it was an abuse of discretion to deny defendant the names of the
cases.
¶ 86 Pursuant to Rule 412(a)(iv), defendant was also entitled to the “results of physical ***
examinations and of scientific tests, experiments, or comparisons.” Ill. S.Ct. R. 412(a)(iv) (eff.
Mar. 1, 2001). The committee comments to this subsection provide:
“In the interest of fairness paragraph (a), subparagraph (iv), requires the disclosure of all such
results and reports, whether the result or report is ‘positive,’ or ‘negative,’ and whether or not the
State intends to use the report at trial. If the State has the opportunity to view the results of any
such examination the same opportunity should enure to defense counsel. No relevancy limitation
is included; the only requirement is that the examination, etc. have been made ‘in connection with’
the case.” (Emphasis added.) Ill. S. Ct. R. 412(a)(iv), Committee Comments (Oct. 1, 1971).
Thus, defendant was entitled to all test results, examinations, experiments and comparisons—not
just the ones that were subsequently chosen by the expert to appear in his report.
¶ 87 Pursuant to subsection (iv), defendant sought “any original test results or measurements
resulting from any field testing analysis conducted during his evaluation.” Measurements and tests
in the field certainly qualify as “physical *** examinations” and “tests, experiments and
comparisons” (Ill. S. Ct. R. 412(a)(iv) (eff. Mar. 1, 2001)) and, as the comments make clear,
defendant was entitled to all of them, not just the ones in the report.
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No. 1-17-2007
¶ 88 In sum, the trial court abused its discretion by denying the entire request, merely because
the request contained some overbroad items, where the request contained items whose production
was required by the mandatory subsection of Rule 412, namely, Rule 412(a)(iv).3
¶ 89 In addition, Rule 412 has a discretionary provision that was also violated here. Rule 412(h)
provides that, “[u]pon a showing of materiality to the preparation of the defense, and if the request
is reasonable,” the court may, “in its discretion,” “require disclosure to defense counsel of relevant
material and information.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 412(h) (eff. Mar. 1, 2001).
¶ 90 At the hearing in the case at bar, defense counsel argued, in particular, for the FBI’s
procedure manual. When it became clear that the court was going to find against him, he asked
for that one item. Counsel explained that the State’s expert was a certified public accountant at the
FBI who the FBI had trained in this area. Counsel argued that he needed the FBI procedure manual
to understand what “historical cell site analysis” was, and that this information was exclusively in
the hands of the FBI, which had developed this field. Counsel observed that this subject was not
an academic discipline, such as DNA analysis, which was taught at a university, 4 but rather that
the FBI was the sole source of relevant information.
¶ 91 At the hearing and in its written response, the State did not dispute counsel’s assertions and
argued instead that it had satisfied its Rule 412 obligation by producing the expert’s report.
3
Although the defense limits itself on appeal to arguing that the requested materials were
discoverable under the discretionary provision of Rule 412, I find that certain materials were also
discoverable under the mandatory provision—making them certainly discoverable under the discretionary
provision as well.
4
On cross-examination at trial, the expert admitted that this subject was neither taught at
universities nor the subject of any academic textbooks.
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No. 1-17-2007
¶ 92 In response, defense counsel argued that the report contained “one page of basic
principles,” 5 and that the State could obtain the FBI procedure manual with one phone call to FBI
Special Agent Raschke. Counsel argued that the manual was probably in a digital file that was
easy to transmit and produce.
¶ 93 The State did not claim that production would be burdensome. In its written response, the
State replied: “they can hire their own expert.” However, if defendant’s unrebutted claim (that all
the relevant information was in the hands of the FBI) was true, then hiring an “expert” would be
an empty exercise—which is exactly what counsel argued at the hearing. Counsel argued: “I need
to see if he did his job right, and if his history cell site analysis is sound. You can’t find it anywhere.
*** The only body is the body we’re asking to see their manual ***. It’s the FBI. They hold the
manual ***.”
¶ 94 If the information concerning this field was primarily in the hands of the FBI as defendant
claimed, and which the State did not dispute, then it was an abuse of discretion by the court to
deny him access to this material. Without it, there was not a level playing field of information.
See, e.g., People v. Perry, 147 Ill. App. 3d 272, 276 (1986) (“Expert testimony tends to
‘overpersuade in favor of the party introducing it’ ” (quoting Coffey v. Hancock, 122 Ill. App. 3d
442, 448 (1984))).
¶ 95 In his arguments, counsel explained why the manual was “relevant” (Ill. S.Ct. R. 412(h)
(eff. Mar. 1, 2001)) and the trial court did not find that the manual was irrelevant or that its
5
As the State observes in its brief to this court, the report itself is not in the appellate record. The
State’s response to defendant’s motion is in the record, and its “Exh. A” contains the expert’s curriculum
vitae. However, its “Exh. B,” which was the report, is not in the record before us.
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No. 1-17-2007
production would be unreasonable. Instead, the trial court ruled that the whole request was
overbroad. I find this was an abuse of discretion.
¶ 96 The majority writes that the dissent fails to explain how additional discovery would have
aided cross-examination. Supra ¶ 31. Since neither we nor the majority know what was in the
requested procedure manual from the expert’s own agency, none of us have any idea if the expert
followed it. The majority criticizes the “dissent’s suggestion” that this field belongs largely to the
FBI. Supra ¶ 31. This was not our suggestion but defendant’s argument in the court below, and
the State did not contend otherwise—thereby, effectively conceding the point. The majority finds
that the expert did not estimate tower coverage areas. Supra ¶ 31. However, he opined that
defendant’s phone was in an area where two coverage areas overlapped—thereby, by necessity,
estimating where the two coverage areas were to be found.
¶ 97 Since these claims were preserved for appeal, the State must show that the errors were
harmless. Evidentiary error can be called harmless only when there is no reasonable probability
that the jury would have acquitted the defendant absent the error. In re E.H., 224 Ill. 2d 172, 180-
81 (2006).
¶ 98 The majority finds the evidence in this case was “overwhelming.” Supra ¶ 70. 6 The word
“overwhelming” is a word too often utilized in appellate cases. A case may be “not closely
balanced” but still not “overwhelming.” Supra ¶ 69. This case is far from overwhelming.
¶ 99 Other than the expert testimony, the State’s other evidence included: (1) an identification
by the victim’s neighbor of defendant as someone she observed fleeing down an alley after the
6
Interestingly, the majority finds that the expert used “ ‘the least accurate *** technique’ ” (supra
¶ 40) and declines to consider whether this court should reconsider its prior acceptance of this field (supra
¶ 48).
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No. 1-17-2007
offense, and whose face she observed for “one second”; (2) testimony by a detective who examined
the deceased’s cell phone and found that the deceased’s cell phone received a call from defendant’s
cell phone shortly before the murder; and (3) testimony by a friend of defendant that defendant
told her on the night of the offense that “[h]e shot someone” but she did not believe him. Three
days after the shooting, the neighbor could not pick defendant decisively out of a photo array.
Instead, she selected two photos, one of which was of defendant. Only substantially later—a full
15 months after the shooting—did she pick defendant out of a four-person lineup as the person
that she observed running that night. We will never know whether she was unconsciously picking
out the one person from the two photos who was also present in the four-person lineup. 7
¶ 100 At the suppression hearing, the detective who conducted the lineup admitted that the lineup
protocols of the Chicago Police Department at the time required five people in a lineup, if feasible,
and to use police officers as a last resort. He conceded that all three people in the lineup, other
than defendant, were Chicago police officers, and that two were from the local area—one worked
“upstairs” from the detective and the other worked “downstairs” from him.
¶ 101 The lineup photo shows that defendant is the only person in blue jeans. By contrast, two of
the officers sit almost like bookends in the photo, at either end of the bench, dressed in solid
black—including their shoes, pants and jacket. The officer sitting next to defendant is also in dark
clothes and is wearing a black sweatshirt, with a dark-grey panel in front, and dark grey pants.
With the three police officers dressed in black or dark grey, the viewer’s attention is drawn
immediately to defendant, who is in a light grey sweatshirt that is almost a washed-out white. In
7
The majority agrees that, “[i]f the State’s case had rested heavily on [the neighbor’s]
identification, then we would agree that the evidence was closely balanced ***.” Supra ¶ 70. However, the
majority includes the expert’s testimony, among other things, to find the evidence not closely balanced.
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No. 1-17-2007
addition, the officers’ hair is cropped shorter than defendant’s hair. If the detective conducting the
lineup had simply asked the viewer to pick out the man who looked different, he would have
received the same answer.
¶ 102 Although the State is not required to prove motive, the State did offer a motive in this case.
The State’s evidence established that defendant was irate that his girlfriend purchased marijuana
from the victim. Defendant yelled at his girlfriend: “Let me find out you bought weed from that
n*** Efrain, I’m going to call that n***.”
¶ 103 Based on this fairly innocuous comment by defendant that he was going to “call” the
victim, the prosecutor in closing argument argued to the jury that defendant stated he was going to
“kill” the victim. Specifically, the State argued that Desire Aponte, a friend of defendant’s
girlfriend, “told you about the threats he made. *** [J]ust hours before [the victim] was shot three
times, what did this defendant say? Let me find out that [the victim] sold you that weed. I’ll kill
that n***, his words.”
¶ 104 In case the jury missed this false statement of facts the first time, the State repeated it twice
more. The State argued that defendant made “threats” against the victim, “saying he is going to
shoot him.” Finally, as the State ended its rebuttal closing, which is the last opportunity that any
of the attorneys have to speak to the jury, the State asked the jurors: “When you go back into that
jury room, I want you to think about what [defendant] said before the shooting. I’m gonna get
him. I’m gonna kill him.”
¶ 105 As the majority correctly finds, the State’s repeated “kill” argument was a totally false
statement of the facts established at trial—and, as the majority also finds, these were not the State’s
only misstatements during its closing argument. Supra ¶¶ 65-67.
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No. 1-17-2007
¶ 106 Deliberately and repeatedly substituting the word “kill” for the fairly innocuous word
“call” is not a small error in a murder case. Repetition compounds the error. Jurors are more likely
to believe a false statement the more times they hear it repeated. See People v. Rodriguez, 312 Ill.
App. 3d 920, 928 (2000) (“ ‘ “a jury is more apt to believe something that is repeated” ’ ” (quoting
People v. Miller, 302 Ill. App. 3d 487, 492 (1998), quoting People v. Montgomery, 254 Ill. App.
3d 782, 792 (1993))); Lori D. Johnson, Melissa Love Koenig, Walk the Line: Aristotle and the
Ethics of Narrative, 20 Nevada Law Journal 1037, 1040 n.6 (Spring 2020) (subjects are more likely
to believe repeated statements, regardless of whether they are true or false, and the third time they
are just as likely to believe it as a true statement). The two words, “call” and “kill,” almost sound
the same, which could cause the jurors to doubt their own recall. This is particularly true when
the wrong word is confidently asserted by the prosecutor, who is clothed with the dignity of the
State and who tells the jury that she represents the People, ie. them. The prosecutor cannot be said
to be drawing an inference when she asserts, as fact, that “I’ll kill that n***” were defendant’s own
“words”—when they were not his words. A prosecutor has a responsibility to advocate for truth
and to insure a level playing field.
¶ 107 In light of the cumulative error regarding both the expert and the State’s outlandishly
false—and repeated—“kill” statements in closing argument, and in light of the fact that the State’s
case consisted of very weak, circumstantial evidence, I find that a reversal and a remand is required
here. The evidence in this case was closely balanced, and there was a reasonable probability that
without these errors the jury may have acquitted defendant. I am not confident that defendant
received a fair trial. For these reasons, I must respectfully dissent from the majority’s order.
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