People v. Wells , 2024 IL App (1st) 232453 ( 2024 )

2024 IL App (1st) 232453No. 1-23-2453B
Opinion filed March 1, 2024
Third Division
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County.
)
v. ) No. 23 MC1 11486301
)
RICHARD WELLS, ) Honorable
) William N. Fahy,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.
JUSTICE VAN TINE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Reyes specially concurred, with opinion.
Justice Lampkin specially concurred, with opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Defendant Richard Wells appeals the trial court’s order granting the State’s petition to deny
him pretrial release pursuant to article 110 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS
5/art. 110 (West 2022)), as amended by Public Act 101-652 (eff. Jan. 1, 2023), commonly known
as the Pretrial Fairness Act. 1 See Pub. Act 102-1104, § 70 (eff. Jan. 1, 2023) (amending various
1
The legislation has also been referred to as the Safety, Accountability, Fairness and Equity-
Today (SAFE-T) Act. Neither commonly known name is official, as neither appears in the Illinois
Compiled Statutes or the public act.
No. 1-23-2453B
provisions of the Pretrial Fairness Act); Rowe v. Raoul, 2023 IL 129248, ¶ 52 (lifting stay and
setting effective date as September 18, 2023).
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 Defendant was arrested on December 4, 2023, and charged with being an armed habitual
criminal (AHC) (720 ILCS 5/24-1.7(a) (West 2022)), aggravated unlawful use of a weapon (id.
§ 24-1.6(a)(1)), reckless discharge of a firearm (id. § 24-1.5(a)), and unlawful use of a weapon by
a felon (id. § 24-1.1(a)). The charges arose from defendant allegedly firing a revolver at individuals
at a gas station.
¶4 The following day, the State filed a petition for pretrial detention pursuant to section 110-
6.1(a)(6) of the Pretrial Fairness Act (725 ILCS 5/110-6.1(a)(6) (West 2022)), alleging that the
proof was evident or the presumption great that defendant committed the offense of being an AHC
and that he posed a real and present threat to the community’s safety.
¶5 The public safety assessment from the Office of Statewide Pretrial Services (OSPS)
indicated that defendant had previously been convicted of a felony but did not include a “new
violent criminal activity flag.” In the assessment, defendant scored a 3 out of 6 in terms of “new
criminal activity” and 2 out of 6 in terms of “failure to appear.” Pretrial Services recommended
release with pretrial monitoring.
¶6 At a hearing on the State’s petition, the State proffered that at approximately 6:50 p.m. on
December 4, 2023, defendant fired a revolver toward several unidentified individuals at a gas
station in Chicago. Police officers on patrol nearby heard the gunfire. They observed defendant
running from the gas station toward a vehicle while holding his right side and then they saw him
place an object in the vehicle. When the officers detained defendant and other individuals in the
-2-
No. 1-23-2453B
vehicle, they saw a revolver in the center console’s cup holder. The revolver contained one
expended shell casing. The officers obtained a surveillance video recording that showed defendant
firing the revolver at individuals and then running away, while holding the revolver. 2
¶7 The State also proffered that in 2018 defendant was convicted of three counts of residential
burglary and sentenced to four years’ imprisonment, after which he completed parole in that case.
Defendant was also adjudicated “with an admission of guilt” for aggravated vehicular hijacking as
a juvenile in 2017.
¶8 Defendant proffered that, according to one of his family members who was at the scene,
defendant was running from the gas station because he was being shot at. The revolver that police
recovered was in the trunk, not in the center console cup holder, and it was registered to
defendant’s family member. Defendant also proffered that the officers never saw him holding a
firearm; they only saw him running with his hand at his side. Regarding the danger he presented
to the community, defendant argued that (1) his last violent offense was the 2017 aggravated
vehicular hijacking, (2) his 2018 residential burglary convictions did not involve violence, and (3)
he completed parole in 2021 and had not been charged with any other offenses since. Defendant
was 24 years old, worked full-time, and cared for his 2-year-old son. Defendant requested
“[p]retrial monitoring or a reasonable condition other than detention.”
¶9 The court granted the State’s petition for pretrial detention and ruled as follows:
“The charge for which the defendant comes before the Court is armed habitual
criminal. It’s a Class X felony and it is detainable under the Pretrial Fairness Act.
2
The State did not present this video recording at the pretrial detention hearing, and it is not part
of the record on appeal.
-3-
No. 1-23-2453B
Next, this Court must determine whether the State has proved by clear and
convincing evidence that the proof is evident and the presumption is great that this
defendant did, in fact, commit the detainable offense.
First, I have to look at the nature and circumstances of the offense. I am relying on
the State’s proffer. I am also relying on the excellent points that [defense counsel] has
raised about the possible identification or—well, possession issues, I should say, and
identification issues.
Relying on the State’s proffer, on December 4th at about 6:50 p.m.[,] I believe it
was 800 West 123rd Street, if I got that right from the proffer, law enforcement hears a
gunshot and sees this defendant running from a gas station located there to a Chevy Impala,
holding his right hand as if he’s trying to conceal or holding something in his right hand,
and
they do observe him place an item inside of the vehicle; the vehicle being the Chevy
Impala.
Apparently, the defendant and the vehicle [are] detained. There is video
surveillance. I’m not sure where it came from, if it’s from the gas station or from a nearby
business or residence. Apparently, that video surveillance shows the defendant discharging
a firearm at other individuals who were—are unknown at this point but apparently were at
the gas station. The video surveillance then shows this defendant run towards the vehicle,
holding a firearm. So, apparently, on the video surveillance the firearm is visible.
After the defendant is detained, there’s a replica firearm that’s seen in plain view,
along with this revolver. The revolver that is recovered was loaded, but it had an expended
-4-
No. 1-23-2453B
shell casing. We don’t see too many revolvers anymore, but that expended shell casing
corroborates that that was a firearm that was discharged.
So given the totality of what I’ve heard, including the State’s proffer with regards
to the defendant’s criminal history, I do believe the State has met its burden by clear and
convincing evidence that the proof is evident and the presumption is great that the
defendant did, in fact, commit this offense.
Next, I must determine whether the defendant poses a real and present threat to the
safety of others should he be released with some type of conditions that the Court may
impose.
With regards to that, I have to look at the nature of this offense. I can’t overlook
the fact that the level of violence in this particular offense where the defendant is identified
as the person who was firing a firearm at other individuals at a gas station. Clearly, the
defendant was armed. Clearly, he brandished a firearm. Clearly, he used a firearm by
discharging it while at the gas station and at individuals who were present at or near the
gas station.
So, yes, I do believe that the defendant does pose a real and present threat to the
safety of others, should he be released, based upon the nature and circumstances of this
particular offense.
Next, I must determine whether the—there are any conditions or set of conditions
that this Court can impose that would mitigate the real and present danger posed by the
defendant, should he be released. Again, [defense counsel] makes some excellent points
-5-
No. 1-23-2453B
with regards to this. The defendant, apparently, was discharged from IDOC in 2019;
apparently, successfully completed his parole.
I have considered the mitigation that’s been proffered by the defense: That the
defendant is 24 years old, he is working full time, does care for his small child, and he
appears to have support here in court today.
I’ve also taken into consideration the Pretrial score and their recommendation, a 3
and a 2, with a recommendation of Pretrial monitoring.
I also have to take into consideration the defendant’s criminal history and the nature
and circumstances of this particular offense. The defendant does have three prior residential
burglaries that he was convicted of, and he was discharged from parole on those cases in
2021, December of 2021, so actually less than—almost exactly two years ago.
I also have to take into consideration and I can consider from 2017 the defendant
was adjudicated delinquent for an aggravated vehicular hijacking, which is certainly a
crime of violence, and there’s a crime of violence before the Court.
So, looking at the totality of everything that I have heard, I do believe that the State
has sustained its burden. I am going to grant the petition to detain.”
¶ 10 The court’s written order found that defendant posed a real and present threat to the safety
of the community because he “was armed with a firearm and discharged the firearm in the direction
of other individuals.” It also found that no conditions could mitigate that threat because
“[d]efendant has 3 prior felony convictions [and] 1 prior adjudication for Agg[ravated] Veh[icular]
Hijacking.” The written order also incorporated the “reasons stated on the record.”
¶ 11 Defendant timely appealed.
-6-
No. 1-23-2453B
¶ 12 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 13 On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court should have granted pretrial release with
electronic monitoring. Specifically, he argues that the State failed to show that pretrial release with
electronic monitoring would not ensure his appearance or prevent him from committing a crime
and that the trial court abused its discretion by not imposing the least restrictive conditions of
release necessary to protect the community.
¶ 14 The Pretrial Fairness Act presumes that all defendants are eligible for pretrial release. Id.
§ 110-6.1(e). Relevant here, the State may file a petition for pretrial detention when “the
defendant’s pretrial release poses a real and present threat to the safety of any person or persons
or the community, based on the specific articulable facts of the case” and the defendant is charged
with certain qualifying offenses, one of which is AHC. Id. § 110-6.1(a)(6)(D). The State must
prove by clear and convincing “evidence” that (1) the proof is evident or the presumption great
that the defendant committed a detainable offense, (2) the defendant’s pretrial release poses a real
and present threat to the safety of any person or persons or the community, and (3) no condition
or combination of conditions of pretrial release could mitigate the real and present threat to the
safety of any person or the community or prevent the defendant’s willful flight from prosecution.
Id. § 110-6.1(e)(1)-(3).
¶ 15 A. Standard of Review
¶ 16 Defendant challenges only the trial court’s ruling of pretrial detention, not its factual
findings. The parties agree that we review the trial court’s pretrial detention ruling for an abuse of
discretion. Several other panels in this District have taken that approach. See, e.g., People v.
Whitmore, 2023 IL App (1st) 231807, ¶ 18; People v. Bradford, 2023 IL App (1st) 231785, ¶ 33.
-7-
No. 1-23-2453B
An abuse of discretion occurs when the court’s ruling is fanciful, arbitrary, or unreasonable or
where no reasonable person would agree with the court’s position. Bradford, 2023 IL App (1st)
231785, ¶ 33.
¶ 17 Although we agree with the parties that the abuse of discretion standard applies, Justice
Lampkin’s special concurrence to this opinion compels us to explain why the manifest weight of
the evidence standard does not apply. This pretrial detention hearing, like most pretrial detention
hearings, did not involve evidence in the legal sense of that term. Evidence consists of witness
testimony, documents, physical exhibits, stipulations, and judicially noticed facts. Illinois Pattern
Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 1.01 (approved July 18, 2014). The parties did not present any
“evidence” to the trial court. In fact, neither side presented what appears to be the most important
piece of evidence in this case: the surveillance video that allegedly shows defendant discharging
the revolver towards people at the gas station and then running away while holding the revolver.
Rather, the State simply described that video for the court. We cannot see how an Assistant State’s
Attorney’s oral summary of a video that is not in the record constitutes “evidence” that the trial
court or this court could weigh.
¶ 18 Both parties also made uncontested proffers about the facts of this case and defendant’s
criminal and personal background. The PFA allows parties to present “evidence” in that manner
(725 ILCS 5/110-1.6(f)(2) (West 2022)), but that does not mean that the manifest weight of the
evidence standard automatically applies. The manifest weight standard applies when the trial court
hears actual evidence like live witness testimony, as it would at a hearing on a motion to suppress
evidence. See, e.g., People v. Valle, 405 Ill. App. 3d 46, 57-58 (2010). By contrast, when the trial
court reviews only documentary evidence, de novo review applies. Addison Insurance Co. v. Fay,
-8-
No. 1-23-2453B
232 Ill. 2d 446, 453 (2009). Neither of those scenarios describe what happened at this pretrial
detention hearing, so neither of those standards of review apply.
¶ 19 Sentencing decisions, which are posttrial detention rulings, are the best analogy for pretrial
detention rulings. 3 Sentencing hearings, like pretrial detention hearings, are not subject to the Rules
of Evidence (People v. Arze, 2016 IL App (1st) 131959, ¶ 120), and often involve materials that
are not admitted as evidence, such as presentence investigation reports and statements from
victims, friends, and family. It is well-established that “[a] trial court’s sentence is entitled to great
deference and weight and may not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion.” People v. Nugen,
399 Ill. App. 3d 575, 588 (2010); see also People v. Geiger, 2012 IL 113181, ¶ 27. Sentencing
frequently involves profound deprivations of liberty that far surpass pretrial detention, up to and
including life imprisonment. If we entrust trial courts to exercise discretion in fashioning
sentences, then we should trust them to exercise discretion in making pretrial detention rulings,
and therefore the abuse of discretion standard of review should apply.
¶ 20 The abuse of discretion standard also applies in other areas of the law when we recognize
that the trial court is in a better position to evaluate an issue based on the court’s personal
observation of and familiarity with the case. See, e.g., Oldenstedt v. Marshall Erdman and
Associates, Inc., 381 Ill. App. 3d 1, 11 (2008) (effect of improper closing argument). That rationale
applies to pretrial detention hearings. The trial court is in a better position than we are to evaluate
whether a defendant should be detained pending trial. Unlike us, the trial court can observe the
defendant’s demeanor and whether he or she appears compliant versus defiant or threatening.
3
We acknowledge that a sentencing hearing occurs after a conviction, whereas a pretrial detention
ruling occurs before a conviction.
-9-
No. 1-23-2453B
¶ 21 We acknowledge that the law is not settled as to the standard of review that applies to
pretrial detention rulings. People v. Pitts, 2024 IL App (1st) 232336, ¶ 14 (collecting cases). Hence,
we have engaged in this analysis despite the parties’ agreement that the abuse of discretion
standard applies. We agree with the parties, and we will apply the abuse of discretion standard to
this appeal.
¶ 22 B. Pretrial Detention Ruling
¶ 23 We find that the trial court’s decision to detain defendant pending trial was not an abuse of
discretion. Defendant does not dispute that AHC is a qualifying offense for pretrial detention, and
on appeal, he does not dispute the State’s proffer as to the facts of this incident. Therefore, the trial
court’s finding that the proof was evident or the presumption great that defendant committed AHC
was not an abuse of discretion. The trial court also did not abuse its discretion by finding that
defendant’s pretrial release poses a threat to the community and that no conditions of release could
mitigate that threat. Defendant’s criminal history supported those conclusions. Defendant was
adjudicated delinquent in a juvenile aggravated vehicular hijacking case in April 2017. Just eight
months later, in December 2017, he was arrested for residential burglary. In June 2018, defendant
was convicted of three counts of residential burglary and was sentenced to four years’
imprisonment. He completed parole in December 2021. Just two years later, he was arrested in
this firearm case. This timeline indicates that not even the relatively recent experience of
incarceration deters defendant from allegedly committing violent crimes.
¶ 24 Defendant argues that the trial court should have granted pretrial release with electronic
monitoring, as the OSPS recommended. The trial court has the authority to grant pretrial release
with electronic monitoring (see 725 ILCS 5/110-10(b)(5) (West 2022)), but its decision not to do
- 10 -
No. 1-23-2453B
so in this case was not so arbitrary or baseless that no reasonable person would agree with it (see
Bradford, 2023 IL App (1st) 231785, ¶ 33). Rather, the court’s pretrial detention ruling was based
on defendant’s criminal history within the past six years. The fact that another court might reach a
different conclusion, or that the OSPS did reach a different conclusion, does not mean that the trial
court’s ruling was an abuse of discretion. See Guns Save Life, Inc. v. Raoul, 2019 IL App (4th)
190334, ¶ 39. Nor did the trial court abuse its discretion simply because defendant presented some
mitigating evidence, such as his employment and taking care of his son. See People v. Jones, 2014
IL App (1st) 120927, ¶ 55.
¶ 25 Moreover, the trial court did not “abuse[ ] its discretion by not imposing the least restrictive
conditions of release necessary to protect the public,” as defendant claims. The trial court
appropriately concluded that no conditions of pretrial release would mitigate the threat defendant
poses to the community. Accordingly, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
granting the State’s petition for pretrial detention.
¶ 26 Finally, we have set out the trial court’s entire oral ruling above as an example for courts
hearing pretrial detention cases to follow. The court’s oral ruling is exceptionally well organized
and thorough. It addresses each factor relevant to a pretrial detention decision, and it matches both
parties’ proffered facts to the law. The result is a clear and comprehensive appellate record of the
trial court’s ruling and reasoning, which we appreciate and hope that other courts will provide in
the future.
¶ 27 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 28 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s grant of the State’s petition for pretrial
detention.
- 11 -
No. 1-23-2453B
¶ 29 Affirmed.
¶ 30 PRESIDING JUSTICE REYES, specially concurring:
¶ 31 I concur in the judgment affirming the trial court’s grant of the State’s petition for pretrial
detention.
¶ 32 LAMPKIN, J., specially concurring:
¶ 33 I concur in the judgment, as the outcome would be the same regardless of whether we
applied an “abuse of discretion” or “manifest weight of the evidence” standard. However, I believe
that manifest weight of the evidence is the appropriate standard of review for appeals stemming
from the trial court’s findings at a pretrial detention hearing.
¶ 34 The lead opinion asserts that the appropriate standard of review for these appeals should
be whether the trial court abused its discretion. It is true that some cases have adhered to the abuse
of discretion standard. See, e.g., People v. Inman, 2023 IL App (4th) 230864, ¶ 10; People v.
Whitmore, 2023 IL App (1st) 231807, ¶ 18; People v. Bradford, 2023 IL App (1st) 231785, ¶ 33.
¶ 35 But others have held that the first two elements of the State’s burden should be reviewed
for whether the trial court’s finding was against the manifest weight of the evidence, while the
third element should be reviewed for whether the trial court abused its discretion. People v.
Saucedo, 2024 IL App (1st) 232020, ¶¶ 35-36; People v. Whitaker, 2024 IL App (1st) 232009,
¶¶ 62-63. Still others have held that the trial court’s findings should be reviewed solely for whether
they were against the manifest weight of the evidence. People v. Stock, 2023 IL App (1st) 231753,
¶ 12; People v. Rodriguez, 2023 IL App (3d) 230450, ¶ 8; People v. Pitts, 2024 IL App (1st)
232336, ¶ 15. And finally, some among us have advocated that we should review detention orders
de novo. Saucedo, 2024 IL App (1st) 232020, ¶¶ 64-123 (Ellis, J., specially concurring).
- 12 -
No. 1-23-2453B
¶ 36 This debate is not trivial or without consequence. Pretrial detention, first and foremost, has
a constitutional dimension because it constitutes a deprivation of the fundamental right to liberty.
United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 750 (1987). Indeed, “[i]n our society liberty is the norm,
and detention prior to trial or without trial is the carefully limited exception.” Id. at 755.
Furthermore, pretrial liberty “permits the unhampered preparation of a defense and serves to
prevent the infliction of punishment prior to conviction.” Stack v. Boyle, 342 U.S. 1, 4 (1951). And
lastly, it is axiomatic that pretrial detention has the potential to devastate familial relationships,
employment, and educational pursuits, despite the individual being shielded by the presumption
of innocence. We regard the abuse of discretion standard as the most deferential standard of
review, next to no review at all, and it is typically reserved for decisions by a trial judge overseeing
his or her courtroom or maintaining the progress of a trial. People v. Holman, 402 Ill. App. 3d 645,
650 (2010). In contrast, this court has traditionally reviewed cases in which a party bears a burden
of proving something by “clear and convincing evidence,” using the manifest weight standard.
In re C.N., 196 Ill. 2d 181, 208 (2001). Given the gravity of the liberty interest at stake and the fact
that pretrial detention appeals are ones in which the State bears a burden to justify detention by
clear and convincing evidence, it makes little sense to apply the most deferential standard of review
we have to these appeals.
¶ 37 The lead opinion’s response to this is to note that sentencing decisions, too, are left to the
discretion of the trial court despite the deprivation of liberty that follows. However, sentencing
hearings differ in critical ways. First, as the lead opinion acknowledges, a defendant at a
sentencing hearing has been found guilty of an offense and thus stripped of the presumption of
innocence. A defendant at a pretrial detention hearing retains that presumption. Furthermore, there
- 13 -
No. 1-23-2453B
is no burden of proof at a sentencing hearing. Even if neither party offered evidence in aggravation
or mitigation, the trial court would still be empowered and, indeed, required, to impose a sentence
on the defendant. But pretrial detention hearings have a clearly defined burden of proof established
by the legislature. Lastly, the question of the sentence to be imposed is not a binary one. The trial
court has an array of possible sentences from which to choose, ranging from the minimum to the
maximum allowable by law, and it is called upon to use its own subjective judgment to decide
what is an appropriate sentence.
¶ 38 But in pretrial detention hearings, the trial court does not have this same freedom to
exercise its subjective judgment. Whether the State has supplied the requisite proof is a binary
question; either the State has met its burden of proof or it has not. Standards of proof are concerned
with the quantum and quality of proof that must be presented in order to prevail on an issue. In re
D.T., 212 Ill. 2d 347, 355 (2004). The standard of proof instructs “ ‘ “the factfinder concerning the
degree of confidence our society thinks he should have in the correctness of factual conclusions
for a particular type of adjudication.” ’ ” Id. (quoting Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418, 423
(1979), quoting In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 370 (1970) (Harlan, J., concurring)). The sound
discretion of the trial court “is simply not a standard of proof—traditional, nontraditional, or
otherwise,” and says nothing about the degree of confidence a trial court must have in the
correctness of its conclusions. Id. This logic holds even when the trial court is required to consider
or balance numerous statutory factors. Id.¶ 39 If we were to apply an abuse of discretion standard, that would logically necessitate that
the detention determination is one left to the trial court’s discretion. But that is plainly inconsistent
with the Code’s language. If the State fails to carry its burden at a pretrial detention hearing, the
- 14 -
No. 1-23-2453B
Code does not empower the trial court to use its discretion to nevertheless detain the individual.
725 ILCS 5/110-6.1(e) (West 2022). In that instance, the Code’s presumption of eligibility for
release remains intact, and the defendant must be released, with or without conditions. Id.¶ 40 Applying the abuse of discretion standard makes even less sense when accounting for the
apparent origin of that standard in pretrial detention appeals. The lead opinion relies on Whitmore,
2023 IL App (1st) 231807, ¶ 18, and Bradford, 2023 IL App (1st) 231785, ¶ 33, for support. Both
cases cited Inman, 2023 IL App (4th) 230864, ¶ 10. Inman appears to be the first opinion following
the effective date of what is commonly known as the Pretrial Fairness Act (Pub. Act 101-652 (eff.
Jan. 1, 2023)) that addressed this question. Inman, in turn, relied solely on People v. Simmons,
2019 IL App (1st) 191253, ¶ 9, to hold that abuse of discretion review is appropriate.
¶ 41 However, even though Simmons was reviewing the complete denial of bail, it did so using
the portion of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code) in effect at the time that governed
the setting of bail and other conditions of release. Simmons, 2019 IL App (1st) 191253, ¶¶ 1, 12;
725 ILCS 5/110-5 (West 2018). Thus, Simmons did not even interpret the prior version of the
statute now at issue in this case. In fact, there is virtually no precedent dealing with the prior version
of the detention statute. It appears there is one published decision, People v. Gil, 2019 IL App (1st)
192419, which addressed the prior version of the detention statute. But Gil was concerned with
whether the proper procedures were followed before the trial court denied bail and had no occasion
to contemplate the standard of review for the issue facing us today. Id. ¶ 15.
¶ 42 The prior version of section 110-5 of the Code had no burden of proof regarding the setting
of bail or conditions of release. 725 ILCS 5/110-5 (West 2018). And the two cases upon which
Simmons relied both also concerned the setting of bail rather than detention. See People v.
- 15 -
No. 1-23-2453B
Saunders, 122 Ill. App. 3d 922, 929 (1984) (the court’s decision to increase bond from $200,000
back to the original $500,000 had “no hint of the arbitrariness or caprice which signals judicial
abuse of discretion”); People v. Edwards, 105 Ill. App. 3d 822, 830 (1982) (the court’s decision to
require the defendant to post bond on appeal was not an abuse of discretion). Thus, it made sense
for Simmons to apply an abuse-of-discretion standard. Simmons, 2019 IL App (1st) 191253, ¶¶ 9,
12-13. Ultimately, Inman’s claim that we have “historically” reviewed bail appeals for an abuse
of discretion (Inman, 2023 IL App (4th) 230864, ¶ 10), at least when it comes to the complete
denial of bail, is unsupported. Continuing to cite cases that relied on Inman does nothing but pile
up more precedent upon already unstable ground.
¶ 43 Finally, the lead opinion’s emphasis on the fact that pretrial detention hearings typically
do not involve live testimony and that the Rules of Evidence do not apply is misplaced. It is true
that most pretrial detention hearings will involve nothing more than proffers, which do not involve
testimony or any meaningful adversarial testing. But the lead opinion has it backwards. If the trial
court is not called upon to weigh credibility or perform fact-finding, that is an argument for less
deference to the trial court, not more. In fact, the lead opinion’s point echoes a nearly identical
argument offered in favor of de novo review, yet it arrives at a standard of review on the exact
opposite end of the spectrum from de novo review. See Saucedo, 2024 IL App (1st) 232020, ¶¶
98-100 (Ellis, J., specially concurring). If a cold record of a proffer affords a reviewing court the
same exact information that the trial court had, there is little reason to defer so completely to the
trial court.
¶ 44 Accordingly, in my view, defendant’s appeal should be reviewed on the basis of whether
the trial court’s finding was against the manifest weight of the evidence. “A finding is against the
- 16 -
No. 1-23-2453B
manifest weight of the evidence only if the opposite conclusion is clearly evident or if the finding
itself is unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based on the evidence presented.” People v. Deleon, 227
Ill. 2d 322, 332 (2008). Nevertheless, I concur in the judgment itself.
- 17 -
No. 1-23-2453B
People v. Wells, 2024 IL App (1st) 232453Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 23-MC1-
11486301; the Hon. William N. Fahy, Judge, presiding.
Attorneys Sharone R. Mitchell Jr., Public Defender, of Chicago (Catherine
for S. Hareas, Assistant Public Defender, of counsel), for appellant.
Appellant:
Attorneys Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Shannon M.
for Berkey, Assistant State’s Attorney, of counsel), for the People.
Appellee:
- 18 -