Balmadrid v. Gupta , 2024 IL App (1st) 230016-U ( 2024 )

2024 IL App (1st) 230016-UNo. 1-23-0016
FIRST DIVISION
October 28, 2024
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the
limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
____________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
____________________________________________________________________________
JOSE C. BALMADRID, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
) of Cook County, Illinois,
Plaintiff-Appellant, )
)
)
) No. 20 L 012128
v. ) Consolidated with 20 L 012674
)
NAWAL GUPTA and SATYA GUTPA, )
)
Defendants-Appellees. ) The Honorable
) Thomas More Donnelly,
) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE PUCINSKI delivered the judgment of the court.
Justices Lavin and Cobbs concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: We affirm the circuit court’s order granting defendants’ motion for a directed
finding and dismissing plaintiff’s action, as well as the subsequent order denying plaintiff’s
corresponding motion to reconsider. We also deny plaintiff’s motion for summary
judgment that was filed in this court and taken with the case.
¶2 Plaintiff-appellant Jose C. Balmadrid (plaintiff) appeals after the circuit court granted
defendants Nawal Gupta and Satya Gupta’s motion for a directed finding and then denied
plaintiff’s corresponding motion to reconsider. For the following reasons, we affirm the circuit
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court. We also deny plaintiff’s “Motion for Summary Judgment on Breach of Contract,” filed in
this court while this appeal was pending.
¶3 BACKGROUND
¶4 The record reflects that this appeal stems from the same factual basis as a prior lawsuit
commenced by plaintiff in 2015 (case no. 15 L 5084) that led to a prior Rule 23 order of this court,
Balmadrid v. Gupta, 2018 IL App (1st) 171183-U. We review that 2018 Rule 23 order, especially
as plaintiff relied on it heavily in his subsequent circuit court filings and his submissions to this
court in the instant appeal.
¶5 The complaint that commenced the prior lawsuit is not in the record in this appeal, but its
allegations are summarized in the 2018 Rule 23 order. In essence, plaintiff sued Satya Gupta
(Satya) and her daughter, Nawal Gupta (Nawal), alleging he was deprived of his rightful interests
in two real estate properties.
¶6 Specifically, plaintiff alleged that in 2009, Satya and her late husband, Om Gupta, offered
plaintiff the opportunity “to join a ‘real estate investment venture’ for the purpose of purchasing
various properties.” Balmadrid, 2018 IL App (1st) 171183-U, ¶ 5. At the time, plaintiff operated
a real estate brokerage business out of a multi-unit residential building at 2454-60 West Peterson
Avenue in Chicago (the “Peterson property”), where plaintiff also resided with his family. In
October 2009, plaintiff orally proposed that Om and Satya acquire the Peterson property, and they
allegedly agreed. Id. ¶ 6.
¶7 Broadway Bank foreclosed on the Peterson property in November 2009, and a judicial sale
was scheduled. Id. In December 2009, Om allegedly sent plaintiff a proposal to form a limited
liability company (LLC) and requested that plaintiff prepare an “LLC Partnership Agreement,”
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but there is no evidence that an LLC was actually created or that any partnership agreement was
signed. Id.¶8 Om purchased the Peterson property at the judicial sale in December 2009. Id. ¶ 7.
According to plaintiff, Om and Satya orally agreed that plaintiff would manage and maintain co-
ownership of the property, and that plaintiff would receive a management fee based on rental
income from the property. Id. In addition, Om and Satya allegedly orally agreed with plaintiff to
conduct a year-end accounting and to distribute net proceeds equally among the partners involved
in the LLC partnership. Id.¶9 Plaintiff further alleged that, “acting pursuant to his duties under the LLC Partnership
Agreement,” he assisted in the purchase of a second property at 8156 South Kingston Avenue (the
“Kingston property”). Id. ¶ 8. Om allegedly purchased that property in the name of his daughter,
Nawal. Id.¶ 10 Plaintiff asserted that in November 2010, Om filed an eviction complaint in the circuit
court to evict plaintiff from the Peterson property. Id. ¶ 9. Nawal allegedly posted letters at the
property informing tenants of a change in management. Id. Plaintiff alleged that he was forced to
resign as property manager, and that defendants never provided the promised year-end accounting.
Id. Plaintiff alleged that Om, Satya, and Nawal’s actions “constituted a breach of contract and
fiduciary duty” owed to plaintiff as a “partner to the LLC.” Id. As a result, he lost his business
office and family residence in the Peterson building, as well as his share of ownership and rental
income from the Peterson and Kingston properties. Id.-3-
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¶ 11 In the prior action, the circuit court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss and then denied
plaintiff’s motion to reconsider. Id. ¶ 11. Plaintiff appealed, arguing that he had stated a cause of
action for breach of contract against both Nawal and Satya. 1
¶ 12 This court found that plaintiff failed to allege sufficient facts to support a breach of contract
claim against Nawal. Id. ¶ 19. However, we concluded that plaintiff alleged enough to maintain a
claim against Satya: “Taking all of plaintiff’s factual allegations as true and drawing all reasonable
inferences in his favor, plaintiff’s complaint, although at times inartfully drafted, alleged the
existence of an oral March 2009 partnership agreement between himself, Om, and Satya to engage
in a real estate investment venture.” Id. ¶ 20. That is, plaintiff’s complaint “sufficiently alleged the
existence of an oral partnership agreement with Satya, Satya’s breach of the agreement, and that
plaintiff suffered damages in the form of his lost share of the net proceeds as a result.” Id.Accordingly, we reversed the circuit court’s judgment insofar as it dismissed the breach of contract
claim against Satya, and we remanded for further proceedings. Id. ¶ 21.
¶ 13 The record in this appeal does not reveal what proceedings, if any, occurred on remand
under the original case number, no. 15 L 5084. Rather, it appears that plaintiff proceeded by filing
new complaints that were assigned new case numbers. 2
¶ 14 Plaintiff’s 2019 Lawsuit
¶ 15 The record reflects that in 2019, plaintiff initiated a new lawsuit (no. 19 L 1763) against
Satya. The record in this appeal does not contain a corresponding complaint. However, the record
contains an August 2019 order in that case, in which the circuit court (Hon. Diane M. Shelley)
1
As plaintiff did not argue on appeal that he asserted a valid claim for breach of fiduciary duty, our Rule 23
order found that he forfeited any challenge to dismissal of that claim. Id. ¶ 16.
2
According to one of defendants’ filings in the circuit court, “After winning his appeal, Plaintiff did not
wait for the Appellate Court’s remand” but “filed a new complaint in 2019 that was renumbered to a 2020 case, and
then filed a third case in 2020 that was consolidated.”
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denied Satya’s motion to dismiss the complaint. The order reflects that Satya sought dismissal on
the ground that plaintiff failed to state a cause of action for oral breach of contract. The circuit
court denied that motion after citing our 2018 Rule 23 order and concluding that: “Given the ruling
of the appellate court, it is the law of the case that plaintiff has stated a cause of action for breach
of an oral contract.” In the same order, the circuit court advised plaintiff of resources available for
free or low-cost legal assistance.
¶ 16 The record reflects that the 2019 case (no. 19 L 1763) was “placed on the bankruptcy stay
calendar” from February 2020 until November 2020. On November 13, 2020, the lawsuit was
“administratively renumbered from 2019-L-001763 to 2020-L-012128.”
¶ 17 Plaintiff’s November 2020 Complaint
¶ 18 On November 25, 2020, plaintiff filed another pro se complaint naming Satya and Nawal
as defendants; that case was initially assigned number 2020-L-012674, but it was later
consolidated with case number 2020-L-012128. 3 The November 2020 complaint pleaded that it
“stems from an earlier case,” no. 15 L 5084, i.e., the same case that led to this court’s 2018 Rule
23 order.
¶ 19 Although titled as a “Complaint for Fraud, Miscellaneous Special Fraud, Conspiracy to
Commit Fraud, Trespass and Forgery,” the November 2020 complaint did not set forth multiple
counts but generally alleged that Satya and Nawal “committed acts of fraud” related to the two
properties. He alleged the properties “were illegally acquired by spouses Om (since then deceased)
and Satya and then illegally transferred ownership to Nawal Gupta who further transferred it under
3
In January 2021, the circuit court entered an ordered that consolidated case no. 2020-L-012674
into case 2020-L-12128. In a December 2021 order, the circuit court noted the “confusion” as to the correct
case number and stated: “To ensure the record is clear and correct ***, this matter will proceed under the
renamed Case No. 20-L-12128.”
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other names to perpetuate the cause of fraud.” As a result, plaintiff claimed, he lost 50% ownership
of the Kingston property and 100% ownership of the Peterson property.
¶ 20 Defendants moved to strike or dismiss the November 2020 complaint. Plaintiff filed a
response, and defendants filed a reply. In a December 2021 order, the circuit court dismissed the
November 2020 complaint, without prejudice, for failure to state a cause of action. In its written
order, the court advised plaintiff of resources available for pro se litigants and encouraged him to
use them before amending his complaint.
¶ 21 Plaintiff filed an amended complaint in January 2022, which set forth two causes of action.
Plaintiff was permitted to file a second amended complaint in February 2022. The second amended
complaint named as defendants Satya, Nawal, and a new defendant, Meenakshi Gupta
(Meenakshi), Nawal’s spouse. In that pleading, plaintiff added allegations that in December 2018,
Om and Satya fraudulently transferred ownership of the Peterson property to Nawal and
Meenakshi. The second amended complaint asserted five causes of action: (1) “Financial
Exploitation of an Elderly Person” (720 ILCS 5/17-56 (West 2022); (2) violation of the Consumer
Fraud Act; (3) breach of fiduciary duty; (4) “forgery” of plaintiff’s signature in a real estate
transaction, and (5) “trespass” for allegedly entering plaintiff’s office at the Peterson property and
installing surveillance cameras.
¶ 22 In early March 2022, plaintiff filed a “motion for summary judgment” in which he asserted
that, given this court’s 2018 Rule 23 order and the August 2019 circuit court order denying Satya’s
motion to dismiss, he was entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
¶ 23 On March 31, 2022, defendants (Nawal and Satya) filed a combined motion to strike and
dismiss the second amended complaint. In it, they noted that Meenakshi had never previously been
named and had not been served, so that she was not party to the case.
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¶ 24 On April 8, 2022, the trial court granted the motion to strike the second amended complaint
but allowed plaintiff to file an amended complaint. In late April 2022, plaintiff filed a “Second
Amended Motion for Summary Judgment.” In it, he again averred that based on this court’s 2018
Rule 23 order and the August 2019 circuit court order, he was entitled to judgment in his favor.
¶ 25 On June 7, 2022, the court ordered that the pleading “titled ‘Plaintiff’s Second Amended
Motion for Summary Judgment’ will be deemed an amended complaint.”
¶ 26 On July 14, 2022, the court entered an order stating that “Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary
Judgment is denied.” In the same order, the court indicated that plaintiff had withdrawn his jury
demand and that trial would be “before the Bench.”
¶ 27 Directed Finding for Defendants
¶ 28 The record reflects that the bench trial commenced on September 16, 2022, although the
record on appeal contains no transcript or other report of proceedings. The record indicates that
defendants moved for a directed finding at the close of plaintiff’s case. See 735 ILCS 5/2-1110
(West 2022). On September 16, 2022, the trial court entered a written order stating its finding “that
Plaintiff’s evidence is insufficient to make a prima facie case for either breach of contract or
fraud.” The order specified that “Defendants’ motion for directed finding is granted and this matter
is dismissed.”
¶ 29 Motion to Reconsider
¶ 30 On or about October 11, 2022, plaintiff filed a “motion to vacate and reconsider” the
September 16, 2022 order. In it, he claimed that by granting a directed finding at the bench trial,
the trial court had engaged in an “unlawful review and reversal” of this court’s 2018 Rule 23 order
and that it improperly “reversed” the circuit court’s August 2019 order. He averred that the directed
finding was void because the circuit court had “no jurisdiction” to “review an issue that was already
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settled by the appellate court.” In the same motion, plaintiff also asked that the court “grant
plaintiff’s motion to add counts of fraud,” including against Meenakshi.
¶ 31 On December 8, 2022, the court entered a written order denying plaintiff’s motion to
reconsider. There is no transcript or report of proceedings of any hearing on the motion to
reconsider.
¶ 32 Plaintiff filed a timely notice of appeal, which specified that he sought reversal of the circuit
court’s December 8, 2022 order denying his motion to reconsider the September 16, 2022 order.
¶ 33 Plaintiff’s Filings in This Court
¶ 34 Plaintiff (who remains pro se) initially filed his opening brief in this court in August 2023.
Defendants did not respond, and this court entered an order stating that we would decide the case
on appellant’s brief only.
¶ 35 On December 4, 2023, plaintiff filed in this court a “Motion for Summary Judgment on
Breach of Contract.” This court took that motion with the case.
¶ 36 Separately, on December 29, 2023, plaintiff filed a “Motion for Leave to File Memo in
Support of Plaintiff’s Motion to Add Defendants and/or [in] the Alternative to Issue Summary
Judgments for Counts of Fraud, Forgery, and Trespass.” We denied that motion in a January 2024
order, noting that “our review on appeal is limited to the order, and underlying order, identified in
Plaintiff’s Notice of Appeal.” We thus advised plaintiff that we lacked “jurisdiction to add
defendants or causes of action to his complaint.” Nonetheless, this court allowed plaintiff
additional time to file an amended brief. Plaintiff filed his amended brief on May 6, 2024.
¶ 37 ANALYSIS
¶ 38 On appeal, plaintiff challenges the circuit court’s order granting defendants a directed
finding by asserting it was precluded by (1) this court’s 2018 Rule 23 order reversing dismissal of
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his breach of contract claim, Balmadrid, 2018 IL App (1st) 171183-U; and (2) the August 2019
circuit order denying Satya’s motion to dismiss in case no. 19 L 1763. 4 He asserts a number of
arguments premised on his belief that those prior orders (which held that he had sufficiently
alleged a breach of contract) established that he was entitled to judgment on the merits of that
claim. In turn, he suggests that the circuit court could not subsequently find in favor of defendants.
He thus claims that the order granting a directed finding was “void,” violated the “law of remand”
and this court’s mandate from the 2018 Rule 23 order. Similarly, he claims that the entry of
judgment in defendants’ favor violated the principles of legal precedent and stare decisis, as well
as his due process rights under the United States Constitution.
¶ 39 Separately, plaintiff contends that he was entitled to add a new defendant (Meenkashi) and
new allegations of fraud, based on facts he allegedly learned during discovery.
¶ 40 For the following reasons, we reject plaintiff’s challenges, deny his motion taken with the
case, and affirm the circuit court.
¶ 41 Standard of Review After a Directed Finding
¶ 42 We keep in mind the procedural posture of the appealed-from orders. The record reflects
that the trial court entered a directed finding upon defendants’ motion, after plaintiff presented his
case at a bench trial. Under section 2-1110 of the Code of Civil Procedure, at a bench trial,
“defendant may, at the close of plaintiff’s case, move for a finding or judgment in his or her favor.
In ruling on the motion, the court shall weigh the evidence considering the credibility of the
witnesses and the weight and quality of the evidence.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1100 (West 2022). If the trial
court rules in favor of the defense, “a judgment dismissing the action shall be entered.” Id.4
Plaintiff’s brief makes no independent argument directed to the denial of the motion to reconsider,
following the order granting defendants a directed finding.
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¶ 43 The trial court “must apply a two-part analysis” in ruling on a section 2-1110 motion.
Minch v. George, 395 Ill. App. 3d 390, 398 (2009). “First, the trial court must determine as a matter
of law whether the plaintiff has presented a prima facie case. [Citation.] That is, did the plaintiff
present some evidence on each of the elements of her case?” Id. Second, if the plaintiff has
presented a prima facie case, the court “must consider and weigh all the evidence offered by
plaintiff *** to determine whether the prima facie case survives.” Id.¶ 44 “If the trial court finds that the plaintiff has failed to present a prima facie case as a matter
of law, the appellate standard of review is de novo. [Citation.] If the trial court moves on to consider
the weight and quality of the evidence *** the appellate standard of review is the deferential
‘manifest weight of the evidence’ standard.” Id.¶ 45 Here, the trial court’s September 2022 written order stated its finding “that Plaintiff’s
evidence is insufficient to make a prima facie case for either breach of contract or fraud.” Thus,
de novo review applies to that conclusion. However, as discussed below, we have no basis to find
any error in the trial court’s conclusion that plaintiff failed to present a prima facie case.
¶ 46 The Record Is Insufficient to Reverse the Directed Finding
¶ 47 As there is no transcript or report of proceedings from the bench trial, there is no basis to
find the trial court erred in concluding that plaintiff did not present a prima facie case. “[A]n
appellant has the burden to present a sufficiently complete record of the proceedings at trial to
support a claim of error, and in the absence of such a record on appeal, it will be presumed that the
order entered by the trial court was in conformity with law and had a sufficient factual basis.”
Foutch v. O’Bryant, 99 Ill. 2d 389, 391-92 (1984). “When there is a gap in the record that could
have a material impact on the outcome of the case, the reviewing court will presume that the
missing evidence supported the judgment of the trial court and resolve any doubts against the
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appellant. [Citations.]” Midwest Builder Distributing Inc., v. Lord and Essex, Inc., 383 Ill. App.
3d 645, 655 (2007). Id.¶ 48 In this case, the record on appeal is insufficient for this court to assess what evidence or
argument plaintiff presented at the September 2022 bench trial. Accordingly, we must presume
that the order granting the directed finding “was in conformity with law and had a sufficient factual
basis.” Foutch, 99 Ill. 2d at 391-92.
¶ 49 Plaintiff’s Reliance on Prior Orders Is Erroneous
¶ 50 Although the insufficiency of the record would be enough to affirm the directed finding,
we find it is important (particularly given plaintiff’s pro se status) to explain why his reliance on
this court’s 2018 Rule 23 order (Balmadrid v. Gupta, 2018 IL App (1st) 171183-U) and the circuit
court’s August 2019 order are misplaced. Contrary to his arguments, those orders did not decide
the merits of his breach of contract claim. They merely allowed his claim to survive motions to
dismiss. Those orders did not preclude the trial court from subsequently finding, upon defendants’
motion for a directed finding, that plaintiff failed to provide sufficient evidence to sustain his
claims against defendants.
¶ 51 In his brief (as in his trial court submissions), plaintiff extensively relies on this court’s
statement in 2018 that he had sufficiently alleged a breach of an oral contract against Satya, to
avoid dismissal of that particular claim. Id., ¶ 20 (“Plaintiff’s complaint sufficiently alleged the
existence of an oral partnership agreement with Satya, Satya’s breach of the agreement, and that
plaintiff suffered damages *** as a result.”). Similarly, he relies on the circuit court’s August
2019 order that cited the 2018 Rule 23 order in denying a motion to dismiss. Plaintiff suggests that
in light of these orders, there were “no remaining dispute[s] of material facts” in the case. In turn,
he believes that the 2022 order granting defendants a directing finding and dismissing his case
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were void, violated the “law on remand and mandate”, violated the principle of stare decisis, and
violated his constitutional due process rights.
¶ 52 These arguments are without merit. They appear to stem from a basic misunderstanding of
civil procedure, specifically, the meaning of the denial of a motion to dismiss a cause of action.
Contrary to plaintiff’s suggestion, denial of a motion to dismiss merely indicates an action may
proceed; it does not mean plaintiff is entitled to judgment on the merits.
¶ 53 As stated in our 2018 Rule 23 Order, “[a] motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-615
challenges the legal sufficiency of a complaint, and inquires whether the allegations state a cause
of action upon which relief may be granted.” Balmadrid, 2018 IL App (1st) 171183-U, ¶ 17. When
ruling on such a motion, “a court must accept as true all well-pleaded facts in the complaint.”
DeHart v. DeHart, 2013 IL 114137, ¶ 18. “The crucial inquiry is whether the allegations of the
complaint, when construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, are sufficient to establish a
cause of action on which relief may be granted. [Citation.]” Id. Thus, in the 2018 Rule 23 Order,
our court was merely assessing the sufficiency of the allegations; we did not make any factual
determinations on the merits of the claim. See Combined Ins. Co. of America v. Certain
Underwriters at Lloyd’s London, 356 Ill. App. 3d 749, 752 (2005) (“Generally, motions to dismiss
do not require the trial court to weigh facts or determine credibility, and as a result our review is
de novo.”).
¶ 54 This court’s 2018 Rule 23 order simply held that, in the complaint at issue in that case,
plaintiff had “allege[d] sufficient facts to assert a breach of contract claim against Satya.”
Balmadrid, 2018 IL App (1st) 171183-U, ¶ 20. Thus, we remanded for further proceedings on
that claim. Id. ¶ 21. Contrary to plaintiff’s suggestion, nothing in that Rule 23 order resolved any
factual findings or entitled him to judgment on the merits.
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¶ 55 The same is true with respect to the circuit court’s August 2019 order, in case no. 19 L
1763, that denied a motion to dismiss a similar breach of contract claim. In that order, the circuit
court found our 2018 Rule 23 order was “law of the case that plaintiff has stated a cause of action
for breach of an oral contract.” That is, the circuit court merely found that this particular breach of
contract claim survived a motion to dismiss. It said nothing about whether plaintiff had proven the
merits of the claim.
¶ 56 In sum, plaintiff’s arguments relating to the significance of the 2018 Rule 23 order and the
August 2019 circuit court order are without merit. Those orders simply permitted plaintiff’s breach
of oral contract claim to survive motions to dismiss. It remained plaintiff’s burden to prove any
claim in subsequent proceedings. Certainly, those orders did not preclude the trial court from
ultimately finding, at a bench trial, that plaintiff failed to set forth sufficient evidence to “make a
prima facie case for either breach of contract or fraud.” In short, nothing in the 2018 Rule 23 order
or the August 2019 circuit court order support reversal of the 2022 order granting defendants’
motion for a directed finding, or the denial of plaintiff’s motion to reconsider. We will thus affirm
those orders.
¶ 57 Denial of Plaintiff’s Motion Taken With The Case
¶ 58 We briefly note that the foregoing discussion applies equally to plaintiff’s “Motion for
Summary Judgment on Breach of Contract,” which was filed in this court on December 4, 2023
and taken with the case. In that motion, plaintiff similarly argued that he was entitled to “final
Summary Judgment on [his] claim of Breach of Contract” due to this court’s 2018 Rule 23 order
and the August 2019 circuit order denying a motion to dismiss. As discussed, nothing in those
orders entitled plaintiff to judgment on the merits of a breach of contract claim. Accordingly, we
deny plaintiff’s motion.
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¶ 59 Plaintiff’s Request to Add a New Count and a New Defendant Is Improper
¶ 60 Apart from his arguments concerning the impact of the 2018 Rule 23 order and 2019 circuit
court order, plaintiff suggests the trial court erred in failing to allow him to add a count of fraud
and name Meenakshi as an additional defendant.
¶ 61 This portion of the brief is inappropriate, particularly given the contents of the order entered
by this court on January 22, 2024, in response to plaintiff’s “Motion for Leave to File Memo in
Support of Plaintiff’s Motion to Add Defendants and/or on the Alternative to Issue Summary
Judgments for Counts of Fraud, Forgery and Trespass.”
¶ 62 In that order, we recognized that plaintiff filed his action against Satya Gupta and Nawal
Gupta, but “Meenaskhi Gupta has never been named as a party to this matter and has never been
served with process.” We also recognized “the record does not contain any order from the circuit
court permitting Plaintiff to amend his complaint, whether to add defendants, add counts, or
otherwise, and this issue is not before us on appeal.” (Emphasis added.) We informed plaintiff that
our review on appeal was “limited to the order, and underlying order” identified in the notice of
appeal, i.e., the entry of the directed finding and denial of the related motion to reconsider. See
People v. Baldwin, 2020 IL App (1st) 160496, ¶ 31(Appellate jurisdiction is limited to the
judgment or orders specified in the notice of appeal and orders in the procedural progression
leading to the judgment or orders appealed from.) Thus, our order informed plaintiff that we “do
not have jurisdiction to add defendants or causes of action to his complaint in the circuit court.”
For the reasons stated in our January 22, 2024 order, we decline plaintiff’s improper request to add
a new count and a new defendant.
¶ 63 Before we conclude, we note it is apparent that plaintiff could have benefited (and a large
amount of the parties’ and the court’s time could been saved), had he been represented by counsel.
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Indeed, it appears that several meritless filings could have been avoided, had plaintiff spoken with
counsel regarding the significance of this court’s Rule 23 order in his prior case. The record reflects
that the trial court repeatedly advised plaintiff of resources for low-cost or free legal assistance,
but for whatever reason, plaintiff remained pro se. This case is a prime example of why pro se
litigants should be encouraged to take advantage of available legal assistance resources.
¶ 64 CONCLUSION
¶ 65 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Circuit Court of Cook County is affirmed.
¶ 66 Affirmed.
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