People v. Battle , 2021 IL App (1st) 182727-U ( 2021 )

2021 IL App (1st) 182727-UNo. 1-18-2727
Order filed June 30, 2021
Modified upon denial of rehearing September 20, 2021
First Division
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the
limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County.
)
v. ) No. 03 CR 13668
)
RONALD BATTLE, ) Honorable
) Allen F. Murphy,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.
JUSTICE COGHLAN delivered the judgment of the court.
Presiding Justice Hyman specially concurred, joined by Justice Walker.
ORDER
¶1 Held: We affirm the dismissal of defendant’s postconviction petition over defendant’s
contentions that the attorney who represented him at the hearing on the State’s
motion to dismiss did not comply with Supreme Court Rule 651(c) (eff. July 1,
2017), and he did not receive reasonable assistance of postconviction counsel.
¶2 Defendant Ronald Battle appeals from the circuit court’s dismissal, on the State’s motion,
of his petition for relief pursuant to the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et
seq. (West 2008)). On appeal, he contends the case should be remanded for further proceedings
No. 1-18-2727
when the private attorney who represented him at the hearing on the State’s motion filed a facially
invalid certificate pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017). Defendant further
contends that he was denied the reasonable assistance of postconviction counsel when none of his
postconviction attorneys amended the pro se petition to overcome procedural bars. We affirm.
¶3 Following a jury trial, defendant was found guilty of first degree murder (720 ILCS 5/9-
1(a)(1) (West 2002)) and armed robbery (720 ILCS 5/18-2(a)(2) (2002)) arising from the May 29,
2003 shooting death of James Johns in a jewelry store. Because the facts were detailed on direct
appeal (People v. Battle, 393 Ill. App. 3d 302 (2009)), we relate only those relevant to the instant
appeal.
¶4 Prior to trial, defendant filed a motion to suppress alleging that his inculpatory statement
was coerced when detectives threatened to charge defendant’s mother, girlfriend, and brother,
claimed to have arrested defendant’s mother and girlfriend, and showed defendant documents
memorializing “the alleged arrests.”
¶5 At the hearing on the motion, Calumet City police officer Donald Joswiak and detective
Kevin Rapacz denied telling defendant that his family members would be charged if he did not
make a statement, making any “material misrepresentations” to him, or using psychological or
physical coercion in order to obtain a statement. The trial court denied the motion.
¶6 Defendant also filed a motion in limine to present testimony from his mother, Yvonne Key,
and girlfriend, Catrina Hines, that his cousin Donnell Coleman admitted to the offenses.
¶7 At the hearing on the motion, trial counsel stated Key and Hines would testify that on the
one-year anniversary of the shooting, Coleman stated that he was responsible for the murder. Hines
would further state that Coleman said he needed money at the time of the shooting because his
-2-
No. 1-18-2727
girlfriend was pregnant. Trial counsel acknowledged that Coleman denied committing the
offenses, but argued that Coleman would not “say he did it” and that defendant was entitled to
present a defense. The trial court denied the motion as the out-of-court statement was not made
under circumstances that provided a “considerable assurance of reliability.”
¶8 At defendant’s jury trial, Irene Sanchez testified that on May 29, 2003, defendant exited a
jewelry store carrying a garbage bag that subsequently broke, causing jewelry and boxes to fall to
the ground. Tommy Lee Johnson testified that on June 4, 2003, defendant visited his home and
asked him to “get rid” of some jewelry, and that he sold several pieces and gave defendant the
money. In a videotaped statement, defendant stated that he robbed the jewelry store because he
owed money to a drug dealer, shot Johns, and denied being coerced into making a statement.
¶9 Before the State rested, the parties stipulated that six phone calls were made to defendant’s
home on May 29, 2003, between 8:49 a.m. and 11:21 a.m., each lasting zero seconds, and one at
9:35:35, lasting 1 minute and 38 seconds. A zero-second call meant no one answered the phone,
while the leaving of a message reflected as if the phone were actually answered.
¶ 10 Outside the presence of the jury, the parties argued regarding the admissibility of
Coleman’s alleged statement to Key and Hines. Coleman’s attorney, who was present, told the
court that his client would deny making the statement. Trial counsel then argued that Coleman’s
statement was admissible pursuant to Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 (1973), and was
crucial to defendant’s theory of the case.
¶ 11 The State responded that Coleman’s proposed testimony would allow the defense to “get
it out there that he supposedly confessed to this murder,” and Key’s and Hines’s impeachment
testimony—which the court already found unreliable—would confuse the jury. The trial court then
-3-
No. 1-18-2727
put Coleman under oath and requested an offer of proof as to his potential testimony. Coleman
testified that he did not remember the evening of May 14, 2004, and denied telling Key and Hines
that he committed the offenses. The trial court found that Coleman’s testimony would serve “no
purpose,” and barred it. The State moved to prevent any witnesses from testifying about Coleman’s
alleged statement and the court granted the motion.
¶ 12 Defendant testified that on the morning of May 29, 2003, he was at home on the phone
with his friend Amelia Jones when Coleman arrived and asked to borrow defendant’s vehicle. 1
After Coleman left, defendant spoke to Jones again and had a brief call with Key. When Coleman
returned with a white garbage bag filled with jewelry, defendant assumed the jewelry was stolen.
He only gave the videotaped statement because the police threatened to arrest his family members.
Defendant denied shooting Johns and to his “knowledge,” Coleman did.
¶ 13 The jury found defendant guilty of first degree murder and armed robbery, and that during
the commission of these offenses, defendant personally discharged a firearm. After a hearing, the
trial court sentenced defendant to 75 years in prison for first degree murder, consisting of 50 years
for the offense and an additional 25-year firearm enhancement. The court also sentenced defendant
to a consecutive 20-year term for armed robbery.
¶ 14 On direct appeal, we affirmed defendant’s convictions and modified his 20-year sentence
for armed robbery to run concurrent to his 75-year sentence for first degree murder. See People v.
Battle, 378 Ill. App. 3d 817 (2008). On May 28, 2009, the Illinois Supreme Court issued a
supervisory order directing us to vacate our judgment and reconsider this case in light of People
1
In the transcript, defendant identified Amelia’s family name as both Jones and Johnson.
-4-
No. 1-18-2727
v. Smith, 233 Ill. 2d 1 (2009). We thereafter affirmed defendant’s conviction for murder and
vacated his conviction for armed robbery. See People v Battle, 393 Ill. App. 3d 302 (2009).
¶ 15 While his direct appeal was pending, defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition which
the circuit court summarily dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. On appeal, we granted the parties’
agreed motion for summary disposition and directed the petition be docketed for further
proceedings under the Act. People v. Battle, No. 1-07-1264 (May 29, 2009) (dispositional order).
¶ 16 On January 2, 2008, defendant filed a pro se petition for relief from judgment (see 725
ILCS 5/2-1401 (West 2006)) alleging that Coleman was the true offender and that defendant’s
confession was coerced because police officers threatened to charge his mother.
¶ 17 On August 11, 2008, defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition alleging he was
denied the effective assistance of trial counsel when counsel failed to locate alibi witness Jones
and misled defendant as to the “content” of the phone records stipulation at trial. The petition
additionally asserted that defendant was denied the effective assistance of appellate counsel when
counsel did not challenge trial counsel’s effectiveness and the voluntary nature of defendant’s
confession on direct appeal. Finally, the petition raised a claim of actual innocence based upon
“new evidence,” namely, a latent fingerprint recovered from the jewelry store which could belong
to the actual offender.
¶ 18 Attached to the petition were the affidavits of defendant and Key. Defendant averred that
he had unsuccessfully tried to obtain documents, phone records, and police reports from trial
counsel to support his claims.
¶ 19 Key averred that on June 4, 2003, she went to a police station where she was questioned
for eight hours and told that if she did not return the following day, she would be arrested. When
-5-
No. 1-18-2727
she returned, she was told she could see defendant after she signed a statement. After signing the
statement, she was allowed to see defendant, and she later learned that defendant did not confess
until after he saw her. In February 2004, her nephew told her that it was his fault that defendant
was “locked up.”
¶ 20 On October 29, 2008, the circuit court docketed defendant’s pro se petitions for
postconviction and postjudgment relief and appointed counsel. On June 9, 2009, the State read this
court’s order directing the clerk to docket the 2007 pro se postconviction petition into the record.
¶ 21 On January 15, 2016, postconviction counsel filed a supplemental postconviction petition
and certificate pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 651(c) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013). In the certificate, counsel
stated that he consulted with defendant by mail, phone, and in person to ascertain defendant’s
contentions, obtained and read the trial transcripts, and prepared a supplemental postconviction
petition which “augment[ed] the concerns already expressed” in defendant’s pro se petition.
¶ 22 The supplemental petition alleged that defendant was innocent, and his convictions resulted
from a denial of due process when he was identified through a “result oriented process” because
the sketch generated from Sanchez’s interview resembled Coleman rather than defendant and
defendant’s statement was “at odds” with the physical evidence. The petition then raised a free-
standing claim of actual innocence because Coleman “essentially confessed” to Key and Hines a
year after defendant was arrested. The petition next argued that the trial court denied defendant the
opportunity to present a defense when it barred evidence that Coleman “confessed” and that
defendant was denied effective assistance when appellate counsel failed to challenge the
suggestive identification on direct appeal. Attached to the petition were certain police reports, the
sketch generated from Sanchez’s description, and three affidavits from Key.
-6-
No. 1-18-2727
¶ 23 Key averred that police visited her home on May 29, 2003, and told her to come to a police
station. Once there, she sat in a room for a “long time,” and was patted down and asked about her
jewelry. Key was told to sign a paper, and taken to another room where she was told to memorize
information including that Hines said defendant killed someone. She next was taken to another
room where she was told defendant had been arrested for murder, and was asked to initial “some
more things.” Only then did she see defendant.
¶ 24 Key further averred that Coleman told her he knew that defendant did not commit “the
robbery and murder.” Specifically, a month after defendant was arrested, she was in a vehicle with
Hines and Coleman when Coleman stated that he knew it would “not be like [defendant] to do
something like that.” When she asked Coleman how he knew defendant did not commit the
offense, Coleman said he was sorry. When Key told trial counsel about the conversation, he said
he would have someone talk to Coleman.
¶ 25 The State filed a motion to dismiss, and defendant filed a response. Attached to the
response was Key’s affidavit in which she averred that her earlier affidavits were incorrect and
that the conversation with Coleman occurred within a year of defendant’s arrest rather than within
a month.
¶ 26 Postconviction counsel passed away on January 31, 2017, and substitute postconviction
counsel was assigned. On March 17, 2017, substitute postconviction counsel acknowledged that
the case was set for argument and asked the court to approve certain discovery. The State objected
because a motion to dismiss and response had already been filed. The State further stated that
discovery had been tendered and a Rule 651(c) certificate had been filed. The circuit court ordered
substitute postconviction counsel to brief the discovery issue.
-7-
No. 1-18-2727
¶ 27 At a subsequent hearing, substitute postconviction counsel told the court that defendant
instructed her to withdraw the discovery issue, review the transcript, and set the case for argument.
She further stated she would file a Rule 651(c) certificate after reviewing the transcript.
¶ 28 On April 20, 2018, private postconviction counsel entered her appearance and substitute
postconviction counsel was granted leave to withdraw.
¶ 29 On July 20, 2018, private postconviction counsel filed a Rule 651(c) certificate stating that
she consulted with defendant by phone, mail, electronic means, or in person to ascertain his
constitutional deprivations, and examined the trial proceedings. Private postconviction counsel
acknowledged that she was defendant’s third postconviction attorney and that defendant instructed
her to respond to the State’s motion to dismiss based upon the amended postconviction petition
filed by his previous attorney. The court then heard arguments on the motion to dismiss.
¶ 30 On September 21, 2018, the circuit court granted the State’s motion to dismiss. The court
noted that although defendant alleged his statement reflected police coercion, this issue was
litigated in a motion to suppress and could have been raised on direct appeal. Additionally,
defendant’s claim that Coleman was the “actual killer” was refuted by the record when defendant
was identified by Sanchez and gave an inculpatory statement. Finally, although defendant argued
he was denied effective assistance of appellate counsel for not raising these issues on direct appeal,
the court concluded that defendant did not establish that counsel’s performance was “objectively
unreasonable” because “[t]here’s a very strong presumption that the lawyer in the case acted
reasonably.” The court therefore granted the State’s motion to dismiss.
¶ 31 Before this court, defendant does not challenge the dismissal of his petition on the merits.
Rather, he contends that remand is warranted because private postconviction counsel failed to
-8-
No. 1-18-2727
comply with the requirements of Rule 651(c), and he was denied the reasonable assistance of
postconviction counsel. Defendant has therefore forfeited for review any substantive claim
challenging the dismissal of the petition on the merits. People v. Cotto, 2016 IL 119006, ¶ 49.
¶ 32 On appeal, defendant first contends that the cause must be remanded for further
proceedings under the Act because the Rule 651(c) certificate filed by private postconviction
counsel was facially invalid. Defendant argues that private postconviction counsel’s certificate did
not state that she made any amendments to defendant’s pro se petition necessary for an adequate
presentation of his contentions of constitutional deprivation. We review an attorney’s compliance
with Rule 651(c) de novo. People v. Profit, 2012 IL App (1st) 101307, ¶ 17.
¶ 33 Our supreme court has held there is “no constitutional right to counsel, effective or
otherwise,” in postconviction proceedings. People v. Custer, 2019 IL 123339, ¶ 30. The right to
counsel under the Act is a matter of legislative grace. Id. A postconviction petitioner is thus
“entitled to only ‘the level of assistance guaranteed by the Act.’ ” Id. (quoting People v. Perkins,
229 Ill. 2d 34, 24 (2007)). This “required quantum of assistance has been judicially deemed to be
a ‘reasonable level,’ a standard that is significantly lower than the one mandated at trial by our
state and federal constitutions.” Id. (quoting People v. Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d 458, 472 (2006)).
¶ 34 Pursuant to Rule 651(c), postconviction counsel must certify that counsel has “consulted
with petitioner by phone, mail, electronic means or in person to ascertain his or her contentions of
deprivation of constitutional rights, has examined the record of the proceedings at the trial, and
has made any amendments to the petitions filed pro se that are necessary for an adequate
presentation of petitioner’s contentions.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017); see also People v.
Kirk, 2012 IL App (1st) 101606, ¶ 18. Compliance with the rule “ensure[s] that counsel shapes the
-9-
No. 1-18-2727
petitioner’s claims into proper legal form and presents those claims to the court.” Perkins, 229 Ill.
2d at 43-44. The filing of a Rule 651(c) certificate gives rise to a rebuttable presumption that
postconviction counsel provided the reasonable level of assistance guaranteed by the Act. Profit,
2012 IL App (1st) 101307, ¶ 19.
¶ 35 In the case at bar, private postconviction counsel was defendant’s third postconviction
attorney, and entered her appearance prior to the hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss. At the
time she entered her appearance on April 20, 2018, defendant’s supplemental postconviction
petition, the State’s motion to dismiss, and defendant’s response had already been filed.
¶ 36 The record reveals that on January 15, 2016, defendant’s original postconviction counsel
filed a Rule 651(c) certificate and supplemental postconviction petition. The certificate stated he
consulted with defendant by mail, phone, and in person to ascertain defendant’s contentions of
constitutional deprivation, obtained and read the trial transcripts, and prepared a supplemental
postconviction petition which “augment[ed] the concerns already expressed” in defendant’s pro
se petition. Thus, original postconviction counsel, who drafted and filed the supplemental
postconviction petition, complied with the rule. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c) (eff. Feb 6, 2013).
¶ 37 Defendant does not dispute that his original postconviction counsel filed a Rule 651(c)
certificate. However, he argues that private postconviction counsel was herself required to comply
with Rule 651(c)’s requirements and that her failure to do so requires remand for further
proceedings under the Act. We disagree.
¶ 38 People v. Marshall, 375 Ill. App. 3d 670 (2007), is instructive. There, the defendant, who
was denied postconviction relief following an evidentiary hearing, argued that her attorneys at the
hearing were required to comply with the requirements of Rule 651(c) even though a different
- 10 -
No. 1-18-2727
attorney, who represented her during second stage proceedings, had already certified compliance
with the requirements of the rule. Id. at 672, 679. In rejecting the defendant’s argument, we held
that “Rule 651(c)’s requirements must be met only once and not, as defendant suggests, by
attorneys representing a defendant at each stage of postconviction proceedings.” Id. at 682.
¶ 39 We explained that postconviction counsel has a specific role at each stage of proceedings
under the Act. At the second stage, postconviction counsel must satisfy Rule 651(c)’s requirements
by consulting with the defendant, reviewing the record, and making any necessary amendments to
the defendant’s pro se petition “so that the State can fully review the defendant’s claims and
determine if it will move to dismiss them.” Id. at 683. Postconviction counsel “at the evidentiary
hearing stage,” however, “must argue the merits of the postconviction petitioner’s claims as
presented in the petition following review by counsel at the second stage.” Id. Thus, we concluded
that “Rule 651(c) does not require third-stage counsel to duplicate the efforts of second-stage
counsel.” Id. Rather, “at the third stage of postconviction review [counsel] argues the merits of the
petition as it is presented by second-stage counsel.” Id. In other words, “Rule 651(c)’s
requirements must be met only once ***.” Id. at 682; see also People v. Bell, 2014 IL App (3d)
120637, ¶ 14 (Rule 651(c) applies to claims raised in original pro se postconviction petition).
¶ 40 More recently, in People v. Smith, 2020 IL App (1st) 181220, the defendant argued on
appeal that the cause should be remanded for further proceedings under the Act when the attorney
who represented him at the hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss his petition did not comply
with the requirements of Rule 651(c).
¶ 41 In that case, the defendant’s pro se petition was docketed and postconviction counsel from
the Office of the Public Defender was appointed. Postconviction counsel then filed a Rule 651(c)
- 11 -
No. 1-18-2727
certificate attesting that she consulted with the defendant by phone to ascertain his contentions of
deprivations of constitutional rights, reviewed the transcript of his trial and the briefs from his
direct appeal, spoke with trial counsel, researched the issues in the pro se petition, and determined
that no supplemental petition was necessary to adequately present the defendant’s contentions. Id.
¶ 8. The State filed a motion to dismiss and postconviction counsel filed a response. Id. ¶ 9.
¶ 42 At some point after filing the response to the motion to dismiss, the defendant’s original
postconviction counsel left the Office of the Public Defender, and new postconviction counsel was
appointed. Id. ¶ 10. New postconviction counsel represented the defendant at the hearing on the
State’s motion to dismiss, which the circuit court granted after argument. Id.
¶ 43 On appeal, the defendant argued that the cause should be remanded for further proceedings
because new postconviction counsel did not file a Rule 651(c) certificate and the record did not
otherwise establish that she “independently complied” with the duties outlined in the rule. Id. ¶ 13.
Although the defendant did not allege that original postconviction counsel failed to comply with
Rule 651(c), he argued that regardless of that compliance, new postconviction counsel, as the
attorney who represented him at the hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss, was also required to
comply with the requirements of the rule. Id. We disagreed.
¶ 44 Applying Marshall, we noted that the defendant did not dispute that original postconviction
counsel consulted with him to ascertain his contentions of constitutional error, reviewed the record
of his trial proceedings, and reasonably determined that no amendments to his pro se petition were
necessary to adequately present his claims. Id. ¶ 19. By certifying compliance with Rule 651(c),
original postconviction counsel created the rebuttable presumption, which the defendant did not
attempt to overcome, that she provided the level of reasonable assistance mandated by the Act. Id.
- 12 -
No. 1-18-2727
We further noted that original postconviction counsel responded to the State’s motion to dismiss.
Thus, when new postconviction counsel was appointed, “all that was left to do” was to argue the
defendant’s position at the hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss. Id. ¶ 20.
¶ 45 Like the attorneys at the evidentiary hearing in Marshall, new postconviction counsel’s
role was different from that of the attorney she replaced. Id. Specifically, new postconviction
counsel’s role was to address the arguments raised in the State’s motion to dismiss, and “ ‘argue
the merits of [the defendant’s] claims as presented in the petition following review by [original
postconviction counsel].’ ” Id. (quoting Marshall, 375 Ill. App. 3d at 683). In order to perform that
“limited role,” it was unnecessary for new postconviction counsel to independently consult with
the defendant to ascertain his contentions of constitutional error, review the trial record, or
determine whether any amendments to the defendant’s pro se petition were necessary to
adequately present his claims. Id. In other words, new postconviction counsel could rely on the
certificate of compliance filed by original postconviction counsel with respect to those duties and
was not required “ ‘to duplicate’ ” original postconviction counsel’s efforts. Id. (quoting Marshall,
375 Ill. App. 3d at 683).
¶ 46 We concluded that because Rule 651(c) exists to ensure that a defendant receives
reasonable assistance of counsel under the Act, and original postconviction counsel certified that
she complied with those duties, original postconviction counsel’s Rule 651(c) certificate created a
rebuttable presumption that the defendant received reasonable assistance. Id. ¶ 23. Therefore, new
postconviction counsel, who was appointed prior to the hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss,
was not required to duplicate original postconviction counsel’s efforts and independently perform
the duties specified in Rule 651(c) in order to provide reasonable assistance at the hearing. Id.
- 13 -
No. 1-18-2727
Accordingly, because the defendant failed to rebut the presumption of reasonable assistance
created by original postconviction counsel’s Rule 651(c) certificate or identify any specific
deficiency in new postconviction counsel’s performance other than her failure to independently
comply with Rule 651(c), there was no basis to remand the matter. Id. ¶ 24.
¶ 47 Similarly, here, defendant’s original postconviction counsel certified that he complied with
the duties specified in Rule 651(c), including consulting with defendant by mail, phone, and in
person to ascertain defendant’s contentions of constitutional deprivation, obtaining and reading
the trial transcripts, and preparing a supplemental postconviction petition which “augment[ed] the
concerns already expressed” in defendant’s pro se petition. Thus, original postconviction counsel’s
certificate ensured that defendant received reasonable assistance of counsel as required by the Act.
Id. ¶ 23. Private postconviction counsel, who represented defendant at the hearing on the State’s
motion to dismiss, was therefore not required to duplicate original postconviction counsel’s efforts
and independently perform the duties required by Rule 651(c) in order to provide reasonable
assistance at the hearing on the motion to dismiss. Id. Rather, all that was left for private
postconviction counsel to do was argue at the hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss. Id. ¶ 20.
¶ 48 This conclusion is supported by the record, which reveals that private postconviction told
the court that defendant instructed her to respond to the State’s motion to dismiss based upon the
supplemental petition filed by original postconviction counsel. Accordingly, as private
postconviction counsel was not required to file a Rule 651(c) certificate, the fact that the certificate
she filed did not comply with the rule is not a basis to remand this matter for further proceedings.
¶ 49 Defendant next contends that he was denied the reasonable assistance of postconviction
counsel when none of his postconviction attorneys amended the pro se petitions to allege that he
- 14 -
No. 1-18-2727
was denied the effective assistance of appellate counsel when counsel failed to allege a violation
of Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 (1973), on direct appeal, and was also denied the
effective assistance of trial counsel when counsel failed to present testimony from Key to
“corroborate” defendant’s testimony that the police coerced a confession.
¶ 50 Although defendant argues that all three of his postconviction attorneys had the same duty
to amend his pro se filings, we disagree. As discussed, because original postconviction counsel
was the attorney who complied with the requirements of Rule 651(c), the question is whether
original postconviction counsel rendered reasonable assistance when amending the pro se filings.
¶ 51 A defendant does not have a constitutional right to effective assistance at a postconviction
proceeding; rather, the Act provides a statutory right to “a reasonable level of assistance by
appointed counsel.” People v. Moore, 189 Ill. 2d 521, 541 (2000). The filing of a Rule 651(c)
certificate creates a rebuttable presumption that postconviction counsel acted reasonably and
defendant received the representation required by the rule. Profit, 2012 IL App (1st) 101307, ¶ 19.
We review counsel’s compliance with Rule 651(c) de novo. Id. ¶ 17.
¶ 52 Here, original postconviction counsel filed a Rule 651(c) certificate stating he consulted
with defendant by mail, phone, and in person to ascertain defendant’s contentions of constitutional
deprivation, obtained and read the trial transcripts, and prepared a supplemental postconviction
petition which “augment[ed] the concerns already expressed” in defendant’s pro se petition.
Defendant does not challenge the validity of the certificate filed by original postconviction
counsel. Accordingly, there is a rebuttable presumption that original postconviction counsel acted
reasonably and, in order to overcome this presumption, defendant must “demonstrate[e] his
attorney’s failure to substantially comply with the duties mandated by Rule 651(c).” Id. ¶ 19.
- 15 -
No. 1-18-2727
¶ 53 Defendant contends that original postconviction counsel violated Rule 651(c) by failing to
amend his pro se petition to present his claims in appropriate legal form. Specifically, defendant
alleges that original postconviction counsel allowed the claims to be forfeited by failing to allege
that appellate counsel was ineffective and by not reshaping defendant’s claim that he was denied
due process by police coercion into a constitutional claim that he was denied effective assistance
by trial counsel’s failure to present Key’s testimony to corroborate this claim.
¶ 54 Generally, when a claim could have been raised on direct appeal but was not, it is waived
in a postconviction proceeding. People v. Turner, 187 Ill. 2d 406, 412-13 (1999). However, if
postconviction counsel amends the postconviction petition to allege ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel for failing to raise the claim on direct appeal, it is not procedurally barred. Id. at
413. “Our supreme court has held that a failure of postconviction counsel to ‘make a routine
amendment to [a] post-conviction petition which would overcome the procedural bar of waiver’
constitutes unreasonable assistance in violation of Rule 651(c).” People v. Kluppelberg, 327 Ill.
App. 3d 939, 947 (2002) (quoting Turner, 187 Ill. 2d at 412-13).
¶ 55 “Rule 651(c) does not require postconviction counsel to advance frivolous or spurious
claims on defendant’s behalf.” People v. Greer, 212 Ill. 2d 192, 205 (2004). Where, as here, the
presumption of reasonable assistance applies, “ ‘the question of whether the pro se allegations had
merit is crucial to determining whether counsel acted unreasonably by not filing an amended
petition.’ ” People v. Gallano, 2019 IL App (1st) 160570, ¶ 30 (quoting Profit, 2012 IL App (1st)
101307, ¶ 23). A defendant claiming ineffective assistance of appellate counsel for failure to argue
an issue must show that failing to raise that issue was objectively unreasonable and prejudiced
defendant. People v. Easley, 192 Ill. 2d 307, 328-29 (2000). “Appellate counsel is not obligated to
- 16 -
No. 1-18-2727
brief every conceivable issue on appeal, and it is not incompetence of counsel to refrain from
raising issues which *** are without merit, unless counsel’s appraisal of the merits is patently
wrong.” Id. at 329.
¶ 56 Here, the trial court considered the Chambers factors and determined that Coleman’s
alleged confession was not made under circumstances that provided a “considerable assurance of
reliability.” Moreover, Key’s affidavits do not support defendant’s Chambers claim. In her 2007
affidavit, Key merely asserted that Coleman “started crying telling [her] it was his fault that
[defendant] was locked up,” but not that Coleman admitted to committing the offense. Likewise,
Key’s 2016 affidavit averred that Coleman said he knew defendant did not do it and it “would not
be like him to do something like this,” but he did not say how he knew defendant did not commit
the crime. Postconviction counsel therefore did not act unreasonably by failing to raise a
nonmeritorious claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. See, e.g., People v. Harrigan,
2021 IL App (3d) 180579-U, ¶ 26 (finding that “postconviction counsel did not violate Rule 651(c)
in failing to raise an ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim, because that claim lacked
merit”); see also People v. Rials, 345 Ill. App. 3d 636, 642 (2003) (noting that postconviction
counsel is “ ‘only required to investigate and properly present the petitioner’s claims. ***
Counsel’s responsibility is to adequately present those claims which the petitioner raises’ ”
(Emphasis in original.)).
¶ 57 Defendant essentially argues that original postconviction counsel should have included a
claim that defendant was denied the effective assistance of appellate counsel by counsel’s failure
to raise a violation of Chambers on direct appeal rather than merely argue the issue on the merits,
and that original postconviction counsel’s failure resulted in forfeiture of this issue. In other words,
- 17 -
No. 1-18-2727
this failure resulted in the merits of the claim not being reached. However, the record reveals that
the amended petition also raised a free-standing claim of actual innocence based upon Coleman’s
confession to Key and Hines. The circuit court addressed this claim on the merits when it found
that defendant’s claim of actual innocence was refuted by the record where Sanchez identified him
as the offender and defendant gave an inculpatory statement. In his petition for rehearing,
defendant asserts that “the circuit court expressly found that claims pertaining to Coleman’s out-
of-court confessions were forfeited.” The court noted that appellate counsel “should have raised
these issues” on direct appeal, but immediately addressed ineffective assistance of counsel (an
exception to forfeiture) and found that defendant had failed to establish that appellate counsel’s
decision was objectively unreasonable. Thus, contrary to defendant’s position on appeal, the circuit
court considered the merits of this issue and did not make an express finding of forfeiture.
¶ 58 In reaching this conclusion, we reject defendant’s reliance on People v. Kirk, 2012 IL App
(1st) 101606, for the proposition that he was denied reasonable assistance when postconviction
counsel did not amend the postconviction petition to include a claim that defendant was denied the
effective assistance of appellate counsel for not raising a claim under Chambers on direct appeal.
¶ 59 In Kirk, the defendant was convicted of aggravated battery after testifying at trial that he
shot the victim in self-defense. Id. ¶ 6. The defendant filed an unsuccessful posttrial motion
alleging, inter alia, the trial court erred in not permitting certain “Lynch evidence” regarding the
victim’s violent nature. Id.; see also People v. Lynch, 104 Ill. 2d 194, 199-200 (1984) (when self-
defense is raised, defendant may present appropriate evidence of victim’s aggressive and violent
character). After an unsuccessful direct appeal, the defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition
- 18 -
No. 1-18-2727
alleging that trial counsel was ineffective and suggesting that other witnesses could have testified
to the victim’s violent behavior. Id. ¶¶ 6-7.
¶ 60 The first assistant public defender who served as postconviction counsel filed a Rule 651(c)
certificate, stating that she examined the pro se petition and, “ ‘as it adequately presents [the
defendant’s] issues, a supplemental petition will not be presented.’ ” Id. ¶ 10. A second assistant
public defender was later appointed postconviction counsel, and the State moved to dismiss the
petition. Id. ¶ 11. At the hearing on the motion, second postconviction counsel argued, for the first
time, that the defendant’s appellate counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to argue that
the trial court erred in precluding additional Lynch evidence. Id. ¶ 13. Second postconviction
counsel stated that he believed that “ ‘this [issue] has merit to it.’ ” Id. The court denied the petition.
¶ 61 On appeal, this court concluded that second postconviction counsel “rendered
unreasonable assistance by failing to amend the defendant’s pro se postconviction petition to
include the claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel raised at the hearing on the State’s
motion to dismiss.” Id. ¶ 36. We explained that second postconviction “counsel did not comply
with the duties imposed by Rule 651(c)” where he “effectively admitted to the court that the
defendant’s ‘main claim’ included ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, but failed to include
that claim in the petition.” Id. ¶ 31 (quoting People v. Schlosser, 2012 IL App (1st) 092523, ¶ 28).
Accordingly, we remanded the cause for further proceedings, including allowing the defendant
leave to amend his postconviction petition. Id. ¶ 36.
¶ 62 The facts of this case do not resemble Kirk, where second postconviction counsel attempted
to raise a claim for the first time at oral argument on the State’s motion to dismiss, long after the
filing of a Rule 651(c) certificate. Here, defendant’s argument is that original postconviction
- 19 -
No. 1-18-2727
counsel failed to include an issue in the amended petition. Moreover, contrary to defendant’s
argument, the record reveals that the circuit court addressed the merits of defendant’s claim that
Coleman was the actual offender when analyzing the claim of actual innocence and the
effectiveness of appellate counsel.
¶ 63 Defendant finally contends that he was denied the reasonable assistance of counsel because
original postconviction counsel did not raise a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel for
failing to elicit testimony from Key that would corroborate defendant’s testimony that his
confession was coerced. He argues that because his due process claim based on police coercion
was barred, the only “cognizable means of ‘constitutionalizing’ this claim,” that is, presenting it
on the merits to the circuit court, was to use the “prism” of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
¶ 64 However, “postconviction counsel is not required to amend a defendant’s pro se
postconviction petition [citation] but, rather is only required to investigate and present the
defendant’s claims [citation.]” Kirk, 2012 IL App (1st) 101606, ¶ 21. Although postconviction
counsel “may conduct a broader examination of the record [citation] and may raise additional
issues” that were not raised in the pro se petition, “there is no obligation to do so.” (Emphasis in
original.) Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d at 476.
¶ 65 Here, defendant alleged in his pro se petition that his confession was coerced and concedes
on appeal that this claim was barred in this postconviction proceeding because it was of record and
could have been raised on direct appeal. See Turner, 187 Ill. 2d at 412-13. To the extent that
defendant argues he was denied reasonable assistance when original postconviction counsel failed
to reframe this issue as one of ineffective assistance of trial counsel for failure to call a witness
whose testimony would corroborate defendant’s testimony, we disagree. Defendant has not
- 20 -
No. 1-18-2727
persuaded us that the proposed amendment was a routine amendment that would overcome a
procedural bar. See Perkins, 229 Ill. 2d at 44 (noting that postconviction counsel must meet certain
procedural requirements to present a constitutional claim under the Act, including, inter alia,
amending a pro se petition to allege ineffective assistance of appellate counsel to avoid waiver,
attempting to obtain affidavits from witnesses identified in the pro se petition, and alleging
available facts on the lack of culpable negligence to avoid untimeliness).
¶ 66 This is not a situation where a defendant argues that he was denied the reasonable
assistance of postconviction counsel based upon a failure to amend his pro se filings to include a
claim that he was denied effective assistance by trial counsel’s failure to argue that his statement
was coerced. Rather, here, defendant argues that original postconviction counsel should have
included a claim in the amended petition that trial counsel’s failure to present a witness who could
provide “crucial corroboration” for defendant’s testimony that he was coerced into making a
statement constituted ineffective assistance such that defendant’s due process claim based on
coercive police conduct could be reached on the merits in this postconviction petition.
¶ 67 Although defendant raised numerous challenges to trial counsel’s conduct in the pro se
petition, that was not one of them. Thus, defendant essentially argues that original postconviction
counsel acted unreasonably by failing to raise a new issue. However, when filing an amended
petition, postconviction counsel is not required to raise new issues that were not raised in the pro
se petition. See People v. Davis, 156 Ill. 2d 149, 164 (1993) (postconviction counsel “is only
required to investigate and properly present the petitioner’s claims” (emphasis in original)).
Therefore, original postconviction counsel cannot be said to have provided unreasonable
assistance for failing to raise a new issue that defendant neglected to raise in his pro se petition.
- 21 -
No. 1-18-2727
¶ 68 Accordingly, defendant has not rebutted the presumption that original postconviction
counsel substantially complied with Rule 651(c) and provided the reasonable assistance
contemplated by the Act. Profit, 2012 IL App (1st) 101307, ¶¶ 19, 31. As such, we reject
defendant’s request that we remand for further second-stage proceedings under the Act.
¶ 69 For the reasons explained above, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
¶ 70 Affirmed.
¶ 71 PRESIDING JUSTICE HYMAN, specially concurring:
¶ 72 I agree with the result the majority reaches but would limit the analysis to the facts and
would not extend the rule of People v. Marshall, 375 Ill. App. 3d 670 (2007), wholesale into
second-stage postconviction proceedings. Marshall involved proceedings at the third stage at
which point it is “illogical” to require counsel to perform the enumerated duties in Rule 651(c)
again. Id. at 683.The reason matters: By the third stage, the trial court has already concluded that
the pleadings make a substantial showing of a constitutional violation, so the only thing left to do
is to test the pleadings with evidence at a hearing. Id. All of counsel’s pleading stage
responsibilities—consultation with the petitioner, ascertainment of the petitioner’s contentions,
examination of the record, and amendment to the petition (see Ill. S. Ct. Rule 651(c) (eff. July 1,
2017))—are done by the third stage.
¶ 73 I would not adopt a per se rule absolving replacement second-stage counsel from filing a
new, compliant 651(c) certificate. The rule in Marshall might not work so well if replacement
counsel comes into the case after the initial 651(c) certificate was filed but before the State moved
to dismiss—replacement counsel may find issues original counsel missed. The passage of time
also may spoil a 651(c) certificate filed by original counsel, especially should new case law is
- 22 -
No. 1-18-2727
decided in the interim. And some of the requirements in Rule 651(c), especially examining the
trial record, seem like they should apply to all second-stage counsel, even if that counsel’s sole job
is to argue an already-filed motion.
¶ 74 The facts here, however, are unique. Replacement counsel asked for, and received,
additional time to review the underlying trial record. Counsel tried to get additional discovery and
cut short her efforts at Battle’s request to litigate his petition as it existed. Most importantly, the
State’s motion to dismiss was fully briefed and, given Battle’s request to proceed, truly the only
thing left to do at the second stage was argue the motion.
¶ 75 These particular facts exemplify Marshall’s concern about duplicative efforts of multiple
counsel. Id. I join the majority’s judgment with the understanding that Marshall may not apply to
every second-stage case where new counsel comes in after the filing of a 651(c) certificate by
original counsel.
¶ 76 JUSTICE WALKER joins in this special concurrence.
- 23 -