Seng-Tiong Ho v. Taflove , 696 F. Supp. 2d 950 ( 2010 )

696 F. Supp. 2d 950 (2010)

Seng-Tiong HO and Yingyan Huang, Plaintiffs,
v.
Allen TAFLOVE and Shih-Hui Chang, Defendants.

No. 07 C 4305.

United States District Court, N.D. Illinois, Eastern Division.

January 15, 2010. Opinion Denying Reconsideration April 9, 2010.

James Kenneth Borcia, Si-Yong Yi, Tressler LLP, Chicago, IL, for Plaintiffs.

David K. Haase, David Loren Christlieb, Littler Mendelson, P.C., Aaron A. Barlow, Jenner & Block LLP, Chicago, IL, for Defendants.

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

ELAINE E. BUCKLO, District Judge.

Plaintiffs Seng-Tiong Ho ("Ho") and Yingyan Huang ("Huang") filed suit against defendants Allen Taflove ("Taflove") and Shih-Hui Chang ("Chang") alleging copyright infringement, trade secret misappropriation, false designation of origin, fraud, conversion, and unfair competition. Plaintiffs claims center around a mathematical model they originated, which defendants are alleged to have copied and used in various publications. Defendants move both to dismiss and for summary judgment on all counts. For the following reasons, the motion for summary judgment is granted and the motion to dismiss is denied as moot. Plaintiffs' motion to strike defendants' reply to plaintiffs' response to defendants' Rule 56.1 statement of facts is granted.

I.

Ho and Taflove are professors of engineering at Northwestern University ("Northwestern") and, during the relevant period, Huang and Chang were engineering graduate students at Northwestern. In 1998, Ho first conceived and formulated a "4-level 2-electron atomic model with Pauli Exclusion Principle^[1] for simulating the electron dynamics of active media using Finite Difference Time Domain^[2] method" (the "Model"). The Model is an advance relative to earlier models^[3] that did not include the Pauli Exclusion Principle or certain "pumping dynamics," among other things.

Plaintiffs implemented and validated the Model for various applications, including optical switching and various gain media. Ho completed the derivation of equations for the Model by 1999 and involved Chang in implementing the equations into a FDTD computer program code for the purpose of running simulations of the Model. The computer program was developed from an earlier FDTD program, which was created at least in part by Chang. Chang was a research assistant for Ho and worked under his instruction until sometime in 2002 when he left to join Taflove's research group.

Huang started working for Ho in his lab in September of 2000. Between 2000 and 2001, she worked on applications of the Model to various mediums. The main focus of her work with Ho was to apply the Model to a range of gain medium (e.g., laser) parameters. Plaintiffs' research results and the Model were partially published in a conference paper in 2001 and then published in detail in 2002 in Huang's thesis.

The Model's original formulation and derivation of equations were also contained in Ho's 1998 and 1999 notebooks, and published in a 2002 presentation. The notebooks, the 2002 presentation, Huang's thesis, and two figures used in Huang's thesis were registered with the Copyright Office in 2007.^[4] (See Pls.' Resp. at 3.)(providing copyright registration numbers). There is presently no known commercial use for the Model.

Defendants submitted an article to the Optics Express Journal ("OE") and a four-page symposium paper to IEEE APS ("APS"), an online archival publication, describing the Model and discussing its applications. Some of the figures and equations published in Huang's thesis were used in these articles. The OE article was published in 2003 and covered the same subject matter as the APS Paper, but with more detail. Defendants did not include attributions to plaintiffs for their work or reference Huang's thesis. Plaintiffs filed complaints against defendants with OE, APS, and Northwestern alleging plagiarism. On July 31, 2007, plaintiffs filed the present suit alleging copyright infringement, trade secret misappropriation, false designation of origin, fraud, conversion, and unfair competition.^[5]

II.

Summary judgment is appropriate where the record shows that "there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). A genuine issue for trial exists "if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1986). The movant initially bears the burden of "identifying those portions of ``the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,' which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S. Ct. 2548, 91 L. Ed. 2d 265 (1986) (citing Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e)). Once the movant has met this burden, the non-movant "may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of the adverse party's pleading," but rather "must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e).

I must construe all facts in the light most favorable to the non-movant and draw all justifiable inferences in favor of that party. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S. Ct. at 2505.

III.

The Copyright Act provides that "[c]opyright protection subsists ... in original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression ... from which they can be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise communicated, either directly or with the aid of a machine or device." 17 U.S.C. § 102(a). As a general matter, a plaintiff asserting copyright infringement must prove: "(1) ownership of a valid copyright, and (2) copying of constituent elements of the work that are original." Feist Publ'ns, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340, 361, 111 S. Ct. 1282, 113 L. Ed. 2d 358 (1991).

Plaintiffs provide copyright registration numbers as prima facie evidence of copyrightability and copyright ownership of Huang's thesis, Ho's notebooks, Huang's figures, and a 2002 presentation. They argue that defendants copied plaintiffs' "expression of a complicated physical phenomenon," consisting of 1) the Model formulation, 2) the related full derivation of equations, and 3) two figures.^[6] (See Pls.' Resp. 7.)

However, the Copyright Act clearly provides that "[i]n no case does copyright protection for an original work of authorship extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery, regardless of the form in which it is described, explained, illustrated, or embodied in such work" 17 U.S.C. § 102(b).^[7] Defendants contend that the items allegedly copied are unprotectable concepts, ideas, methods, procedures, processes, systems, and/or discoveries, even if contained in a copyrighted work. Additionally, defendants contend that the merger doctrine applies because there are so few ways of mathematically expressing the Model. See Wildlife Express Corp. v. Carol Wright Sales, Inc., 18 F.3d 502, 508 (7th Cir.1994) (no copyright infringement for using expression required by idea); Applied Innovations, Inc. v. Regents of the Univ. of Minn., 876 F.2d 626 (8th Cir.1989)(noting that statistical models and mathematical principles cannot be copyrighted.) Defendants cite numerous persuasive cases in support of this argument. See Baker v. Selden, 101 U.S. 99, 103, 25 L. Ed. 841 (1879)("The copyright of a work on mathematical science cannot give to the author an exclusive right to the methods of operation which he propounds, or to the diagrams which he employs to explain them, so as to prevent an engineer from using them whenever occasion requires."); Am. Dental Ass'n v. Delta Dental Plans Ass'n, 126 F.3d 977 (7th Cir.1997)("Einstein's articles laying out the special and general theories of relativity were original works even though many of the core equations, such as the famous E=mc2, express ``facts' and therefore are not copyrightable."); MiTek Holdings, Inc. v. Arce Eng'g Co., 89 F.3d 1548, 1556 n. 19 (11th Cir.1996)("Were we to grant copyright protection to MiTek's user interface, which is nothing more than a process, we would be affording copyright protection to a process that is the province of patent law."); Dimension D, LLC v. True, No. 2:06CV113-SRW(WO), 2006 WL 1061952, at * 4 (M.D.Ala. Apr. 21, 2006)(remanding case to state court after finding no evidence demonstrating the mathematical model/algorithm at issue qualified for copyright protection, citing the merger doctrine and 17 U.S.C. § 102(b)). Plaintiffs contend that their Model is not a fact and therefore is protectable. To illustrate this point, they compare the Model to a cartoon character, arguing that like Mickey Mouse, an expression of a mouse with defined personality and characteristics, the Model is only an expression of the scientific phenomenon it simulates. But Mickey Mouse is not an idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery, and his characteristics and personality are not intended to realistically mimic those of a real mouse (e.g., wears clothes, owns a dog, has jobs, etc.) Simply put, Mickey Mouse does not have plaintiffs' merger doctrine or 17 U.S.C. § 102(b) problems.

Moreover, the "unique assumptions" that plaintiffs argue make their works protectable are not identified in their brief or cited evidence. (See generally Pls.' Resp. 5-8. and PSOF Ex. A, ¶¶ 30-33) (supported in large part by Ho's affidavit, which states that defendants "utilized" plaintiffs' "various writings, paragraphs, equations, and figures"; the modeling concept, the formulation, the derivation, and application of the model to various mediums); see also (Defs.' SOF Ex. D40.)(letter from Northwestern's plagiarism inquiry committee noting that "[t]he basic physics model of a four-level model is fairly standard... [t]he Pauli exclusion principle is clearly important, but is certainly not the intellectual property of any of the parties involved"). The two figures at issue consist in large part of lines, parabolas, arrows (unprotectable elements) and were described by Northwestern as "fairly conventional diagrammatic representations." (Compare Defs.' SOF Exs. D28, Fig. 1 and D30, Figs. 1, 2 with Defs.' SOF Ex. D3, Fig. 2-1.; see also Defs.' SOF Ex. D40.) Without identification of what "unique assumptions" were made or what elements of the plaintiffs' figures, equations, and derivation are at issue, I cannot determine if that expression could be considered original and protectable in light of 17 U.S.C. 102(b) and the merger doctrine.

The cases cited by plaintiffs are not helpful. For example, plaintiffs cite to Flick-Reedy Corp. v. Hydro-Line Mfg. Co., 351 F.2d 546 (7th Cir.1965), in support of their argument that the Model formulation and derivation are protectable. But in that case, the Seventh Circuit found plaintiff's copyright was valid as a revision and new arrangement of computations and formulae that were in the public domain— not a valid copyright of the computations and formulae themselves. Id. at 549-50; see also Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. v. Brown, 223 F. Supp. 219 (E.D.N.Y.1963) (pre-Feist decision protecting plaintiffs' textbook containing original physics homework problems); Apple Computer Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp., 714 F.2d 1240 (3rd Cir.1983) (computer program protectable).

Plaintiffs also claim that the merger doctrine does not apply because there are numerous ways of deriving a fundamental principle and depicting the results of a scientific model. But the issue here is whether there are numerous ways of expressing plaintiffs' Model and whether that Model is protectable in the first place. Without some evidence or legal authority suggesting that the expression copied did not merge with plaintiffs' idea, this argument fails.^[8]

IV.

Next, with regard to plaintiffs' claims for false designation of origin under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125, and unfair competition, defendants argue that Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., 539 U.S. 23, 123 S. Ct. 2041, 156 L. Ed. 2d 18 (2003) effectively bars those claims. I agree. Under Dastar, defendants are the properly designated origin of the allegedly infringing publications, regardless of whether the original idea, formulation, equations, and figures relating to the Model were plaintiffs'. This is because the term "origin of goods" in the Lanham Act refers to "the producer of the tangible goods that are offered for sale, and not to the author of any idea, concept, or communication embodied in those goods." Id. at 32, 123 S. Ct. 2041.

As the Seventh Circuit has explained, "[t]he right question ... is whether the consumer knows who has produced the finished product. In the Dastar case that was Dastar itself, even though most of the product's economic value came from elsewhere." Bretford Mfg., Inc. v. Smith Sys. Mfg. Corp., 419 F.3d 576, 581 (7th Cir. 2005); see also Francois v. Jack Ruch Quality Homes, Inc., No. 03-1419, 2006 WL 2361892, at *13 (C.D.Ill. Aug. 14, 2006) ("Dastar made it clear that there is no claim under the Lanham Act for copying, revising, and using a copyright-able work. Such claims exist if at all under copyright law.")(emphasis in original). Here, the allegedly infringing publications were appropriately designated as having "originated" with defendants.

Common law unfair competition claims "rise or fall" based on the Lanham Act. See MJ Partners Restaurant Ltd. v. Zadikoff, 10 F. Supp. 2d 922, 929 (N.D.Ill.1998). Therefore, because plaintiffs' Lanham Act claim fails, their unfair competition claim fails too. Defendants' motion is granted on Counts II and III.

V.

In Illinois, to establish a claim for conversion a plaintiff must show: 1) defendant's unauthorized or wrongful assumption of control, dominion, or ownership over a plaintiff's personal property; 2) plaintiff's right in the property; 3) plaintiff's right to immediate possession of the property; and 4) plaintiff's demand for possession of the property. Van Diest Supply Co. v. Shelby County State Bank, 425 F.3d 437, 439 (7th Cir.2005). Defendants argue that plaintiffs' claim is not cognizable in Illinois because they do not allege conversion of physical property, but rather conversion of plaintiffs' research ideas. In re Thebus, 108 Ill. 2d 255, 260, 483 N.E.2d 1258, 91 Ill. Dec. 623 (1985) (stating an action for conversion usually "lies only for personal property which is tangible, or at least represented by or connected with something tangible").

It appears that plaintiffs are really alleging conversion of intangibles (e.g., credit for their work, research concepts), but they suggest in their brief that 1) intangibles are the proper subject of a conversion claim if they are available in tangible form, and 2) this claim is also based on defendants' retention of copies of plaintiffs' notebooks and thesis. (See Compl. ¶ 42; Pls.' Opp'n. at 12.) To the extent plaintiffs argue that defendants' possession of physical copies of plaintiffs' works constitutes conversion, their claim fails as there are no allegations or evidence indicating that plaintiffs did not have copies of those materials available to them at all times. FMC Corp. v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc., 915 F.2d 300, 303-04 (7th Cir.1990) (stating that "the possession of copies of documents—as opposed to the documents themselves—does not amount to an interference with the owner's property sufficient to constitute conversion ... [t]he only rub is that someone else is using it as well").

In support of their argument that intangibles can be the subject of a conversion claim, plaintiffs cite to Bilut v. Northwestern Univ., 296 Ill.App.3d 42, 230 Ill. Dec. 161, 692 N.E.2d 1327 (Ill.App.Ct.1998). In Bilut, the plaintiff doctoral student brought a claim for conversion of her research ideas. She alleged that her advisor/professor refused to allow her to conduct her proposed research, supported her dismissal from the doctoral program, and "usurped her research ideas." Id. at 50, 230 Ill. Dec. 161, 692 N.E.2d 1327. The Bilut court dismissed her conversion claim as time-barred, but noted in dicta that her research ideas were "a proper subject of conversion because the printed copy of the research constituted tangible property."^[9] Without any thoughtful analysis, plaintiffs conclude that their claim must also be viable because their research ideas were written in tangible form. But the evidence does not suggest that defendants ever prevented Ho and Huang from conducting, controlling, accessing, using, or publishing their research. Accordingly, I do not find Bilut persuasive here. Defendants unauthorized copying and use of plaintiffs' published works does not sustain a claim for conversion.

VI.

I also grant defendants' motion as to plaintiffs' common law fraud/misrepresentation claim (Count V). Plaintiffs' five sentence response cites caselaw unrelated to this claim and states that there are fact issues relating to "the manner in which Chang misled Plaintiffs in obtaining copies of their protected materials that he and Taflove later used in their infringing works" that preclude summary judgment.^[10] But those fact issues are unrelated to the stated fraud claim, which alleges defendants used plaintiffs' work and passed it off as their own. (See Compl. ¶¶ 43-46.) Moreover, the fraud claim as stated is not well-founded. By taking credit for plaintiffs' work, defendants may have misled publishers or readers as to proper authorship, but they clearly did not mislead plaintiffs.

VII.

Plaintiffs' trade secret misappropriation claim also fails because it is based on the faulty premise that the Model is a trade secret. It is undisputed that the Model was published by plaintiffs in 2001 and 2002. See BondPro Corp. v. Siemens Power Generation, Inc., 463 F.3d 702, 706 (7th Cir.2006) ("A trade secret that becomes public knowledge is no longer a trade secret.") This fact alone dooms plaintiffs' claim.^[11]

Plaintiffs also allege that in addition to the Model, defendants' publications included other "materials from Ho's copyrighted notebook." (See Pls.' Opp' n. 14). The only "evidence" supporting this statement is Ho's affidavit, which includes the following averment: "Some of the information in Defendants' OSA article and book chapter contain materials from my copyrighted notebooks that were not previously published." (Id. Ex. A, ¶ 32.) For obvious reasons, this unsupported, nebulous statement does not sustain plaintiffs' trade secret claim at this stage in the litigation.

VIII.

Plaintiffs' state law claims are also all preempted by the Copyright Act. "State law claims do not avoid preemption simply because they are based upon the improper use of uncopyrightable material contained in works properly subject to copyright. If the rule were otherwise, states would be free to regulate materials Congress has assigned to the public domain." Nash v. CBS, Inc., 704 F. Supp. 823, 832 (N.D.Ill. 1989), aff'd, 899 F.2d 1537 (7th Cir.1990) (citations omitted).

IX.

For the foregoing reasons, defendants' motion for summary judgment is granted and defendants' motion to dismiss is denied as moot. Plaintiffs' motion to strike defendants' reply to plaintiffs' response to defendants' Rule 56.1 statement of facts is granted.

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

Plaintiffs Seng-Tiong Ho ("Ho") and Yingyan Huang ("Huang") filed an action for copyright infringement, false designation of origin, unfair competition, conversion, fraudulent misrepresentation, and trade secret misappropriation based on the use of their scientific works in several publications authored by defendants Allen Taflove ("Taflove") and Shih-Hui Chang ("Chang"). Defendants filed for summary judgment on all claims and on January 15, 2010, I granted their motion. Twenty-eight days later, plaintiffs filed the pending "motion to reconsider" the grant of summary judgment on two of the six original claims—copyright infringement (Count I) and conversion (Count IV). For the following reasons, plaintiffs' motion is denied.

I.

There is technically no "motion to reconsider" under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure ("FRCP"); however, there are motions to amend or alter judgment under FRCP 59(e) and motions for relief from judgment under FRCP 60(b).^[1] Whether a motion for reconsideration should be analyzed under FRCP 59(e) or 60(b) depends on the substance of the motion, not on the timing or label affixed to it. Obriecht v. Raemisch, 517 F.3d 489, 493 (7th Cir.2008) (citations omitted). The pending motion is labeled a FRCP 60(b) motion, but seeks to alter my decision to grant summary judgement in favor of defendants on plaintiffs' conversion and copyright infringement claims. It is therefore properly considered under FRCP 59(e). See Obriecht, 517 F.3d at 494.

Altering or amending a judgment pursuant to FRCP 59(e) is permissible only when there is newly discovered evidence or where there has been a manifest error of law or fact. Harrington v. City of Chicago, 433 F.3d 542, 546 (7th Cir.2006) (citations omitted). A manifest error is a "wholesale disregard, misapplication, or failure to recognize controlling precedent." Oto v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 224 F.3d 601, 606 (7th Cir.2000) (citation omitted). Submitted with their twenty-page motion to reconsider, plaintiffs include four large volumes of exhibits, all of which were available to them on summary judgment. See Caisse Nationale de Credit Agricole v. CBI Indus. Inc., 90 F.3d 1264, 1269-70 ("A party seeking to defeat a motion for summary judgment is required to ``wheel out all its artillery to defeat it.'") (citations omitted). "Belated factual or legal attacks are viewed with great suspicion ... [and reconsideration is not an appropriate forum for rehashing previously rejected arguments or arguing matters that could have been heard during the pendency of the previous motion." Id. Plaintiffs contend that the grant of summary judgment on Counts I and IV was based on manifest errors of fact and law. I review plaintiffs' arguments in light of what was presented by both parties at summary judgment.

II.

First, with respect to conversion of physical property, defendants argued that plaintiffs could not prove their conversion claim because they flatly admitted defendants did not take any of their physical property. (Defs.' SJ Mem. 11.) They also argued that plaintiffs had no claim for conversion of intangibles because Illinois law does not recognize conversion of ideas where there is no deprivation of the subject property. Id. This argument was supported by citation to FMC Corp. v. Capital Cities/ABC Inc., 915 F.2d 300 (7th Cir. 1990) and In re Thebus, 108 Ill. 2d 255, 91 Ill. Dec. 623, 483 N.E.2d 1258 (Ill.1985), and the following evidence taken from plaintiffs' own depositions:

Q. Are you aware of Allen Taflove or Gilbert Chang physically taking any of your property, such as physically removing your notebook or physically removing your documents, your papers?

A. Not that I'm aware of.

(SOF ¶ 55; Huang Dep., SOF Ex. D at 210:12-16.)

Q. Professor Ho, to your knowledge, has Gilbert Chang or Allen Taflove taken anything of yours, such as physically removed your notebook, something like that?

A. ... your not talking about intellectual property; your talking about physically removing something?

Q. Physically removing something, like your notebook or your actual pieces of paper.

A. No.

(SOF ¶ 55; Ho Dep., SOF Ex. E at 471:20-472:5.)

In response to defendants' summary judgment motion, plaintiffs argued that while defendants did not "steal" physical originals and copies of their works, plaintiffs gave them copies of Huang's thesis and figures, and copies and an original of "Ho's notebooks." (SJ Resp. 12.) The cited evidence indicated that Chang was given copies of Huang's thesis and figures, but did not mention whether or not defendants were given originals or copies of Ho's notebooks too. Id. (citing PSAF ¶¶ 18-21).

In the present motion, plaintiffs argue that their conversion claim was based not only on Huang's works and "Ho's notebooks," but also on computer code co-developed by Chang and Ho in 1999 and Chang's 2002 research notebook, which apparently was issued by Ho. (Mot. 17.) Plaintiffs are wrong. They did not mention either the computer code or Chang's 2002 notebook in their original summary judgment argument or evidence. (Compare SJ Resp. 12 (citing PSAF ¶¶ 18-21) with Mot. 17-18 (citing Mot. Ex. 2Q and PSAF Ex. A at ¶ 28); Rai v. Dynagear, Inc., No. 98 C 6053, 2000 WL 875401, *9 (N.D.Ill. June 26, 2000)("Any argument based on a fact raised in a Rule [56.1] statement is waived if it is not asserted in the brief.") In addition, the newly cited evidence consists of an averment by Ho that Chang took and did not return the 2002 research notebook and co-developed computer code. (PSAF Ex. A at ¶ 28.) This evidence does not create an issue of fact as it directly contradicts Ho's and Huang's prior testimony that no notebooks or other physical property were taken. (Compare SOF ¶ 55 with PSAF Ex. A at ¶ 28); see Velez v. City of Chicago, 442 F.3d 1043, 1049 (7th Cir.2006)(noting that an issue of fact cannot be created by an affidavit that contradicts prior sworn testimony). This same paragraph of Ho's affidavit also states that he gave Chang a copy of the 1999 notebook. (PSAF Ex. A at ¶ 28.) This evidence was not cited in plaintiffs' original summary judgment response, but even so, the affidavit does not explain what happened to the original notebook, and Ho previously testified that defendants did not take it. (SOF ¶ 55; PSAF Ex. A at ¶ 28.)

Because the evidence presented on summary judgment, at best, showed defendants only had copies of some of plaintiffs' works, I found plaintiffs' claim for conversion of tangible goods could not survive summary judgment and cited FMC Corp. v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc., 915 F.2d 300, 303-04 (7th Cir.1990) as support for that finding. FMC Corp. clearly states that "possession of copies of documents—as opposed to the documents themselves—does not amount to an interference with the owner's property sufficient to constitute conversion ... the owner is in no way being deprived of the use of his property. The only rub is that someone else is using it as well." Id. (citations omitted).

Plaintiffs contend that FMC Corp. requires defendants to provide evidence showing plaintiffs retained originals or the functional equivalent of originals of their works.^[2] (Mot. 18.) I do not read it to require that specific showing. Regardless, plaintiffs admitted in their depositions that defendants did not take any physical property, including any notebooks. The evidence on summary judgment supporting conversion of tangible goods only showed defendants were given a copy of Huang's thesis and figures. The logical conclusion is that Huang kept the originals. In fact, she must have retained her originals as she published them in mid-2002. The same logical conclusion applies to "Ho's notebooks," which were mentioned, but not supported by evidence, in plaintiffs' summary judgment response. Ho's affidavit, cited in the pending motion, does state that Ho gave Chang a copy of the 1999 notebook, but if he also failed to retain the original notebook, he could and should have said so. Defendants met their burden on summary judgment.

Finally, with regard to conversion of intangibles, plaintiffs argue I failed to consider certain key evidence that salvages their claim. However, the evidence cited with this argument was not included in their response on summary judgment. Compare SJ Resp. 12 with Mot. 18-19; see also Corley v. Rosewood Care Center, Inc., 388 F.3d 990, 1001 (7th Cir.2004) (explaining that where plaintiff fails to cite the record, "we will not root through the hundreds of documents and thousands of pages . . . to make his case for him."); U.S. v. Dunkel, 927 F.2d 955, 956 (7th Cir.1991)("Judges are not like pigs, hunting for truffles buried in [the record].") They also contend I should not have found that "the evidence does not suggest defendants ever prevented Ho and Huang from conducting, controlling, accessing, using, or publishing their research," because defendants did not raise that issue. (Op. 13.) But that statement was made to distinguish plaintiffs' claim from that of the plaintiff in Bilut v. Northwestern Univ., 296 Ill.App.3d 42, 230 Ill. Dec. 161, 692 N.E.2d 1327 (Ill.App.Ct.1998)—a case plaintiffs argued was on point and applicable, which defendants refuted in reply. Accordingly, I find no manifest error of law or fact on this issue.

III.

Plaintiffs also take issue with my alternative finding that their conversion claim is pre-empted by the Copyright Act. First, they argue that because I found portions of plaintiffs' works were not copyrightable, I was wrong to find preemption. This argument confuses copyrightability with the subject matter covered by the Copyright Act. Nash v. CBS, Inc., 704 F. Supp. 823, 832 (N.D.Ill.1989), aff'd, 899 F.2d 1537 (7th Cir.1990)("State law claims do not avoid preemption simply because they are based upon the improper use of uncopyrightable material contained in works properly subject to copyright.") (citations omitted.); see also Berge v. Bd. of Trustees, 104 F.3d 1453, 1463 (4th Cir.1996).

Alternatively, plaintiffs argue that there remain fact issues as to whether the conversion claim goes beyond mere reproduction of plaintiffs' works. To the extent those issues have already been substantively addressed, I disagree for the reasons given. If this argument is based on other fact issues, plaintiffs were obliged to explain them and cite evidence supporting them. See United States v. Berkowitz, 927 F.2d 1376, 1384 (7th Cir.1991)("perfunctory and undeveloped arguments . . . are waived.")

III.

With respect to the copyright infringement claim, I reviewed plaintiffs' sixteen-page argument on the present motion in light of their three-page summary judgment response, and the twelve statements of fact cited therein. (Compare Mot. 1-16 with SJ Resp. 5-8.) I find no reason to alter or amend judgment on the copyright infringement claim. First, plaintiffs improperly add new arguments and authority, and cite to a variety of previously available evidence not included with their original summary judgment arguments. Id. I do not consider any of these materials now. If plaintiffs believed them to be relevant and instructive, they should have submitted them on summary judgment. See Caisse Nationale, 90 F.3d at 1269-70.

Second, to be clear, contrary to plaintiffs' contentions, I did not decide that plaintiffs' copyright registrations were wholly invalid or that their overall works were not copyrightable. (See Op. 5-10.) I also did not decide that scientific works and figures generally are not copyrightable. Id. According to the plaintiffs, only certain portions of the registered works were copied and at issue in their lawsuit, namely, the model formulation, the derivation of equations, and related figure drawings. (SJ Resp. 7.) Defendants did not dispute this, so I reviewed the law and evidence presented by the parties with these specific pieces of plaintiffs' works in mind.

In their motion, defendants cited persuasive authority in support of their argument that 1) plaintiffs' mathematical model, regardless of the form of expression or illustration, is excluded from copyright protection pursuant to § 102(b) of the Copyright Act (e.g. plaintiffs' works were merely expressions or illustrations of a procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery) and 2) the merger doctrine was applicable. (Defs.' SJ Mem. 7.) Because plaintiffs did not respond with convincing authority, argument, or evidence suggesting otherwise, I found their copyright infringement claim could not withstand summary judgment. (SJ Resp. 5-8, citing PSAF ¶¶ 1-12.; Op. 5-10.) In fact, the evidence cited in plaintiffs' response specifically describes the model, and its formulation and derivation of equations, as Ho's "concept" and "principle" and fails to address copyrightability of the figure drawings altogether. (SJ Resp. 5-8, citing PSAF ¶¶ 1-12.)

Plaintiffs also did not explain how their concepts and principles could be alternatively expressed or illustrated so as to avoid application of the merger doctrine. Their response, without any authority or evidence, was simply that the doctrine was not relevant because "[t]here are countless ways a fundamental principle can be reduced into other equations," "there are numerous ways of depicting the results of a scientific experiment or model," and "there are countless ways to capture these ideas in tangible written text." (SJ Resp. 8.) If there really are "countless" ways of expressing the copied works, plaintiffs should have easily been able to give at least one example of an alternative rendering.

The remaining arguments merely rehash plaintiffs' take on the authority presented on summary judgment and referenced in my opinion. I simply disagree with plaintiffs' interpretation and application of those cases and find no manifest error of law requiring alteration or amendment of my decision to grant summary judgment.

IV.

For the foregoing reasons, plaintiffs' motion is denied.

NOTES

[1] A quantum mechanical principle formulated by Wolfgang Pauli in 1925. See generally, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle (last visited on January 12, 2010).

[2] Finite Difference Time Domain ("FDTD") is a popular computational electrodynamics modeling technique that is considered easy to understand and implement. See generally, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDTD (last visited on January 12, 2010).

[3] Generally speaking, mathematical models use mathematical language to describe a system by a set of variables that represent properties of the system and a set of equations that establish relationships between the variables. The model is the set of functions that describe relationships between the different variables. See generally, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_model (last visited on January 7, 2010).

[4] No copies of the certificates of registration were filed as evidence of a valid copyright in the five subject works, although the registration numbers were provided by the plaintiffs. Copies of the 2002 presentation and Ho's research notebooks are not included with the summary judgment exhibits either. Defendants submitted a copy of Huang's thesis in their exhibits, which apparently contains the two figures that were separately registered with the Copyright Office at issue. (See Defs.' SOF, Ex. D3.)

[5] The complaint includes allegations that, in addition to the OE article and APS paper, some of the registered works were also copied in Taflove's book and in "other" publications. (Compl. ¶ 23; Pls.' Resp. at 4.) Those allegations are mentioned in one sentence in the facts section of plaintiffs' response, but no argument is made. Id. Plaintiffs' responses to defendants' interrogatories only allege copyright infringement in the APS paper and OE article. (Defs.' SOF ¶ 63.) Accordingly, plaintiffs' copyright infringement claim is limited to those two documents.

[6] Defendants figures, titled "four-level two-electron model" and "semiconductor band structure," do not appear to be direct copies of figure 2-1 of Huang's thesis, titled "Four-level two-electron scheme for semiconductor band structure." (Compare SOF Exs. D28, Fig. 1 and D30, Figs. 1, 2 with SOF Ex. D3, Fig. 2-1.)

[7] Copyright Office Circular 31 explains that copyright protection is not available for "scientific or technical methods or discoveries ... mathematical principles; formulas, algorithms; or any concept, process or method of operation."

[8] In light of my finding that the cited works are not protected by the Copyright Act, defendants' joint authorship and limitations arguments are moot.

[9] The Bilut opinion also cites to Conant v. Karris, 165 Ill.App.3d 783, 117 Ill. Dec. 406, 520 N.E.2d 757 (Ill.App.Ct.1987), suggesting that the research proposal in that case was confidential and/or no longer of use to plaintiff once usurped by her advisor. Id. (allowing claim for conversion of confidential information no longer of value to plaintiff once disclosed to third party).

[10] To the extent the fraud claim is based on Chang's alleged misrepresentation to plaintiffs as to how he planned to use Ho and/or Huang's work, they fail to explain how such a misrepresentation is actionable fraud. See Davis v. Carter, 452 F.3d 686, 692 (7th Cir. 2006) (court is not required to "scour a record to locate evidence supporting a party's legal argument" nor "research and construct the parties' arguments.")

[11] Contrary to plaintiffs' contentions, the Model's trade secret status is not dependent on whether defendants gave plaintiffs proper attribution in later publications.

[1] A motion filed under FRCP 59(e) must be filed within twenty-eight days of the entry of judgment, while a FRCP 60(b) motion must be filed "within a reasonable time" and, for certain specified reasons, no more than a year after the entry of judgment. Fed.R.Civ.P. 59(e), 60(c)(1).

[2] Plaintiffs also suggest FMC Corp. does not apply because California conversion law was at issue. But in that decision, the Seventh Circuit specifically noted that its holding applied not only to California law, but also to the conversion laws of most states because "[t]he principles of what conduct constitutes conversion are universal." Id. at 302-03, n. 2. (quoting P.M.F. Servs. Inc. v. Grady, 703 F. Supp. 742, 743 n. 1 (N.D.Ill.1989). Plaintiffs fail to explain how Illinois law differs from the conversion laws of California and "most states" such that FMC Corp. would not apply here. See United States v. Berkowitz, 927 F.2d 1376, 1384 (7th Cir. 1991)("perfunctory and undeveloped arguments ... are waived.")