People v. Ortega , 2021 IL App (2d) 190699-U ( 2021 )

2021 IL App (2d) 190699-UNo. 2-19-0699
Order filed October 27, 2021
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23(b) and is not precedent
except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(l).
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS, ) of Lake County.
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 03-CF-1233
)
EFRAIN V. ORTEGA, ) Honorable
) Mark L. Levitt,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE JORGENSEN delivered the judgment of the court.
Justices Hutchinson and Hudson concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: Defendant’s conviction for predatory criminal sexual assault of a child is reversed
and vacated because the indictment was fatally defective. Defendant’s trial counsel
provided ineffective assistance, and we reverse and remand for a new trial on the
aggravated-criminal-sexual-abuse charges. Reversed and remanded.
¶2 After a jury trial, defendant, Efrain V. Ortega, was convicted of predatory criminal sexual
assault of a child (720 ILCS 5/12-14.1(a)(1) (West 1996)) and aggravated criminal sexual abuse
(720 ILCS 5/12-16(c)(1)(i) (West 1996)). He was sentenced to 13 years’ imprisonment on the
predatory-sexual-assault count, consecutive to concurrent 6-year terms on each of the aggravated-
criminal-sexual-abuse counts. Defendant appeals, arguing that: (1) the indictment charged him for
2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Ua crime that did not exist for the entire period alleged; (2) his trial counsel was ineffective; (3) the
trial court conducted an inadequate hearing pursuant to People v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181 (1984)
(hereinafter, Krankel hearing), on his pro se ineffective-assistance claims; and (4) the mittimus
must be corrected to comport with the trial court’s oral pronouncement of sentence and the proper
mandatory supervised release (MSR) term. For the following reasons, we agree with defendant’s
first two arguments and need not address the second two. We reverse and remand.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 A. Indictment
¶5 On April 23, 2003, defendant was charged in a five-count indictment with offenses against
his niece, T.R. Count I of the indictment alleged that defendant committed predatory criminal
sexual assault of a child for placing his finger in T.R.’s vagina “between January 1, 1998, and
March 31, 2003.” (Emphasis added.) Count II alleged aggravated criminal sexual assault for
placing his finger in T.R.’s vagina between January 1, 1996, and January 1, 1998;1 this charge was
nolle prossed before trial. Counts III-V charged defendant with aggravated criminal sexual abuse
for touching T.R.’s vagina, breasts, and mouth with his tongue between January 1, 1996, and
March 31, 2003.
¶6 B. Pretrial Proceedings and Oral Motion to Amend the Indictment
1
According to defense counsel’s later arguments, the grand jury questioned the date
discrepancy between the counts for the same conduct, but the prosecutor explained that the
difference related to the viability of the offense charged.
-2-
2021 IL App (2d) 190699-U¶7 Although he initially appeared in court for some proceedings after being charged,
defendant did not appear at an October 30, 2003, hearing or thereafter. Ultimately, he was arrested
in 2016, i.e., almost 13 years later, in Wisconsin, and extradited to Illinois.
¶8 Before trial, the State moved for a hearing pursuant to section 115-10 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code) (725 ILCS 5/115-10 (West 2018)). At the hearing, the State
called T.R.’s mother, Tanya R., who testified to a statement that T.R. made to her on April 5, 2003.
During her testimony, Tanya explained that, on that date, her mother (T.R.’s grandmother) had
telephoned, saying that she did not want to host Easter at her house, which she shared with
defendant and his wife, Shelly Ortega (one of Tanya’s sisters), because defendant had tried to
“rape” D.E. (Tanya’s 23-year-old sister). Defense counsel objected to that statement, but the
objection was overruled. Tanya continued that she asked T.R. if defendant had ever done anything
to her, and T.R. stated that he had and described him kissing her on the mouth, raising her shirt
and kissing her on her stomach or at the bra line, and putting his hand inside her underwear. T.R.’s
sister, C.R., related that defendant kissed her on the mouth and put his tongue in her mouth. Over
objection, the court found T.R.’s statement to Tanya reliable and admissible.
¶9 In addition, the State moved in limine pursuant to section 115-7.3 of the Code (725 ILCS
5/115-7.3 (West 2018)) for the introduction of other-crimes evidence. Specifically, the State asked
to introduce evidence that defendant kissed T.R.’s younger sister, C.R., on the mouth and with his
tongue, and grabbed D.E.’s breasts. Defense counsel objected. The court found both acts
admissible but told counsel that it would be open to any defense suggestion to give the jury limiting
instructions before or after hearing the evidence and, further, that “[o]f course, [defense counsel],
it’s always subject to your motion to strike if the State doesn’t properly prove up anything.”
-3-
2021 IL App (2d) 190699-U¶ 10 On September 24, 2018, on the morning of trial, the State also orally moved to amend the
indictment, specifically to change the date range alleged in count I. The following exchange
occurred:
“STATE: Your Honor, prior to any argument on motions here, we’d ask to make
an amendment to the indictment in regards to Count [I]. The date range being as amended
to July 1st, 1996 from 1998. I believe it’s an error. There will be testimony regarding that
date range. We ask that it be amended on its face to 1996.
THE COURT: And you object?
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Yes, Judge. And the reason that I object, Judge, is back
on July 1st, 1996 there was no such thing as a predatory criminal sexual assault. It came
in front of the legislature sometime in I would say 1999, 2000, Your Honor.
THE COURT: State?
STATE: Judge, it’s our belief that the predatory criminal sexual assault statute was
in effect at that time frame, and we have the statute from 1996.
THE COURT: All right. That’s your objection. It’s overruled. State will be
allowed to amend over defendant’s objection reflecting just the difference in the date based
on the fact that the grand jury heard testimony consistent with what is contained in the
indictment.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Your Honor, I’m sorry, but you can’t have the State amend
an indictment that was previously determined through the grand jury in 2003. In fact, the
grand jury had a lot of problems with that charge at that particular time[,] based on it being
1996[,] in 2003 when they brought their information. It’s all in the grand jury transcripts.
-4-
2021 IL App (2d) 190699-UDoing it at this particular time is not fair for this defendant and it’s not fair for us to further
proceed with that type of offense, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. You want notice, as with [defendant], the date range of the
alleged offenses. The fact that it was incorrectly written down on the indictment does not
[in]validate the indictment. In fact, the case law is rather clear, especially with allegations
concerning this type of victim. The State has given leave to make general allegations as
long as they’re served to put [defendant] on notice. I find everything that I’ve seen in the
file on the common law record indicates that that was done appropriately. No prejudice to
[defendant]. So your record is preserved, but your request is denied.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Judge, there was no crime. There was no crime in 1996.
THE COURT: I take it that’s what we’re going to find out. *** ” (Emphasis
added.)
¶ 11 C. Trial and Jury Instructions
¶ 12 As noted, the original indictment listed a date range for count I that commenced on January
1, 1998. In its oral motion, the State asked to amend that count so that the range would commence
July 1, 1996. However, the indictment itself was not amended to fully comport with the requested
change; rather, the indictment reflects only a handwritten notation crossing out “1998” and
replacing it with “1996,” such that the indictment reads “January 1, 1996.” Before trial
commenced, the indictment was read aloud to the jury using the January 1, 1996, date: “The
defendant in this case is charged with the offenses of predatory criminal sexual assault of a child
and aggravated criminal sexual abuse. More specifically, it is alleged that the defendant committed
these offenses on or between January 1st, 1996[,] through March 31st of 2003[,] in Lake County.”
(Emphasis added.)
-5-
2021 IL App (2d) 190699-U¶ 13 In opening statements, the State showed the jury a childhood photo of T.R., saying “[m]eet
five-year-old [T.R.] This is back in 1996. [T.R.] was five years old.” (Emphasis added.) Defense
counsel in opening statements noted that the State had referenced T.R. as being five years old in
1996.
¶ 14 1. State’s Case
¶ 15 a. T.R.
¶ 16 T.R. (age 26 at trial) testified that her birthday is January 19, 1992. The State asked T.R.,
“I’d like to call your attention to around 1996/1997. You were between four and six years old; is
that right?” (Emphasis added.) She agreed. T.R. explained that her family lived in Texas during
that period but came back to Illinois to visit her Aunt Shelly, defendant (Shelly’s husband), and
other relatives during summer vacation and for a few weeks as Christmas vacation. The kids
would stay with Shelly and defendant, while the parents stayed with other family. T.R. agreed
with the State’s assertion that defendant molested her when she was around five years old and
explained that she remembered that she was five years old because “We had been living in Laredo.
We had moved there when I just started kindergarten, so I was five years old. It was during summer
vacation when we had come back and stayed with them for two years.” The State asked her what
happened:
“T.R.: One morning my brother and my sister were playing in the living room. My
aunt was in the kitchen. And [defendant] was in the bedroom, so sleeping I assumed. And
my aunt asked me to go in there with him to watch TV. And I said I didn’t want to. I
didn’t want to be in there alone with him. And I told her I didn’t want to go. And she told
me if I didn’t go in there, that I’d have to go home and I told her okay. She told me she
was going to call my parents and come pick me up. So I went outside of the apartment
-6-
2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Udoor. They lived on the second or third floor. And I sat on the stairs waiting for my parents
to come pick me up because I didn’t want to go. And she came back outside of the
apartment and she said to come inside and she said if I didn’t go in there with him, that she
was going to punish me.
STATE: Why didn’t you want to go into the bedroom where the defendant was?
T.R.: He scared me. I didn’t like him. I knew that he yelled at my aunt a lot. He
always started to hit me with a whip that he had hanging in the living room. And whenever
my aunt would punish me, she always said that it was because he told her to because he
made her.” (Emphasis added.)
¶ 17 T.R. eventually went into the bedroom. She testified that defendant was lying in bed
underneath the covers, and a children’s show was on the television. The room was dark. She laid
on top of the bed on top of the covers. She was wearing elastic shorts and started feeling something
inside of her underwear. Defendant had slipped his hand beneath her shorts and under her
underwear:
“His hand was inside my underwear underneath my shorts and his fingers were
touching me and rubbing me inside the lips, the opening of my vagina. And when I noticed
that he was doing that, I slapped his hand and told him to stop. And he took his hand out
and we continued watching the show. And then he tried to do it two more times. He’d put
his hand inside my underwear and he touched me near the lips of my vagina. He didn’t
touch me as far down, but he did touch me. And finally after the third time I just got up
and I walked out and I had an urge to use the restroom. And when I urinated, it burned.”
She confirmed with the State that defendant had rubbed up and down and inside the lips of her
vagina. T.R. said that defendant was a construction worker and his hands felt rough and dirty.
-7-
2021 IL App (2d) 190699-U¶ 18 T.R. next explained that, in 2001, her family moved back to Illinois from Texas.
Afterwards, she and her siblings frequently spent time with Shelly and defendant in their home,
and another incident occurred when she was 10 years old. Defendant was in his bedroom while
the other family members were eating breakfast. He called for Shelly, but she was busy. She
asked T.R. to see what he wanted. T.R. went to the bedroom, and defendant was in bed underneath
the covers. She asked what he wanted, and he did not answer, but beckoned for her to move closer.
T.R. again asked defendant what he needed, and he asked whether she thought she could give him
what he needed. “And I said I don’t know, what is it. And he grabbed me and pulled me to him,
and he lifted up my T-shirt and my training bra up to shoulder length on my left side and he put
his mouth to my nipple and started sucking on it and tugging my nipple.” She pushed him away
and ran out of the room. T.R. did not want to tell Shelly, because she did not want Shelly to “get
in trouble with him because I knew that he would get violent with her and he would yell at her.”
(Emphasis added.) However, Shelly saw T.R. crying and asked what was wrong. T.R. told her
what defendant did, and “she got really mad and she believed me. And she went into the room and
she was stomping and she was yelling and she asking him what did he do, why did he do it. And
he was flat out denying it. He said I didn’t do anything.” (Emphasis added.) T.R. accused
defendant of lying but complied when Shelly sent her out of the room. When Shelly returned, she
told T.R. that defendant was just playing with her and had been trying to make her laugh by
“blowing raspberries” and making “fart noises” on her stomach. T.R. confirmed at trial that
defendant did not blow on her stomach; he put her nipple in his mouth.
¶ 19 Finally, in the spring of 2003, defendant roughly grabbed T.R.’s face and kissed her on the
mouth, shoving his tongue inside. T.R. testified that this happened on 7 to 10 occasions; often
enough to not be a random occurrence.
-8-
2021 IL App (2d) 190699-U¶ 20 On April 5, 2003, T.R. was playing at home when Tanya called her and C.R. downstairs.
Tanya and T.R.’s father said that grandma had called about something that happened to their Aunt
D.E., and while they did not say what had happened to D.E., they asked T.R. if defendant had ever
touched her inappropriately. T.R. said that he had, and she told Tanya about the incidents. T.R.
did not describe to Tanya any vaginal penetration. She explained that she later told the police
about it, however, and that she had demonstrated the penetration for them by using her fingers.
¶ 21 On cross-examination, defense counsel noted that T.R. had been crying on the stand. Later,
counsel asked:
“COUNSEL: The incident that you described to us about the first incident
happened in 1996, correct?
T.R.: No. It happened in 1995.
COUNSEL: 1995. How old were you in 1995?
T.R.: I was four or five years old.” (Emphasis added.)
What subsequently followed was a confusing exchange about how old T.R. was in 1994 (age two)
and whether she could speak then, which prompted a recess. When examination resumed, defense
counsel said:
“COUNSEL: T.R., last time I talked to you I indicated 1996; would that be right?
T.R.: I would say it was 1997. I was five years old.
COUNSEL: In 1997 you were five years old?
T.R.: Yes.
COUNSEL: You were not two years old?
T.R.: I was not two years old.
COUNSEL: So that was a mistake?
-9-
2021 IL App (2d) 190699-UT.R.: Yes.
COUNSEL: And in 1997 you were five years old and in 2003 you were 11 years
old?
T.R.: I was.” (Emphasis added.)
¶ 22 Defense counsel continued his cross-examination by asking T.R. about the written
statement that she provided to police in 2003, when she was 11 years old. He presented it to her
and confirmed that, in that statement, she did not write that defendant touched her vagina. She did
not say that he touched her private parts. She apparently wrote only that defendant’s hands went
under her shorts and underwear. T.R. further agreed that, in her written statement, she did not
express that defendant sucked her nipple; rather, she wrote that he lifted her shirt and kissed her
chest.
¶ 23 On re-direct, the State asked,
“STATE: I just want to clarify some things. At the time when you were at the
defendant’s apartment in Mundelein, he put his hand down your pants and into your vagina,
how old were you?
T.R.: I was five years old.
STATE: Your date of birth is January 19, 1992?
T.R.: Yes, that is my date of birth.
STATE: How do you know you were five years old?
T.R.: We had moved to Laredo[, Texas]; and when we moved to Laredo, I just
started kindergarten.
STATE: At the time where the defendant raised your shirt and put your nipple in
his mouth, how old were you?
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-UT.R.: I was about 10 years old.”
¶ 24 In addition, the State asked T.R. if she recalled “describing” to police “how” defendant
lifted her shirt and put his mouth on her chest and nipple. Defense counsel objected to “improper
direct testimony,” and the court overruled the objection. The State asked T.R. if, prior to giving
her written statement, she told police “how” defendant put his hands in her pants. The State
prompted, “In fact, you described to the detective with your hands, correct?” T.R. answered, “Yes.
He made me—He had me do a representation of a vagina with my fingers and he had me use my
other hand to show how [defendant]’s fingers touched me.” The State asked her to demonstrate
how she used her fingers to show the officer. T.R. responded, “He had me go like this. This is the
vagina. These are the lips.” The State summarized, “Your Honor, for the record, the witness is
taking her pointer and middle finger and pointing them outward.” T.R. then continued, “Then he
had me take these two fingers and I showed him how it went inside in between the lips.” The State
summarized, “For the record, the witness took her right hand, her other hand with her two fingers
and placed those two fingers between the two fingers on her left hand.”
¶ 25 b. Shelly
¶ 26 Shelly Ortega, defendant’s wife and T.R.’s aunt, testified that she remembered one time
when T.R. was upset. “I don’t remember the exact date. But I was in the kitchen making pancakes
for them, and [defendant] was in the back room yelling my name. And I asked [T.R.] to go see
what he was doing or what he wanted because he kept on screaming my name, and she never came
back.” T.R. was outside and did not want to come back inside because something had happened
when she had gone to talk to defendant. She further explained:
“I asked him to tell her to come in and talk to me and see what was wrong. And
she said when she had asked him what he wanted, she sat down on the bed and he lifted up
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Uher shirt. And she jumped up and ran outside. She said that she thought he was going to
put his mouth on her breast. And I immediately went into the back bedroom and told him
what she had said to me and I wanted to know if it was true. He immediately jumped up
and said I’m so sorry you thought that way. He’s like no, no, that’s not what's going on. I
was going to give her a Zurbert on her belly. But I turned to her and asked her did he put
his mouth on your breast, and she said no. And I said then is it possible that that’s what
he was going to do. And she said yeah, there was a possibility. So we left it at that and I
just told him you know what, there will be no more. She’s obviously growing up now.
You can’t rough-house with her, you can’t play like you used to with her because now it’s
different.” (Emphases added.)
¶ 27 c. C.R.
¶ 28 C.R., age 23 at trial, testified that she is T.R.’s sister. Her birthday is July 13, 1995. In
2002 to 2003, she was in second grade. She would frequently visit Shelly and defendant at their
home in Round Lake Beach and, in January 2003, when she was age seven, she and her sister
stayed there because pipes burst in their own home. During that time, on multiple occasions (she
later estimated 20 times), defendant made her uncomfortable by grabbing her face, kissing her on
the lips, and forcing his tongue into her mouth. He would taste of alcohol and cigarettes. C.R.
testified that this first happened when she was “[p]robably around six or seven when we first
moved back to Illinois from Texas.” She told Aunt Shelly, who said that defendant was just
playing. In April 2003, at their own home, C.R.’s parents asked her if anything had ever happened,
and she told them defendant would frequently kiss her and force his tongue into her mouth. It was
then reported to police, who took her statement and asked questions.
¶ 29 On cross-examination, the following exchange ensued:
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-U“COUNSEL: Okay. When you said that he kissed you, did he do anything else?
C.R.: There were times where he frequently touched my butt.
COUNSEL: Touched your butt?
C.R.: Yes, or spanked my butt, rather, not in a disciplinary way, more like he was
having fun with it.
COUNSEL: Having fun, as an uncle would tease a niece; is that the fun you’re
talking about?
***
C.R.: Are you asking that if like this is normal behavior for an uncle to display
onto his niece? This is not normal behavior.
COUNSEL: You were seven years old at that time. You were not 23 years old at
that time; would that be right?
C.R.: Correct.
COUNSEL: So you’re saying to us that at seven years old the uncle cannot tease
you?
C.R.: That’s not teasing.
COUNSEL: The uncle cannot kiss you?
C.R.: No, not in that way.
COUNSEL: The uncle can’t hold you?
C.R.: What do you mean by hold?
COUNSEL: Put a hug on you.
C.R.: Hugging is fine, but as far as touching my butt, no.
COUNSEL: You’re saying when he touched your butt, was it a slap?
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-UC.R.: Yes, in most cases.
COUNSEL: Was it a punch?
***
COUNSEL: Sorry. Was it a pat?
C.R.: It was a spank.
COUNSEL: It was a what?
C.R.: A spank, a slap.
COUNSEL: A slap like this (indicating).
C.R.: Yes.
COUNSEL: On your butt?
C.R.: Yes.” (Emphasis added.)
¶ 30 Counsel later asked C.R. whether she had ever reached out to her uncle after 2003, and she
said “no.” He asked why not:
“C.R.: After all this happened, my Aunt Shelly was ostracized from my family.
We didn’t want any connections with her or him. And growing up he was referred to as
him and I referred to him as the devil.
COUNSEL: The devil?
C.R.: Yes.
COUNSEL: That’s how you treated him way back when?
C.R.: Not way back when but from the time of the reporting of the incidents up
until now.
COUNSEL: The devil?
C.R.: Yes.
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-UCOUNSEL: He’s a devil because he kissed you?
C.R.: Because I feel he took away my innocence.
COUNSEL: Taking away your innocence is by kissing you?
C.R.: Yes.”
¶ 31 On re-direct, the State followed up on defense counsel’s line of questioning:
“STATE: Did you call him the devil for any other reason other than just what he
did to you?
C.R.: I know that there were incidents with my sister and—
DEFENSE COUNSEL: I’m going to object to that, Judge.
COURT: Overruled. You opened the door.
C.R.: I know that there were incidents that happened with my sister and my aunt
as well. I did not know the nature. So because of that, growing up with that trauma and
knowing that that had happened to me and my sister when we were young, I feel that he
took away our innocence that no child should ever have taken away from them. So yes, I
did refer to him as the devil.
STATE: That was because of what he did and what you found out what he did,
correct?
C.R.: Correct.” (Emphasis added.)
¶ 32 d. Tanya
¶ 33 Tanya R. testified that she is T.R.’s and C.R.’s mother. On April 5, 2003, she had a
conversation with her daughters. The State asked her why she had that conversation, and she
replied that she had received a phone call from her mother. Defense counsel objected to “any type
of conversation concerning a phone call.” The court allowed the witness to answer, explaining it
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Udid not yet know what she was going to say. Tanya answered, “I received a phone call from my
mother that [defendant] had tried to rape my sister, my sister [D.E.]” The court then ruled, “Okay.
It’s received for a limited purpose. It’s overruled. It’s not for the truth of the matter asserted. Go
ahead, State.” Tanya explained that D.E. was around 22 or 23 years old at the time. After the call,
Tanya and her husband asked their daughters whether, since he was with them frequently,
defendant had ever tried to do anything inappropriate to them. Tanya testified that T.R. lowered
her head, slowly raised her hand, and she said quietly said “yes.” It was not T.R.’s normal
demeanor to be quiet. T.R. told Tanya that defendant had raised up her shirt and kissed her at the
bra line and that he had tried to kiss her on the lips several times. T.R. explained that defendant
had been in the bedroom, Shelly was in the kitchen, and, when defendant called for Shelly, Shelly
asked T.R. to see what defendant wanted. When T.R. went into the room, she asked him what he
wanted. Defendant said, “can you help me with what I want your aunt to do,” lifted her shirt, and
kissed her at the bra line. T.R. did not say that he sucked her nipple or breasts. T.R. also explained
that defendant would kiss her on the lips and that, on one occasion when she was younger and
watching television, he had put his hands down her pants. T.R. said that she had not previously
told her parents about these incidents because she did not want her Aunt Shelly to get into trouble.
Tanya next asked C.R., who was present when T.R. was talking, whether defendant did anything
to her. C.R. stated that defendant also kissed her on the lips.
¶ 34 Tanya explained that her family moved between Illinois and Texas multiple times,
including a move to Texas from 1997 through 2001. On cross-examination, defense counsel
sought to verify when T.R. had said the early incident happened, and, in doing so, commented to
Tanya that it was not in 1998, or 1997, “it was 1996, right?” Tanya responded, “okay.” Defense
counsel then asked, what did T.R., in 2003, say about what happened in 1996, and Tanya answered
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Uthat T.R. said defendant put his hands in her pants while in the bedroom. She did not provide other
details to Tanya, and Tanya did not ask. Instead, she reported the incidents to the police.
¶ 35 e. Officer Gilbert Rivera
¶ 36 Gilbert Rivera, Chief of Police for the Round Lake Beach police department, testified that,
on April 7, 2003, he was assigned to investigate the allegations against defendant. Although not
the lead investigator on the case, Rivera conducted defendant’s interview because defendant
communicated that he would prefer that the interview be conducted in Spanish and Spanish is
Rivera’s first language. In the interview, defendant denied touching T.R., but said that once, in
the bedroom, he lifted her shirt to blow on her stomach and she might have misinterpreted his
actions. Defendant tried to physically demonstrate on Rivera’s stomach what he had done to T.R.;
Rivera stopped him. According to defendant, T.R. became upset and Shelly said he could not play
with her like that anymore because she was getting older. Defendant agreed that he would cup
T.R.’s chin and kiss her on the mouth. He did not recall putting his tongue in her mouth, but he
agreed that she did not like the kissing. Defendant said that he used cocaine and alcohol and that,
before the incident where he lifted her shirt, he might have used cocaine. Rivera revisited that
instance:
“[I] asked him specifically if he had kissed her. At that point he stated that he
actually did kiss her and that he actually kissed her on the breast. I then informed him that
he had previously told me that he had just blown on her belly. But then he reiterated and
said he actually kissed her on the breast. I then asked him which breast it was. Again since
we were sitting so close to each other, he said he was not sure, but he believed it to be the
right breast and then he reached out and actually touched me on my right chest.
***
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-UI asked him if it was a situation where he kissed her over the clothing or under the
clothing. He stated that he had lifted up her shirt and kissed her on the bare breast. I asked
him if he lifted up her training bra to do this. He stated that he could not recall if she had
a training bra. He just remembered lifting her shirt and kissing her on the bare breast. I
asked if he had sucked on her breast. He stated he did not linger, that he kissed, made a
kissing sound. And so he did not linger on the breast.”
¶ 37 Rivera revisited the kissing incidents, and defendant said he put his tongue in the girls’
mouths, but not all the way in. Rivera asked defendant what he would do if he had a daughter and
someone had done to his daughter what he had done to T.R. According to Rivera, defendant
quickly replied, “I’d kill him.” Rivera asked whether defendant would prepare a written statement,
and he agreed to do so. Defendant’s statement was written in Spanish, but Rivera translated it into
English as saying:
“I am very sorry for everything that happened. I believe that I do not deserve you
to forgive me, [T.R.] I know that you are not to blame. I am to blame for not thinking with
my head. I always had some beer and cocaine. In Mundelein what I remember is I was
giving you and Julian a bath. But if I did you wrong, forgive me. If you have a little piece
of heart to forgive me for everything that I made you suffer and forgiving me for touching
your private parts, and you also [D.E.], forgive me. I believe I need professional help.
Hopefully, you will help me, please.”
¶ 38 2. Defendant’s Case
¶ 39 The court denied defendant’s motion for a directed verdict. Thereafter, defendant testified
(in English) that he cared for the children when they stayed with him. Sometimes, when they were
young, he would bathe them, but Shelly was always present. He loved them like they were his
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Uown daughters and showed them love with hugs, kisses, conversation, and emotional support.
Defendant agreed that he would kiss them on their mouths, but he testified that he did not do so
for sexual gratification, he never put his tongue in their mouths, and that they did not tell him that
they did not like when he held their cheeks to make them pucker. He said he did not touch T.R.
in her underwear, vagina, or her breast. He touched her bottom with spanks and would tickle the
children, horseplay with them, bathe them, and play games. However, he never sexually touched
them.
¶ 40 Defendant agreed that, in 2003, he was supposed to come to court, but instead left the
jurisdiction for 13 years. Defendant explained that he left Illinois because he felt he was being
taken advantage of, could not defend himself, and that the accusations commenced because he
asked D.E. to pay him rent and she refused. While defendant was in Wisconsin, he adopted a new
name and identity. He denied telling Officer Rivera that he kissed T.R.’s breast and said Rivera
had pressured him to “pick a side” of her chest. Defendant noted that his statement asked for
forgiveness only if he touched them improperly in the bath and that it did not mention any of the
alleged incidents.
¶ 41 3. Closing Arguments and Jury Instructions
¶ 42 In its closing argument, the State referenced what had happened to T.R. when she was “five
years old,” and that, although she was told to go to defendant in the bedroom, she did not want to
go because “she didn’t want to get that whip.” Further, in rebuttal, the State noted:
“Now, sexual gratification in the touching of the vagina and a predatory kind of go hand-
in-hand because one incident—or one thing that [T.R.] talked about in the room. She was
five-years old. I do not know where 1995 comes from because my math when she was
born in ’92 she’s five-years old in 1997, but she talked about that incident. And she was
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Uclear because they had moved to Laredo, she had just finished kindergarten and come back
from summer break to visit so it is clear she was five-years old.”
¶ 43 After closing arguments, the court instructed the jury. It stated that the indictment was not
evidence and was merely the formal method of charging defendant, but it also again read that “the
indictment states that the offenses charged were committed between January 1, 1996, and March
31, 2003.” Further, over defense counsel’s objection, the jury was instructed, “if you find the
offense charged was committed, the State is not required to prove that it was committed on the
particular date charged.” Finally, over defense counsel’s objection that there were “no offenses at
the time,” the court instructed the jury that it could consider bad acts other than the offenses
charged.
¶ 44 Defense counsel had also objected to the instruction pertaining to the “main statements”
that had been admitted under section 115-10 of the Code. The objection was overruled, and the
jury was told it could consider whether T.R. made statements concerning the offenses in this case
and what weight to give them. As to other crimes, the jury was instructed:
“Evidence has [been] received that the Defendant has been involved in offenses
other than those charged in the indictment.
This evidence has been received on the issue of the Defendant’s propensity and
may be considered by you only for that limited purpose.
It is for you to determine whether the Defendant was involved in those offenses;
and, if so, what weight should be given to this testimony on the issue of propensity.”
¶ 45 Before the jury retired to deliberate, defense counsel asked that, as part of the exhibits being
sent back to the jury, an inconsistent statement be included. It appears likely that counsel was
referring to T.R.’s 2003 written statement to police, as counsel referenced section 115-10.1 of the
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-UCode (725 ILCS 5/115-10.1 (West 2018)) and that the inconsistent statement was within the
victim’s knowledge, and she had been subjected to cross-examination about it. The court declined
to allow the requested inconsistent statement to go back to the jury. During its deliberations,
however, the jury specifically asked to see T.R.’s written statement that she gave to police in 2003.
Over defense counsel’s arguments that, “I told you that it was a prior inconsistent statement” under
section 115-10.1, and “I want the jury to see that statement,” the court denied the jury’s request to
see the statement, explaining to defense counsel that the written statement had not been admitted
into evidence and that T.R. had admitted the impeachment points that counsel had exposed during
cross-examination. Defense counsel responded that the statement was “key,” the decision was
discretionary, and that he could not believe that the court would not allow the jury to see the
statement.
¶ 46 The jury convicted defendant of one count of predatory criminal sexual assault of a child
and three counts of aggravated criminal sexual abuse.
¶ 47 D. Posttrial Motion, Krankel Hearing, and Sentencing
¶ 48 Defendant moved for a new trial, in part on the basis that he was charged with a crime from
1996 through 2003, when the crime did not exist during part of 1996. In addition, it appears he
argued that the court erred by admitting “cumulative prior inconsistent statements of witnesses,”
admitting other-crimes evidence, and by failing to send copies of all prior inconsistent statements,
including the written statement that the jury requested, back to the jury during deliberations.
Further, prior to sentencing, defense counsel again noted that defendant was charged with a
criminal offense that occurred in 1996, but the predatory criminal sexual assault offense was,
during that time, held to be unconstitutional.
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-U¶ 49 In response, the State acknowledged that the predatory offense did not become effective
until May 29, 1996, but argued that, since T.R. testified that the incident occurred when she was
five years old, it should be granted leave to amend the indictment to change the beginning of the
date range alleged therein to January 19, 1997, the date upon which T.R. turned age five.
¶ 50 The court did not expressly address the State’s posttrial motion to amend the indictment,
but it denied defendant’s motion for new trial, stating as follows:
“ *** I recall well all of the events that occurred up to and including the trial. I
recall while the arguments that defense made concerning their difficulties or their concerns
over the way the case was charged and the amendments that were made, I commented at
the time that they were appropriate in my view, that they—the State has wide latitude and
the case law is replete with examples of amendments being made to indictments to set dates
in conformity with the evidence as the State learns of it.
It’s also true that when dealing with victims of tender years that the case law and
the Courts dealing with those situations have recognized that there are certain limitations
to children and to the way they testify, but what is true here as in each of the cases that I’ve
reviewed is that a fact finder was able to hear and evaluate the testimony, that both sides
were given full and fair opportunity to advance through—through examination and cross-
examination whatever theories they have.
I recall my rulings to objections, and I certainly believe that there is no basis for me
to reconsider any of those decisions. I think that they were firmly rooted in the law and
the facts as I had them in this case. I will say that even though you have difficulties with
some of the state of the law in this case, there is nothing in any of your arguments or
anything that you brought to my attention that indicates that there was ever anything that
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Uwas done inappropriately or even suggested to be inappropriate that would merit my
attention. So the bottom line in all of this is your motion is and shall be respectfully
denied.”
¶ 51 Counsel informed the court that defendant had filed a pro se motion for a new trial, alleging
ineffective assistance of trial counsel. The written motion alleged that the State had previously
offered him a sentence of six years’ imprisonment with day-for-day credit and that, at the time of
the offer, he had already served two years. Defendant alleged that he had wanted to take the offer,
but his counsel said he had to go to trial, otherwise he would withdraw. Defendant asserted that
he felt helpless and, because of counsel’s threat of withdrawal, that he had no choice but to go to
trial. (The motion was written by someone else in the jail).
¶ 52 In court, with the assistance of a Spanish translator, defendant explained that the State had
offered him six years in the Department of Corrections at 50% and that he wanted to take the offer,
but counsel said he was not going to take the offer because he wanted defendant to receive only
time served. “He took me to trial without letting me know,” and, “that’s what I said when we got
here and he said not to worry.” Defendant asserted to the court that his counsel told him that his
case was going to be dismissed and, if they lost the motion, he would receive the minimum
sentence.
¶ 53 The court questioned defendant’s counsel:
THE COURT: Okay. All right. [Counsel].
COUNSEL: Yes, Judge.
THE COURT: Did you engage in negotiation for [defendant] with the State?
COUNSEL: Yes. They offered me an offer I think at the time of trial or just prior
to the trial, your Honor.
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-UTHE COURT: And what was the offer?
COUNSEL: I have it in writing. I think it was seven years.
THE COURT: So it was a formal offer that the State wrote up and made to you?
COUNSEL: Yes, Judge. I have it in the papers.
***
THE COURT: Okay. And whatever offer it was, you believe it was on a Class 2
felony?
COUNSEL: Yes, sir. I have it here.
THE COURT: And did you convey that to [defendant]?
COUNSEL: Yes, Judge.
THE COURT: And what did [defendant] decide to do?
COUNSEL: It was probably –
DEFENDANT: He didn’t say that to me.
THE COURT: [Defendant], I listened to you. I’m now talking to [your counsel].
I’ll talk to you again.
COUNSEL: It was joint to proceed to trial.”
¶ 54 Defendant also showed the court a letter, reflecting that his counsel was trying to get the
case dismissed and, if he did not succeed on that motion, to get a minimum sentence. The court
stated, “According to the letter you gave me, [defendant], he didn’t promise you anything. He told
you he was trying his best to get a good result for you. And based on what I’ve seen so far, that’s
what he’s been trying to do every step of the way.” Counsel showed the court the January 25,
2018, written offer from the State, and the court asked counsel if that was rejected by defendant,
and counsel answered, “yes.”
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-U¶ 55 The court rejected defendant’s ineffective-assistance claim. Noting that defendant
participated throughout the proceedings, it found:
“The allegations that he advanced or attempted to advance with regard to Krankel
I find are also not well placed. He’s indicated that someone who is known to me to be a
person that was in our jail wrote these motions for him suggesting that he was told things
by his attorney which simply are not borne out by the facts. Just the contrary, the defense
attorney indicates that he[,] as he is supposed to do[,] engaged in negotiations on
[defendant’s] behalf, obtained an offer significantly under the minimum that [defendant]
could receive if convicted of the top charge in this case, that that was conveyed to
[defendant], [and was] rejected by [defendant].
[Defendant] then participated in his trial including testifying in front of this jury in
English, and there is nothing that I find in the record or in any of the motions that sways
me in any way to think that there is a need for any further inquiry whatsoever into this
claim that [counsel] promised him alternatively that his case would be dismissed or that he
wanted to take a 50 percent offer on a minimum sentence to a lesser charge. Nothing at
all. The motion’s denied.”
¶ 56 The court then sentenced defendant to 13 years’ imprisonment for the predatory-criminal-
sexual-assault-of-a-child conviction to be served consecutively to concurrent terms of 6 years’
imprisonment for each of the aggravated-criminal-sexual-abuse convictions. The court explained
that, upon completion of the sentence, defendant would be subject to three years of MSR. The
written judgment lists the MSR period, however, as three years to life. It also lists the date of the
offenses as January 1, 1996, to March 31, 2003.
- 25 -
2021 IL App (2d) 190699-U¶ 57 Defendant moved to reconsider the sentence. On August 7, 2019, the court granted the
motion in part, as it related to truth-in-sentencing for the predatory-sexual-assault conviction. This
appeal followed.
¶ 58 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 59 A. Predatory Criminal Sexual Assault
¶ 60 There is no dispute on appeal that the statute creating the offense of predatory criminal
sexual assault did not become effective until May 29, 1996. As such, from January 1, 1996,
through May 28, 1996, a period included in the charging indictment here, there was no such
offense. Accordingly, defendant argues that, because he was charged with committing an offense
during a date range that encompassed a period before the offense was created, the indictment did
not state an offense and his conviction for predatory criminal sexual assault must be reversed.
¶ 61 The State asserts that defendant’s position is incorrect because (1) prior to trial, it orally
amended the indictment to a time frame when the statute was in effect (i.e., July 1, 1996), which
sufficiently apprised defendant of the nature of the charges against him; and (2) the trial evidence
reflects that defendant committed the offense at a time when the statute was in effect (i.e., in 1997,
when T.R. was five years old), and “no evidence suggested that defendant committed the offense
during the time where the [ ] statute was not in effect.” Alternatively, the State requests that this
court impose upon defendant a conviction for the lesser-included offense of aggravated criminal
sexual abuse and that we remand the cause for resentencing or, if we disagree, hold that defendant
does not have a claim of double jeopardy, given the overwhelming evidence of his guilt.
¶ 62 We review de novo the sufficiency of a charging document. People v. Espinoza, 2015 IL
118218, ¶ 15. For the following reasons, we agree with defendant that the indictment on count I
was fatally defective, and we vacate defendant’s predatory-sexual-assault-of-a-child conviction.
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-U¶ 63 The offense of predatory criminal sexual assault of a child was created by Public Act 89-
428, with an effective date of December 13, 1995; however, it was later declared unconstitutional.
See Johnson v. Edgar, 176 Ill. 2d 499 (1997). The effect was to render the offense void ab initio,
“as if it never existed.” People v. Tellez-Valencia, 188 Ill. 2d 523, 526 (1999). The General
Assembly, in Public Act 89-462, later reenacted the offense, but with an effective date of May 29,
1996. “[T]his reenactment had the effect of creating an entirely new criminal statute.” Id. Here,
the indictment alleged that defendant committed the offense of predatory criminal sexual assault
of a child between January 1, 1996, and March 31, 2003. As such, it included a period, albeit a
short one, when the offense did not exist, i.e., from January 1, through May 28, 1996.
¶ 64 Our standard of review is outcome determinative here. Specifically, when, unlike here, an
indictment is challenged for the first time on appeal, the standard of review is somewhat liberal,
allowing the court to consider whether the defect in the indictment prejudiced the defendant in
preparing his or her defense. People v. DiLorenzo, 169 Ill. 2d 318, 322 (1996). “In such a case,
it is sufficient that the indictment apprised the accused of the precise offense charged with enough
specificity to (1) allow preparation of his [or her] defense and (2) allow pleading a resulting
conviction as a bar to future prosecutions arising out of the same conduct.” Id. (citing People v.
Thingvold, 145 Ill. 2d 441, 448 (1991)). However, when, as here, the sufficiency of the charging
instrument is attacked pretrial, the standard of review is to determine only whether the instrument
“strictly complies with the requirements of section 111-3[(a)] of the Code of Criminal Procedure
of 1963 [725 ILCS 5/111-3(a) (West 2018)].” 2 (Emphasis in original.) DiLorenzo, 169 Ill. 2d at
321-22.
2
Section 111-3(a) of the Code provides:
- 27 -
2021 IL App (2d) 190699-U¶ 65 Here, on the morning of trial, the State orally moved to amend the indictment to allege that
defendant committed the predatory act in 1996. Defense counsel immediately objected that there
was no such crime in 1996 (which was partly true, as the crime did not exist until May 29 of that
year). The State agrees, and it also concedes on appeal that, for purposes of our review, defendant
challenged the sufficiency of the indictment pretrial. Indeed, in addition to challenging the
sufficiency of the indictment in response to the State’s motion to amend, at one point during the
instructions conference, counsel reiterated that there were “no offenses at the time.” Further,
defendant’s primary argument in his motion for a new trial concerned the indictment’s failure to
state an offense for predatory criminal sexual assault because the statute creating the offense was
not in effect during the period charged. In response to the motion for new trial, the State conceded
the point, but requested leave to again amend the indictment, which the court never addressed,
and, therefore, never granted. As such, there is no dispute that defendant is not challenging the
indictment for the first time on appeal, and we do not, therefore, perform a prejudice analysis.
Rather, we consider whether the indictment “strictly” complied with statutory charging
requirements. DiLorenzo, 169 Ill. 2d at 321-22
“(a) A charge shall be in writing and allege the commission of an offense by:
(1) Stating the name of the offense;
(2) Citing the statutory provision alleged to have been violated;
(3) Setting forth the nature and elements of the offense charged;
(4) Stating the date and county of the offense as definitely as can be done; and
(5) Stating the name of the accused, if known, and if not known, designate the
accused by any name or description by which he can be identified with
reasonable certainty.” (Emphasis added.) 725 ILCS 5/111-3 (West 2014).
- 28 -
2021 IL App (2d) 190699-U¶ 66 There exists strong support for defendant’s argument that, because it encompassed a period
before the statute creating the offense was in effect, count I of the indictment did not strictly
comply with the requirement that it plead an offense. We start with Tellez-Valencia, where, after
being charged by indictment with predatory criminal sexual assault of a child, the defendants were
convicted; however, while their appeals were pending, the law that created the offense was
invalidated. Tellez-Valencia, 188 Ill. 2d at 525. The effect was to render the offense void, as if it
never existed. Id. at 526. As such, the supreme court held that each of the “defendant’s charging
instrument[s] thus failed to state an offense because the statute under which each was charged and
prosecuted was not in effect when the alleged offenses occurred.” (Emphasis added.) Id. Further,
noting favorably the appellate court’s decision in People v. Wasson, 175 Ill. App. 3d 851 (1988),
the supreme court held that the State could not amend the charging instruments on appeal to instead
allege aggravated criminal sexual assault: “the defect caused by charging an offense based upon a
statute not in effect when the alleged offense occurred is fatal, rendering the entire instrument
invalid, and warranting reversal of [the] defendants’ convictions.” Id. at 527-28.
¶ 67 In Wasson, the court considered an information that charged the defendant with one count
of aggravated criminal sexual assault, an offense that was not effective until July 1, 1984;
nevertheless, the information charged that the defendant committed the act between July 1, 1983,
and April 24, 1985. See Wasson, 175 Ill. App. 3d at 853. The jury was presented with evidence
that the defendant committed acts on numerous occasions over the alleged period, but no jury
instruction was given (indeed, the trial court refused to give one) that an essential element of the
offense was finding that it occurred on or after the statute’s effective date. On appeal, the court
held that, to the extent it charged an offense prior to July 1, 1984, the information was fatally
defective and that the flaws invalidated the entire instrument and warranted reversal of the
- 29 -
2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Udefendant’s conviction. Id. at 855. The defendant in Wasson challenged the information for the
first time on appeal, and the court found him prejudiced:
“While the information adequately apprised defendant of the nature, cause, and
elements of the charge against him, it also charged him for conduct which occurred before
the statute came into effect. Defendant was hindered in the preparation of his defense
because he was forced to answer to crimes for which he could not have been lawfully
convicted.” (Emphases added.) Id. at 855.
Further, even though the appellate court was “convinced” that the victim’s testimony established
that an act occurred after July 1, 1984, it noted that there was conflicting testimony as to when the
offense was committed and, therefore, it was impossible to know whether the jury’s verdict was
based on an act that predated the effective date of the charged offense. Id. at 859-60. The court
reversed the conviction and remanded for a new trial. Id. at 860.
¶ 68 In People v. Mescall, 379 Ill. App. 3d 670 (2008), this court considered, in the framework
of a section 2-1401 petition (735 ILCS 5/2-1401 (West 2006)), whether an information charging
predatory criminal sexual assault of a child, based on conduct that allegedly occurred over a period
that included time before the effective date of the statute, was void or voidable. Id. at 672. In that
analysis, we held that the trial court had jurisdiction to enter the order and that the order was merely
voidable, but we also noted “the information was defective because a portion of the conduct
complained of was alleged to have occurred before the effective date of the statute.” (Emphases
added.) Id. at 678. Further, in rejecting the defendant’s arguments (again, presented not on direct
appeal, but via a section 2-1401 petition), the court noted that the defendant’s attorney had
acquiesced to a jury instruction stating that, if it found the offenses charged were committed, the
State was not required to prove that they were committed on the date charged. Id.- 30 -
2021 IL App (2d) 190699-U¶ 69 In addition to the foregoing authority supporting defendant’s position, we note that,
recently, another panel of this court considered an indictment that charged the defendant with
predatory criminal sexual assault of a child “on or between March 27, 1995[,] and March 27, 1997,
inclusive.” People v. Libricz, 2021 IL App (2d) 190329-U, ¶¶ 6-7. The court determined that the
two relevant counts of the indictment were, indeed, defective, as the defendant was charged with
an offense that did not exist during a portion of the alleged period. Id. at ¶ 40. It further explained,
“[a]lthough the present case is distinguishable from Tellez-Valencia because the offense
here did exist during a portion of the alleged periods, we nevertheless note that Tellez-
Valencia cited Wasson with approval. Further, in Mescall, the same kind of charging
irregularity as we have in this case was found to have rendered the charging instrument in
that case defective[.]” Id.Critically, although the court ultimately affirmed the defendant’s conviction, despite the defective
charging instrument, it did so only after noting that the defendant had not challenged the indictment
pretrial but was instead challenging the indictment for the first time on appeal, thus, allowing for
a prejudice analysis. Id. ¶¶ 42, 48. In addition, we also note that the court emphasized that the
defendant was convicted in a bench trial, where the trial judge was presumed to know the law and,
as such, would not have entered the conviction unless it found that the offense occurred on a date
after which the statute had taken effect. Id. ¶ 47.3
3
Although not cited for persuasive or precedential purposes, we note that, in People v.
Sanchez, 2020 IL App (2d) 181046-U, ¶ 16, another panel of this court held that the trial court had
properly granted the defendant’s motion to dismiss an indictment that was fatally defective for
alleging conduct within a date range in which the conduct was not yet prohibited by statute. Noting
- 31 -
2021 IL App (2d) 190699-U¶ 70 Here, there is simply no escaping the fact that count I of the indictment was defective.
Although it originally charged defendant with committing the offense between January 1, 1998,
and March 31, 2003, the State amended the indictment, over defendant’s objection, to a period
commencing January 1, 1996. As such, the indictment, as it existed at trial and as repeatedly read
to the jury, alleged that defendant committed predatory criminal sexual assault of a child during a
date range that included time before the effective date of the statute creating the offense.
Curiously, the State suggests that, because its oral request to amend the indictment requested a
change to July 1, 1996, i.e., after the effective date of the statute, the charging instrument properly
alleged the offense and defendant was, therefore, sufficiently informed of the nature of the charges
against him. We disagree. The court gave the State leave to make a change that it did not, in fact,
make. The indictment was not changed to July 1, 1996. It was changed to January 1, 1996.
the requirements of section 111-3(a) of the Code, including that the charging instrument state an
offense, the court explained, “The degree to which a court should tolerate deviance from those
requirements depends on the stage of proceedings in which the defendant first challenges the
charge.” Id. ¶ 14. As the defendant in that case attacked the charges before the trial court, and not
for the first time on appeal, the court explained that the question was whether the charges strictly
complied with pleading requirements. Id. Accordingly, the court held that the charges were
properly dismissed, because they alleged that the defendant committed acts during a period when
such conduct was not prohibited by the statute. Id. ¶ 16. Because “the sufficiency of the indictment
is reviewed differently depending on when the defendant first challenges it,” the court rejected the
State’s reliance on Mescall, where the defendant did not challenge the indictment until after he
was convicted, and it affirmed the court’s dismissal of the charges. Id.- 32 -
2021 IL App (2d) 190699-URegardless of the State’s intentions, and as it concedes on appeal, the indictment was twice read
to the jury with the January 1, 1996, date. It concedes that it bore the burden of preparing the
document to reflect the court’s grant of its motion and that “the People had asked the court to
amend the indictment ‘on its face’ which was incorrectly done.” Moreover, and as the State also
concedes, the indictment was never again amended.
¶ 71 The State next argues that, regardless of the date range alleged in the indictment, reversal
is not warranted because defendant was not prejudiced. Specifically, it contends that the trial
evidence reflected that defendant committed the offense of predatory criminal sexual assault of a
child after the amended statute was in effect, as T.R. testified that it occurred when she was five
years old, which would be on or after January 19, 1997. Further, the State asserts that, because
defendant focused his defense on the victims having misinterpreted his actions, as opposed to the
dates of the alleged incidents, he was not prejudiced. We reject these arguments.
¶ 72 First, while at risk of “beating a dead horse,” we reiterate that defendant is not raising his
objection to the charges for the first time on appeal, and we, therefore, strictly construe the
indictment itself, not the evidence later introduced at trial. Although the State professes confusion
on the appropriate standard of review for an unsuccessful pretrial challenge to the sufficiency of
the indictment, asking us to conclude that, in this situation, a defendant is required to show
prejudice that impacted his ability to prepare a defense, the foregoing authority clearly holds to the
contrary. Indeed, the State cites no case where the defendant attacked the charging instrument
prior to trial and the appellate court performed a prejudice analysis to assess whether the defect
warranted reversal. One case the State cites, Thingvold, even contradicts its argument, as the
supreme court there reiterated that, only when a defendant challenges an indictment for the first
time on appeal should the court consider prejudice, whereas, when the defendant challenges the
- 33 -
2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Ucharging instrument prior to trial, the analysis is whether the instrument strictly complied with
pleading requirements. Thingvold, 145 Ill. 2d at 448. Indeed, the supreme court even stated that
the appellate court had erred in considering that the jury in that case had been instructed to find
one act by the defendant within the limitations period at issue, as such evaluations were
“irrelevant” when there existed a pretrial motion to dismiss. Id. at 449-50. The supreme court
authority reflects that, in our present situation, a showing of prejudice is not required; as defendant
puts it, “[o]therwise, there would be no practical difference in the standard of review regardless of
whether the charging document was challenged before or after trial.”
¶ 73 Second, although we need not address it, we would also reject the State’s assertion that
the evidence made clear that the relevant act was committed in 1997. Without question, there was
certainly some evidence to support the State’s position; T.R. testified that defendant touched her
vagina when she was five years old, which would have been in 1997. But we disagree that the
record as a whole was as clear as the State would have us believe. Indeed, in full, the jury was
first informed that defendant was charged with committing the crime between January 1, 1996,
and March 31, 2003. Next, in opening statements, the State showed the jury a childhood photo of
T.R., saying “[m]eet five-year-old [T.R.] This is back in 1996. [T.R.] was five years old.”
(Emphasis added.) Defense counsel in opening noted that the State had referenced T.R. as being
five years old in 1996. On direct examination, the State directed T.R.’s attention to 1996 and 1997,
when she was “between four and six years old.” On cross-examination, defense counsel asked
about the vagina incident and whether T.R. had said it happened in 1996; she then responded, it
happened in 1995, when she was four or five years old. After some ensuing confusion and
additional questioning, T.R. clarified that the event happened in 1997. During Tanya’s cross-
examination, defense counsel asked her when T.R. said that defendant touched her beneath her
- 34 -
2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Ushorts, “it was 1996, right?” and Tanya responded, “okay.” In closing arguments, the State
clarified that T.R. was five years old in 1997, not 1995, but the court read the indictment again that
charged defendant with committing the offense between January 1, 1996, and March 31, 2003.
Given the myriad of dates presented at trial, and that, unlike in Libricz, defendant did not have a
bench trial, where we might generally presume that the judge knew the law and would not enter
judgment unless the evidence reflected the offense occurred on a date after the statute was
effective, here, we cannot know that the jury did not convict defendant for having committed the
act on a date between January and May 1996, before the offense charged existed. See Wasson,
175 Ill. App. 3d at 859-60. Further, we would note that, unlike in Mescall, counsel here objected
to the jury instruction that the State need not prove the date on which the charged crime was
committed. Thus, even if proper for our consideration, we would reject the State’s argument that
reversal of the conviction is not warranted because the evidence at trial established the act occurred
after the statute was in effect.
¶ 74 Finally, we also note that we do not find at all convincing the State’s argument that
defendant was not prejudiced by the indictment because his defense at trial did not focus on the
dates of the incidents. Again, what happened at trial is not relevant, because defendant objected
to the indictment prior to trial. Moreover, defendant did object to both the indictment dates and to
the instruction that the State need not prove the dates of the incidents. Those objections were
overruled. It was not defendant’s job at trial to prove the State’s case.
¶ 75 The State alternatively asks that, if we vacate the predatory-sexual-assault conviction, we
enter judgment instead for the lesser-included offense of aggravated criminal sexual abuse and
remand for resentencing. It contends that it is not seeking to amend the indictment on appeal, but
requests that we enter the conviction on the lesser-included offense pursuant to our powers under
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-UIllinois Supreme Court Rule 615(b)(3) (eff. Jan. 1, 1967). We decline to do so. First, despite the
State’s claim that it is not trying to amend the indictment on appeal, the effect is the same. In
Tellez-Valencia, our supreme court was faced with a similar request, and it held that allowing the
State to instead allege a different crime with the same elements, after a defendant has been
convicted on an invalid indictment, does not fall into the category of correcting merely formal
defects and would, instead, constitute an improper amendment of the indictment on appeal. See
Tellez-Valencia, 188 Ill. 2d at 526-27; see also People v. Hindson, 319 Ill. App. 3d 1, 7 (2001)
(recognizing the difference between amending an indictment before trial and doing so after a
defendant has been tried and convicted). Second, defendant here was alleged to have touched
T.R.’s vagina on one occasion, and the jury convicted him of both predatory criminal sexual assault
and aggravated criminal sexual abuse for that one event. As such, the propriety of our entering a
second conviction for aggravated criminal sexual abuse based on the same, single alleged act is
unclear.
¶ 76 In sum, “[a] charging instrument fails to state an offense if the statute under which the
defendant is charged and prosecuted is not in effect on the date of the alleged offense. A conviction
on a defective instrument must be reversed.” Wasson, 175 Ill. App. 3d at 854. Defendant here
argued that the State could not amend the indictment to 1996, as the predatory sexual assault crime
did not exist, and the court overruled the objection. Defendant again noted that no offense existed
during trial, and his objection formed the primary basis for his motion for new trial. The State
conceded the point in its response to the motion for new trial, as it does on appeal. Defendant was
convicted of a crime for a period that partly included time when there was no such offense. We
reject the State’s attempts to introduce a prejudice analysis or to obtain another conviction on the
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Ulesser-included offense. We reverse and vacate defendant’s predatory-sexual-assault-of-a-child
conviction.
¶ 77 B. Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel
¶ 78 Defendant next argues that he received ineffective assistance from his trial counsel. He
raises six overarching challenges to counsel’s performance concerning the: (1) failure to object to
T.R.’s hearsay statements to Shelly; (2) incorrect objection raised with respect to T.R.’s hearsay
statement to police officers and, then, counsel’s failure to preserve an objection by raising the issue
in the posttrial motion; (3) failure to object, on numerous possible grounds, to the double hearsay
contained in Tanya’s statement that she received a call from her mother that defendant had tried
to rape D.E., and, then, his failure to preserve the issue by including it in the posttrial motion; (4)
failure to object to introduction of defendant’s alleged prior acts of violence, including his yelling
at Shelly, getting violent with her, and use of a whip; (5) elicitation of, during C.R.’s cross-
examination, certain prejudicial information, including that defendant hit her butt and that she
referred to him as “the devil,” as well as the extended exchanges with respect to those incidents;
and (6) cumulative prejudice defendant suffered on account of counsel’s errors.
¶ 79 The State disagrees that counsel’s performance was ineffective. In sum, it contends that
counsel engaged in a reasonable trial strategy that defendant did not commit the acts of which T.R.
complained and, even if such acts occurred, T.R. misinterpreted the actions. Moreover, the State
disagrees that defendant can establish prejudice by any of counsel’s alleged failures.
¶ 80 The sixth amendment guarantees an accused in a criminal prosecution the right to effective
assistance of counsel. See U.S. Const., amend. VI; People v. Watson, 2012 IL App (2d) 091328,
¶ 22. “The constitutional guarantee of effective counsel contemplates that, to render the trial a
reliable adversarial process, counsel will engage evidentiary rules to shield his or her client from
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Ua decision based on unreliable evidence” and, further, that the assistance will “ ‘provide an
adversarial check to a prosecutor’s excessive endeavors.’ ” Id. (quoting People v. Fletcher, 335
Ill. App. 3d 447, 453 (2002)). Although an attorney’s decisions are presumed to be a matter of
trial strategy, that presumption may be overcome where no reasonably effective defense attorney
would engage in similar conduct. Id. ¶ 24. To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel,
a criminal defendant must establish deficiency and prejudice, namely (1) that counsel’s deficient
performance rendered the result of the trial unreliable or the proceeding fundamentally unfair
(performance prong); and (2) that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different (prejudice prong).
See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). A reasonable probability is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. People v. Bull, 185 Ill. 2d 179, 203 (1998). If
the ineffective-assistance claim can be disposed of on the ground that the defendant did not suffer
prejudice, we need not determine whether counsel’s performance was deficient. Id. Further, “[a]
defendant is entitled to reasonable, not perfect, representation, and mistakes in strategy or in
judgment do not, of themselves, render the representation incompetent. [Citation] Counsel’s
strategic choices are virtually unchallengeable.” People v. Fuller, 205 Ill. 2d 308, 331 (2002).
¶ 81 A defendant may raise an ineffective-assistance claim on direct appeal when the basis of
the claim can be ascertained from the record. Here, defendant’s claims concern counsel’s on-the-
record performance, and we can, therefore, ascertain whether counsel’s performance fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness and caused defendant prejudice. We review defendant’s
ineffective-assistance claim with deference to the trial court’s findings of fact (unless contrary to
the manifest weight of the evidence), but assess de novo the ultimate legal issue of whether
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Ucounsel’s act or omission constituted ineffective assistance. Watson, 2012 IL App (2d) 091328,
¶ 24.
¶ 82 1. T.R.’s Statements to Shelly
¶ 83 Defendant notes that, prior to trial, the State moved pursuant to section 115-10 of the Code
to admit one hearsay statement, i.e., T.R.’s 2003 statement to Tanya. At trial, however, the State
introduced additional hearsay, including T.R.’s statement to Shelly, which was repeated during
both T.R.’s and Shelly’s testimonies. Specifically, Shelly testified that T.R. said she had asked
defendant what he wanted, defendant raised her shirt, and “she said she thought he was going to
put his mouth on her breast.” T.R., in turn, testified that, after defendant put his mouth on her
nipple and she was crying, Shelly asked what happened, and “I told her what he did, and she got
really mad and she believed me.” Thus, although defendant concedes that section 115-10 permits,
for certain sex offenses, the admission of out-of-court statements by the victim in which he or she
complained of the act to another, which would otherwise generally constitute inadmissible hearsay
(see Ill. R. Evid. 801, 802 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011); 725 ILCS 5/115-10 (West 2018)), he contends that
the proponent seeking admission of hearsay pursuant to section 115-10 must disclose its intent to
offer the statement and the court must hold a hearing to determine the statement’s reliability. 725
ILCS 5/115-10 (West 2018). Here, defendant argues, the State did not seek section 115-10
admission of T.R.’s statements to Shelly, no hearing was held, and no reliability findings were
made by the court regarding the statements. As such, defendant argues, defense counsel could
have raised a meritorious objection to the hearsay in both Shelly’s and T.R.’s testimonies. Further,
defendant asserts that counsel should have objected to T.R.’s speculative statement that Shelley
“believed” her. Nevertheless, counsel let those statements come in unchallenged, which was
unreasonable and prejudicial, because, where defense counsel’s theory of the case was that the
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Uevents did not happen, the repeated hearsay allegations concerned events that he needed the jury
to disbelieve.
¶ 84 The State argues that counsel’s failure to object to this testimony was consistent with the
defense theory that T.R. misinterpreted defendant’s actions, as Shelly’s testimony, in full,
explained that, after T.R. complained, Shelly confronted defendant, who told her that it was
misinterpreted, and he was only blowing on her stomach. When Shelly asked T.R. “did he put his
mouth on your breast,” she said “no,” and Shelly asked T.R., “is it possible that that’s what he was
going to do. And she said yeah, there was a possibility.” The State further contends that, as Shelly
did not notify the police or T.R.’s parents, the evidence shows that she did not initially believe
T.R.’s claims about defendant; accordingly, her testimony supported defendant’s trial strategy that
the claims were fabricated or misinterpreted.
¶ 85 As to prejudice, the State asserts that there was none from T.R.’s allegedly speculative
comment that Shelly “believed” her, because the evidence reflected otherwise. In addition, the
State contends that Shelly’s testimony concerning what T.R. told her created minimal prejudice,
because it was cumulative to T.R.’s own testimony about the circumstances leading up to her claim
that defendant lifted her shirt and put his mouth on her breast, as well as what occurred immediately
following that offense. Finally, the State asserts that T.R.’s statements to Shelly were potentially
admissible under section 115-10, so “defendant cannot establish prejudice from the admission of
this evidence where it was likely admissible under that exception.” It notes that T.R.’s statements
to Shelly were reliable because they occurred right after the event, she had no motive to fabricate
them, defendant’s statement when confronted corroborated her claim that something occurred, and
T.R. was subject to cross-examination. In addition, the State claims the statement would have
been admissible under the excited-utterance exception to the hearsay rule.
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-U¶ 86 We agree with the State. Even if counsel’s failure to object to the hearsay statements in
T.R.’s and Shelly’s testimonies was objectively unreasonable, we disagree that there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different. Defendant’s argument at trial was that the charged events did not occur or, if they did,
they were misinterpreted. While we appreciate defendant’s point that the combined testimony told
the jury that T.R. did not just tell this story for the first time at trial but, rather, made a prior
consistent statement near the time of the event, we agree with the State that Shelly’s testimony, in
full context, supported defendant’s theory that the event was misinterpreted. Although an event
took place, upon hearing defendant’s explanation, T.R. agreed with Shelly that defendant might
simply have been trying to blow on her stomach. Further, we agree with the State that T.R.’s
testimony that Shelly “believed” her did not prejudice defendant; indeed, the testimony reflects
that, while Shelly possibly “believed” that something occurred that upset T.R., upon questioning
defendant and T.R., the evidence reflected that Shelly thought defendant was only blowing on
T.R.’s stomach, she did not tell anyone about the incident, and told defendant only that he could
not roughhouse with T.R. any longer. Finally, regarding T.R.’s testimony that, immediately after
the event, she told Shelly about defendant lifting her shirt, we again do not find prejudice that
undermines our confidence in the outcome. Even if counsel should have objected to the hearsay,
T.R.’s full testimony explained that, when Shelly confronted defendant, he denied that anything
happened, which was consistent with his defense. As such, defense counsel’s failure to object to
T.R.’s and Shelly’s hearsay testimony, even if unreasonable, does not undermine our confidence
in the outcome, and his ineffective-assistance claim on this point fails.
¶ 87 2. T.R.’s Statements to Police
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-U¶ 88 Next, defendant again notes that only one statement, T.R.’s statement to Tanya in 2003,
was litigated pretrial in accordance with section 115-10 of the Code. Yet, at trial, T.R. described
in detail the specifics of her statement to police officers, including that defendant put her chest and
nipple in his mouth and kissed it, and that she demonstrated with her fingers for police how he
touched her vagina. The detective who interviewed T.R. was never called as a witness. Although
counsel objected that there was “improper direct testimony,” defendant argues that it is simply not
clear what objection he was trying to make, and it certainly did not concern section 115-10. This
was error, defendant argues, because an objection on specific grounds waives all other grounds of
objection. In addition, counsel did not include the issue in a posttrial motion to preserve it for
appellate review, which may form the basis of an ineffective-assistance claim. See, e.g., People
v. Brinson, 80 Ill. App. 3d 388, 393-94 (1980).
¶ 89 The State asserts that the testimony was proper because it was elicited on re-direct
examination only after defense counsel highlighted certain omissions and discrepancies between
T.R.’s in-court testimony and her statement to police. Specifically, on cross-examination, defense
counsel confronted T.R. with the fact that her written statement did not claim that defendant
“sucked her nipple.” As such, on re-direct, the State tried to clarify the discrepancies between
T.R.’s language choice, given that she was 11 years old when she gave her statement, but 26 years
old at trial. In any event, the State claims, defendant was not prejudiced because the substance of
the statements was properly admitted during T.R.’s testimony.
¶ 90 We agree with defendant. First, it is true that defense counsel used T.R.’s statement to
police to defendant’s advantage during cross-examination, as she admitted that she did not, in that
statement, mention defendant touching her vagina, her “private parts,” or sucking her nipple. On
re-direct examination, however, the State did not merely inquire about her “word choice” at various
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Uages. Rather, it elicited detailed testimony about how T.R. described defendant’s touching to
police, and it prompted her to demonstrate for the jury what she showed police. Specifically, the
State first prompted, “In fact, you described to the detective with your hands, correct?” T.R.
answered, “Yes. He made me—He had me do a representation of a vagina with my fingers and
he had me use my other hand to show how [defendant]’s fingers touched me.” The State then
asked her to demonstrate how she used her fingers to show the officer. T.R. responded, “He had
me go like this. This is the vagina. These are the lips.” The State summarized, “Your Honor, for
the record, the witness is taking her pointer and middle finger and pointing them outward.” T.R.
then continued, “Then he had me take these two fingers and I showed him how it went inside in
between the lips.” The State summarized, “For the record, the witness took her right hand, her
other hand with her two fingers and placed those two fingers between the two fingers on her left
hand.” As defendant points out, defense counsel raised no objection to this testimony. T.R.’s
statements to police were hearsay but were never the subject of a section 115-10 motion or hearing.
Nor was the officer to whom she gave the statement called at trial. The State says the evidence
was properly admitted during T.R’s testimony, but cites no authority making it so. Indeed, section
115-10 provides that statements and complaints made by the victim to others, including
“describing” and providing “detail” about the act, are admissible, but only if certain factors are
met, including where “[t]he court finds in a hearing conducted outside the presence of the jury that
the time, content, and circumstances of the statement provide sufficient safeguards of reliability.”
725 ILCS 5/115-10(a)(2), (b)(1) (West 2018). Further, “the proponent of the statement shall give
the adverse party reasonable notice of his [or her] intention to offer the statement and the
particulars of the statement.” Id. 115-10(d). Neither factor was satisfied here. In any event, “the
issue on appeal here concerns advocacy, not admissibility.” (Emphasis in original.) Watson, 2012
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-UIL App (2d) 091328, ¶ 30. We can think of no objectively reasonable strategy for counsel not
offering an objection to this evidence at trial. Nor can we think of an objectively reasonable reason
for counsel’s failure to raise the issue in a posttrial motion, so as to preserve it for appellate review.
Thus, defendant’s argument satisfies the deficient performance prong of an ineffective-assistance
claim.
¶ 91 It also satisfies the prejudice prong. We cannot conclude that defendant suffered no
prejudice from counsel’s failure to object to T.R.’s testimony about how she showed officers
defendant penetrated her. Whether and how defendant touched T.R.’s vagina was a critical
inquiry, as it supported both the predatory charge of penetration and the aggravated-sexual-assault
charge for the touching. The record reflects that the jury was focused on T.R.’s statement to police
during its deliberations. It specifically asked to see the statement; the court disallowed it. Indeed,
the record reflects that, because T.R.’s written statement lacked allegations about vaginal touching,
defense counsel wanted the jury to see it, yet he did not object when T.R. testified about what she
told police about the touching and her demonstration of what she showed them with her fingers.
As such, the jurors were provided a detailed description and visual imagery of T.R. demonstrating
for police how defendant touched her, without the counterbalancing written statement reflecting
no allegation of vaginal touching. And, while counsel objected at trial to the court’s decision not
to allow the statement to go back to the jury and raised that issue in a posttrial motion, no objection
was raised at trial or posttrial to T.R.’s hearsay about her police statement. As such, we agree that
defendant received ineffective assistance of trial counsel, where counsel failed to object to the
admission of T.R.’s hearsay testimony regarding her statement to police.
¶ 92 3. Tanya’s Hearsay Statements
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-U¶ 93 Defendant argues next that, prior to trial, the State moved pursuant to section 115-7.3 to
introduce only two instances of conduct: defendant kissed C.R. on the mouth and with his tongue,
and defendant grabbed D.E.’s breasts. The court overruled counsel’s objection and found the
incidents admissible, noting that counsel could always move to strike the testimony if the State
failed to prove up the allegations. Nevertheless, D.E. was never called to testify. Instead, the
evidence concerning D.E. was introduced through Tanya, who did not mention defendant grabbing
D.E.’s breasts but, rather, that her mother told her that defendant “tried to rape” D.E. Defendant
argues that the testimony was inadmissible, as it constituted double hearsay, and that even grabbing
D.E.’s breasts, when she was 23 years old, was insufficiently similar to the charged conduct to
warrant admissibility, let alone a claim that he “tried to rape” D.E., an allegation which had no
similarity to the charged conduct. Defendant argues that introducing the incident with D.E. was
unnecessary because Tanya could have simply testified that she asked T.R. whether defendant had
ever touched her inappropriately; no explanation regarding why Tanya asked that question was
required. In addition, defendant agrees that counsel objected to the testimony before and during
trial (“Objection as to any type of conversation concerning a phone call”); however, despite several
potentially meritorious grounds to object, counsel never noted D.E.’s absence from trial, the
requirements under section 115-7.3 of the Code that other bad acts be disclosed prior to trial, be
similar to that charged, and not unduly prejudicial (see 725 ILCS 5/115-7.3(c), (d) (West 2018)),
nor did he take up the court’s suggestion to move to strike the testimony if it was not properly
proved up, i.e., where D.E. did not testify. Further, when defense counsel objected to the phone-
call testimony at trial, the trial court overruled the objection, noting that the testimony of “rape”
was admitted for a limited purpose and not for the truth of the matter asserted. However, the jury
was never given a limiting instruction. In fact, the only instruction the jury received about other
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Ubad conduct was that it could be considered for the limited purpose of establishing propensity.
Finally, defendant notes that counsel did not include this issue in the posttrial motion and, thus, it
was not preserved for appeal.
¶ 94 The State argues that Tanya’s testimony was not hearsay because it was not offered for the
truth of the matter asserted but, rather, to demonstrate her state of mind and why she subsequently
asked T.R. about defendant’s conduct. It contends that the “brief statement” was offered only for
the limited purpose of explaining why Tanya spoke with T.R. and that the court overruled defense
counsel’s objection to the testimony exactly because it was received for a limited purpose and not
for the truth of the matter asserted. To the extent we find admission of the evidence was error or
that counsel should have moved to strike the testimony, the State next contends that defendant was
not prejudiced because the State did not introduce additional testimony about the specific nature
of the allegations involving D.E. Indeed, the State contends, D.E.’s absence at trial benefited
defendant, because he was able to suggest without her contradiction that the allegations again him
were fabricated when he asked D.E. to pay him rent. As such, given D.E.’s absence at trial, the
State argues, defendant cannot establish that the one brief statement by Tanya constituted prejudice
such that the result of the trial would have been different.
¶ 95 We agree with defendant. The State apparently believes that, if unduly prejudicial
statements were brief, there was no damage. Defendant here was charged with committing sex
crimes against a child, but the jury heard, for the “limited purpose” of propensity (indeed, an
oxymoron), that defendant tried to “rape” an adult. It goes without saying that rape is a violent,
egregious crime. Yet it was alleged here against defendant with no prove-up testimony, no
similarity between that act against an adult and those alleged against the child victim here (other
than D.E. being a family member), and for virtually no purpose. As defendant points out, there
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Uwas limited, if any, probative purpose for the evidence; the jury did not need to know Tanya’s
“state of mind” and reason for asking T.R. questions about defendant. The State’s claim that there
was no prejudice because it allowed defendant to argue that D.E. was angry over his request that
she pay rent is nonsensical. That testimony came from defendant and had nothing to do with
Tanya. We agree that defense counsel’s failure to raise proper objections to the highly-prejudicial
testimony at trial, or to at least raise this issue in the posttrial motion to preserve it for appellate
review, was objectively unreasonable. Again, the issue here concerns advocacy. See Watson,
2012 IL App (2d) 091328, ¶ 30.
¶ 96 Further, we cannot say that there was no prejudice, where the allegation of rape is, itself,
prejudicial, and the lack of prove-up testimony or detail could have left the jury speculating about
what actually occurred, where the act, at least as it was litigated pretrial at the section 115-7.3
hearing, apparently involved defendant grabbing D.E.’s breasts. Clearly, any probative value
about defendant’s alleged “rape” of D.E. was outweighed by its prejudicial effect. Moreover, there
was no limiting instruction offered, and the jury was instructed that it could consider allegations
of other bad conduct to prove defendant’s propensity. When coupled with the other allegations of
bad acts, such as defendant’s alleged anger, violence, and use of a whip, which we address below,
the unexplained allegation of rape could only have added to the depiction of defendant as a violent
person deserving of punishment. Counsel’s failure to raise proper objections to this evidence and
to preserve them in a posttrial motion was objectively unreasonable and prejudiced defendant.
¶ 97 4. Evidence of Defendant’s Other Bad Acts
¶ 98 Next, defendant asserts that evidence of prior bad acts is inadmissible if offered only to
establish a propensity to commit crime, yet T.R. testified that she did not want to go into the
bedroom because defendant scared her, often yelled at Shelly, “always” hit T.R. with a whip, and
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Umade Shelly punish T.R. The State never offered nonpropensity bases for the evidence, nor was
the jury ever instructed to consider the evidence for a purpose other than propensity. Indeed, the
only instruction the jury received concerning other bad acts was that it should consider the
evidence for propensity. Defendant also contends the evidence was not relevant because,
regardless of why T.R. did not want to go the bedroom, she testified that she did go and, so, the
jury did not need to hear the prior-bad-acts evidence. He argues that any probative value was far
outweighed by prejudicial effect: “[t]he jury simply did not need to know that [he] yelled at his
wife and had a whip hanging on his living room wall. Such evidence served only to make him
seem like an angry, violent person, who should be convicted regardless of the strength of the
State’s evidence.” In addition, defendant contends that another improperly admitted bad act
concerned T.R.’s testimony that she was not going to tell Shelly that defendant put his mouth on
her breast because she did not want Shelly to get in trouble, as she knew “he would get violent
with her and he would yell at her.” Again, defendant argues that there was no reason for the jury
to hear this evidence, particularly when, despite her testimony that she did not want to tell Shelly
what happened, T.R. did immediately tell her what happened. Defendant argues that his counsel
should have objected to this evidence, but did not, and the failure constituted deficient
performance.
¶ 99 The State responds that the evidence was relevant and admissible to establish T.R.’s state
of mind and rebut defendant’s claim that any contact that occurred was misinterpreted.
Specifically, although defendant claimed that he acted as any uncle does with nieces and that T.R.
misinterpreted his actions or his actions were not done for the purpose of sexual gratification, the
evidence was relevant to show that T.R. did not perceive her relationship with defendant the way
he claimed. Further, the State argues, any prejudice was minimal, as neither T.R. nor the State
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Uelaborated on the allegation that defendant hit her with a whip. Finally, the State asserts the
evidence of how defendant treated Shelly was relevant to show why T.R. did not disclose
defendant’s crimes sooner, and it notes that T.R. did not describe any specific acts of physical
violence by defendant towards Shelly, and, therefore, there was no prejudice.
¶ 100 We agree with defendant. The State contends that, even if objectively unreasonable,
defense counsel’s failure to object to testimony that his client hit T.R. with a whip and was violent
with his wife was not prejudicial, because it showed T.R. did not perceive her relationship with
defendant the way he characterized it. As defendant notes in reply, this is “just a propensity
argument by another name. Essentially, the State is claiming that because [defendant] committed
this other, unrelated abuse (hitting T.R. with the whip), he is more likely to have committed the
charged crime.” Similarly, the State asserts that the evidence concerning defendant’s violence
with Shelly explained why T.R. did not want to disclose the crimes sooner, but T.R. and Shelly
both testified that she did immediately disclose one act. In sum, the State cites no authority that
there is a proper, nonpropensity purpose for introducing the evidence, which was not disclosed
before trial, nor was the jury instructed to consider it for a nonpropensity purpose. There were no
limits on the jury’s use of information that defendant was violent with Shelly and used a whip on
T.R., and, again, it was instructed to consider other bad acts for the purpose of propensity. In
closing argument, the State mentioned that T.R. did not want to go see defendant in the bedroom
and that she did not want to go because “she didn’t want to get that whip.” The allegations were
not like the charged conduct, were of limited probative value, and any minimal probative value
was outweighed but the prejudicial effect. As such, we agree with defendant that counsel’s failure
to object to the testimony or raise it in a posttrial motion was objectively unreasonable and
prejudicial.
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-U¶ 101 5. Elicitation of Damaging Evidence on Cross-Examination
¶ 102 Defendant next points out that, through his cross-examination of C.R., his counsel twice
elicited damaging testimony. First, counsel asked whether, in addition to kissing her, defendant
did anything else to her, which resulted in C.R. disclosing for the first time that defendant touched
her “butt.” There was no prior disclosure that defendant had ever done anything besides kiss C.R.,
“[y]et, for no obvious reason, [counsel] engaged in this extended exchange in which C.R.
repeatedly stated that [defendant] had touched her butt.” Defendant asserts that counsel either
knew of the allegation or violated the first rule of cross-examination by asking a question for which
he did not already know the answer. Later, counsel asked C.R. why she did not reach out to
defendant after 2003, and she compared defendant to “the devil.” Defendant argues that asking
this question defies common sense; “[t]here is no obvious strategy for asking a child sexual abuse
victim why she did not reach out to her abuser.” Moreover, the answer that she called defendant
the devil was non-responsive, yet counsel did not move to strike that part of the answer but
continued prying about why she called him the devil. Counsel further opened the door for the State
on redirect to expound on her answer, and she elaborated that she called him the devil because he
took away her innocence.
¶ 103 The State responds that counsel was not ineffective for eliciting these two areas of
testimony, as his questions were designed to further the trial strategy that the victims
misinterpreted defendant’s actions. As there had been no allegations of sexual penetration
involving defendant and C.R., the State contends that counsel’s question, “did he do anything
else,” was intended to demonstrate that nothing more serious occurred. Further, the State notes
that counsel tried to portray her response that he touched her “butt” as just another misinterpreted,
normal family contact incident, just as he tried to portray kissing as normal family contact. The
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-UState asserts that, given the evidence against defendant, counsel’s strategy was objectively
reasonable. Further, as to the “devil” remarks, the State contends that they were not so prejudicial
as to warrant reversal of the conviction. To the extent that counsel was ineffective for failing to
object, the State argues that the evidence was not of such a conclusive nature that the result of the
trial would have been different.
¶ 104 We agree with defendant. The State’s attempt to cast counsel’s questions as simply trying
to show misinterpretation of defendant’s conduct is, at best, a stretch. This issue does not concern
counsel’s attempts to minimize characterization of disclosed charged conduct or conduct deemed
admissible by the court before trial (e.g., defendant’s open-mouthed kissing of C.R.). This
questioning concerns counsel inviting a witness to expound on any other undisclosed act that may
have occurred, and then, in a lengthy examination about the newly raised “butt touching”
allegations, bringing the character of that action into play. Counsel smacked his own buttocks in
front of the jury, and he elicited testimony in a manner that gave C.R. the opportunity to reiterate
that defendant “frequently” touched her “butt,” engaged in behavior that was “not normal,” he was
not teasing, he was not supposed to kiss her in that way, and he spanked and slapped her. As
defendant notes, a cardinal rule of cross-examination is to avoid asking a question for which the
answer is not already known, and counsel here did so and elicited numerous damaging answers.
See, e.g., 4 Lane Goldstein Trial Technique § 19:74 (3d ed.) (“One of the basic ‘don’ts’ of the
cardinal principles of cross-examination involves never asking a question on cross-examination
unless you know what the answer will be and that it will be favorable to your side of the case.”).
We can think of no objectively reasonable strategy for pursuing the initial question or for
prolonging the examination. Similarly, we agree that there is virtually no legitimate purpose for
counsel to ask a sexual-assault victim whether she reached out to her abuser afterwards and, if not,
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Uthen, “why not?” As a result of this question, C.R. repeatedly referred to defendant as “the devil”
and explained that defendant stole her innocence. The State asserts that the comments were not
particularly prejudicial, yet we think it is commonly known that being compared to the devil is a
comparison with “evil.” This could only heighten the risk that the jury would impose punishment
because it believed defendant to be a bad person. Moreover, the court allowed the State on re-
direct to expound on the “devil” comments because defense counsel had “opened the door.” And
the State offers no explanation, let alone an objectively reasonable one, for counsel’s failure to
object and move to strike the devil comments. Nor did he raise the issue posttrial. We again
conclude that counsel’s performance was unreasonable and prejudicial.
¶ 105 6. Cumulative Prejudice from Counsel’s Errors
¶ 106 Finally, defendant argues that he was prejudiced by the cumulative effect of counsel’s
errors. He notes that people tend to believe that which is repeated most often, despite intrinsic
merit, so the admission of T.R.’s statements to Shelly and the police were harmful, and counsel
should have objected to T.R.’s story being repeated three times. Indeed, he contends, as the jury
asked for a copy of T.R.’s statement to police during deliberations, this evidence was on the jury’s
mind. Further, the evidence that he tried to “rape” D.E., touched C.R.’s “butt,” was violent with
his wife, and whipped T.R. constituted bad-acts evidence, which carried a high risk of prejudice
and was highlighted in the State’s closing, yet counsel did not properly object or preserve these
issues for appeal. Defendant asserts that the evidence against him was not overwhelming, as he
denied every incident, thus it was a credibility contest; T.R. did not disclose the incidents for
multiple years; numerous persons lived in the home, but witnessed none of the incidents, including
any of the allegedly-frequent open-mouthed kissing; defendant’s handwritten statement did not
mention any of the charged offenses; and Officer Rivera’s memory of the interview, 15 years after
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Uthe event, is the only evidence of what occurred therein. Thus, defendant argues, the multitude of
trial counsel’s errors deprived him of his right to effective assistance. He requests that we reverse
and remand for a new trial.
¶ 107 The State disagrees. It contends that the evidence against was overwhelming, given T.R.’s
and C.R.’s testimonies, defendant’s handwritten statement apologizing for his actions and asking
for forgiveness, his admission to police that he lifted T.R.’s shirt and blew on her stomach, and his
flight from the jurisdiction and adoption of a new identity. As such, the State contends that none
of the alleged errors is so prejudicial that the result of the trial would have been different, and it
asks that we reject defendant’s ineffective-assistance claims.
¶ 108 As we have concluded that there were several instances of ineffective assistance requiring
reversal, we need not delve too deeply into this cumulative argument. We acknowledge that
defense counsel faced a challenging case, given the nature of the allegations against defendant,
defendant’s perceived flight, and the request in his statement for forgiveness. We further
acknowledge that counsel’s timely and repeated objection to the defective indictment has, in fact,
secured a reversal of defendant’s predatory-criminal-sexual-assault-of-a-child conviction.
However, and as defendant points out, the case against him included a “confession” wherein he
mentioned none of the charged conduct, remote allegations, no physical evidence, and a police
officer’s recollection of an unrecorded interview from more than 15 years prior. As such, it is
possible that counsel’s mistakes noted above could have tipped the scales to secure defendant’s
conviction. We reverse and remand for a new trial on the aggravated-criminal-sexual-abuse counts.
¶ 109 C. Krankel Inquiry
¶ 110 Next, defendant argues that the Krankel inquiry into his ineffective-assistance allegations
was inadequate. Specifically, defendant notes that, in his written motion and again before the trial
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-Ucourt, he explained that the State had made a plea offer that he had wanted to accept, but his counsel
told him that, if he accepted the offer and did not go to trial, he would withdraw from defendant’s
case. At the Krankel hearing, however, the court’s questions and counsel’s answers established
only that there were, indeed, plea negotiations, the offer was communicated to defendant, and the
decision to “reject” the offer was jointly made. Yet, defendant argues, none of those claims was
inconsistent with his contentions. Indeed, the court simply stopped its inquiry too soon, as it never
questioned defense counsel about what happened in his conversations with defendant and what led
to the decision to reject the plea. Because the court’s inquiry did not touch on the underlying facts
of the pro se claim, defendant argues the case must be remanded for an adequate Krankel hearing.
¶ 111 We need not address this argument. Specifically, defendant raises this argument as an
alternative to his first two arguments on appeal. As we have found those arguments successful
and are reversing his convictions and remanding for a new trial, we need not also consider the
Krankel argument.
¶ 112 D. MSR Term on the Mittimus
¶ 113 Finally, defendant argues that the mittimus must be corrected to comport with the trial
court’s oral pronouncement of sentence. Specifically, defendant notes that, at sentencing, the court
announced that defendant would serve a three-year MSR term. The written sentencing order,
however, reflects an MSR term of three years to life. The three-years-to-life MSR term, however,
was not enacted until 2005, and, as defendant was charged as having committed offenses between
1996 and 2003, does not apply to him. The State agrees. Nevertheless, we need not address this
issue, as we are reversing defendant’s convictions and remanding for a new trial.
¶ 114 III. CONCLUSION
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2021 IL App (2d) 190699-U¶ 115 For the forgoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court and vacate
defendant’s predatory-criminal-sexual-assault-of-a-child conviction.
¶ 116 We also reverse defendant’s convictions for aggravated criminal sexual abuse and remand
those counts for a new trial. Our reversal raises a double-jeopardy issue, as, unless the first trial
presented sufficient evidence to prove defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, the double-
jeopardy clause of the United States Constitution prohibits the State from having yet another
opportunity to try its case. See People v. Sperry, 2020 IL App (2d) 180296, ¶ 30. Thus, we are
required to consider the sufficiency of the evidence before remanding for a new trial. Id. Here,
defendant does not, on appeal, challenge the sufficiency of the evidence, and his requested relief
for the ineffective-assistance claims is that we reverse and remand for a new trial. We agree that
the evidence here, viewed in the light most favorable to the State, is sufficient to support the jury’s
verdict of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. We emphasize, however, that this determination is not
binding on remand and does not reflect our opinion on defendant’s guilt or innocence.
¶ 117 For the reasons stated, the judgment of the circuit court of Lake County is reversed and
remanded for proceedings consistent with this order.
¶ 118 Reversed and remanded.
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