Charles Stephenson v. State of Indiana , 2015 Ind. LEXIS 318 ( 2015 )

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Leanna K. Weissmann Gregory F. Zoeller
Lawrenceburg, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Brian L. Reitz
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
Lynn M. Deddens
Deputy Prosecutor
Dearborn County Prosecutor's Office
_____________________________________________________________________________
In the
Apr 23 2015, 3:54 pm
Indiana Supreme Court
_________________________________
No. 15S00-1401-LW-40
CHARLES STEPHENSON, Appellant (Defendant),
v.
STATE OF INDIANA, Appellee (Plaintiff).
_________________________________
Appeal from the Dearborn Circuit Court, No. 15C01-1205-MR-1
The Honorable James Humphrey, Judge
_________________________________
April 23, 2015
Dickson, Justice.
Convicted following a jury trial for the April 2012 robbery and murder of 67-year-old
Leigh Jennings in Aurora, Indiana, the defendant, Charles R. Stephenson, brings this direct ap-
peal to challenge his convictions and resulting sentence of life imprisonment without parole. For
the reasons expressed below, we affirm both the convictions and sentence.
Because the defendant was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole, this Court has
mandatory and exclusive jurisdiction over this appeal. Ind. Appellate Rule 4(A)(1)(a). The de-
fendant asserts the following appellate claims: (1) insufficient evidence of robbery; (2) insuffi-
cient evidence to support the sentence of life imprisonment without parole; (3) erroneous admis-
sion of suicide attempt evidence; (4) erroneous admission of evidence regarding the defendant's
appearance after the victim's apparent death; and (5) sentence inappropriateness. 1
1. Sufficiency of Evidence of Robbery
The defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the robbery convic-
tion. He argues that such conviction required proof that the physical violence perpetrated on
Leigh Jennings was part of a plan to take her property and not just part of the murder.
In reviewing a claim of insufficient evidence, an appellate court will affirm if, consider-
ing only the probative evidence most favorable to the verdict and any reasonable resulting infer-
ences and without reweighing the evidence or judging witness credibility, it finds that a reasona-
ble finder of fact could find each element of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Baker
v. State, 968 N.E.2d 227, 229 (Ind. 2012); Grace v. State, 731 N.E.2d 442, 445 (Ind. 2000).
The defendant was convicted of Robbery as a Class A Felony. This offense is defined as
follows:
A person who knowingly or intentionally takes property from another person or from the
presence of another person:
(1) by using or threatening the use of force on any person; or
(2) by putting any person in fear;
commits robbery, a Class C felony. However, the offense is a . . . Class A felony if it
results in serious bodily injury to any person other than a defendant.
Ind. Code § 35-42-5-1 (2008).
Leigh Jennings was found brutally bludgeoned to death in her kitchen. She died from
blunt force head trauma, and her injuries were consistent with blows from the cast iron skillet
1
Separate and in addition to these issues, the defense presented additional matters for the first
time at oral argument. Because these were not raised in his briefs and not fully subject to the adversarial
process, we decline to consider them.
2
and pepper mill found hanging in her pantry with blood drips on the wall behind. Calculated
from her body decomposition rate, March 29, 2012, was the probable date of death. Jennings
was a 67-year-old woman who eschewed modern medicine, distrusted banks, and was suspicious
of the government. She kept cash at her house in two safes. Both safes were closed, but no
money was found there or elsewhere in her home except for a twenty dollar bill in the kitchen
and some change in a jar. One of Jennings's safes contained two handwritten promissory notes
signed by the defendant for loans totaling $5,000 made in October and December of 2011. On
past occasions when the defendant had borrowed money from Jennings, he would stay in the
front of her house and she would return from a back bedroom with various denominations of
twenties and hundreds, which the defendant suspected came from a safe. Police discovered at
the murder scene a Papa John's pizza box in Jennings's kitchen labeled with the names of Jen-
nings and the defendant. Jennings had called the defendant on March 29 at 6:55 pm and then tel-
ephoned Papa John's Pizza at 7:09 pm. Several text messages were exchanged between the de-
fendant and Jennings until March 29. The defendant's vehicle was seen at Jennings's home on
March 29. The defendant was deeply in debt and several of his creditors were threatening immi-
nent legal action absent immediate repayment. Personally confronted by an attorney for one
lender demanding payment for a bounced check by March 28, 2012, the defendant had sought a
two-day extension for repayment until March 30. On Friday morning of that date, the defendant
delivered a one thousand dollar money order to the attorney for the lender. When questioned
about the source of the money, the defendant said that he had borrowed it from his friend John
Rittenour, who denied loaning defendant the money. On May 9, police discovered the defendant
on his bed, covered in blood from an apparent suicide attempt. The defendant had left a suicide
note written to his son, emphasizing his financial distress and declaring that he had nothing to do
with Jennings's murder. A few days later, it was determined that the defendant's DNA was on
the pepper grinder and that he could not be excluded from the DNA found on the skillet. Jen-
nings's blood was found on documents inside her back bedroom safe, and the defendant's finger-
print was found on a promissory note inside another safe.
The defendant contends that, to convict him of robbery, it was necessary for the evidence
"to prove the physical violence perpetrated on Jennings was part of a plan to take her property
and not just part of the murder." Appellant's Br. at 21. Drawing on language in Buggs v. State,
3
844 N.E.2d 195 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied, the defendant argued that, because an entire
robbery could not occur after the victim was dead, the State in the present case should be re-
quired to show that the murder was used to effectuate the robbery, rather than the robbery being
an afterthought after the murder.
The defense points to a lack of evidence that the defendant went to Jennings's home with
any intent to murder or violently kill her to take money. He argues that the extreme amount of
force used shows this to be a crime of passion and not a robbery attempt. He stresses that there
is no evidence to support an inference that the taking of Jennings's property was effectuated by
the use of force against her while she was still alive.
We disagree. There is no evidentiary support for the defense theory that the defendant
first murdered Jennings and only thereafter decided to take her property. To the contrary, the ev-
idence and its reasonable inferences show that the defendant, deep in debt, distraught, and des-
perate for cash, (1) went to Jennings home purposefully to obtain money and, either in response
to her refusal to give it to him or in the absence of such refusal, (2) struck her in the head multi-
ple times, killing her, and then (3) took cash from her safes. Obtaining Jennings's money was the
defendant's objective. Whether the murder was committed in the course of the robbery or after
its completion does not undermine the correctness of the robbery conviction. See Robinson v.
State, 693 N.E.2d 548, 554 (Ind. 1998) ("The record contains abundant evidence that the taking
of Hobbs' property was effectuated by the use of force against him while he was still alive. That
Robinson waited until after Hobbs' death actually to take the property is of no moment."). While
a robbery conviction may not be proper when a robbery both commences and concludes on a
dead person, the crime is committed when part of the robbery occurs before the victim's death
and the other part occurs after the death. Id.
The probative evidence in this case was sufficient for a reasonable jury to conclude be-
yond a reasonable doubt that the defendant knowingly or intentionally took property from an-
other person by using or threatening the use of force, thus committing the offense of robbery.
4
2. Sufficiency of Evidence for Sentence of Life Imprisonment Without Parole
Advancing a similar rationale, the defense contends that the evidence was insufficient to
prove the charged statutory predicate for the sentence of life imprisonment without parole. The
sole statutory aggravating circumstance charged was that the defendant "committed the murder
by intentionally killing the victim while committing or attempting to commit . . . Robbery." Ind.
Code § 35-50-2-9(b)(1)(G) (2008).
The defendant alternatively argues that the State failed to prove the charged aggravating
circumstance because either (1) there was insufficient evidence to convict him of robbery, or
(2) even if the robbery conviction is upheld, the nature of the murder and its simultaneous rela-
tion to the robbery were insufficient evidence to prove the statutory aggravating circumstance
required here for the sentence of life imprisonment without parole. Having already found the ev-
idence sufficient to prove robbery, we address only the defendant's second alternative claim—
that the life without parole statute "specifically requires that the defendant intentionally killed the
victim while committing the robbery." Appellant's Br. at 29 (emphasis in original).
In light of the nature and extent of the brutal injuries inflicted in the murder of Jennings,
the evidence was sufficient to prove that the killing was intentional. The defense does not seri-
ously challenge this conclusion but rather focuses its argument on the claimed lack of proof that
the murder was committed while committing or attempting to commit robbery. He urges that
just because a robbery and a murder were committed does not satisfy the statutory predicate for a
sentence of life imprisonment without parole, but rather "the State must present evidence that the
defendant actually killed the victim while committing the robbery." Id. (emphasis added). He
argues that, if he killed Jennings, it was a crime of passion precipitated by his angry reaction to
Jennings's refusal to loan him money, that there was no evidence that he went to her home in-
tending to kill and rob her, that he brought no weapons, and that his past history showed a likeli-
hood of getting what he wanted using only words. He thus contends that the robbery was se-
quential to the murder rather than the intentional killing occurring while the robbery was at-
tempted or committed and that a sequential occurrence is insufficient to satisfy the statutory ag-
gravating circumstance.
5
In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence in support of a statutory aggravator under
this statute, we use the same standard that is used for determining the sufficiency of the evidence
to convict. Washington v. State, 808 N.E.2d 617, 626 (Ind. 2004). "We examine the evidence
tending to support the verdict and all reasonable inferences therefrom without weighing the evi-
dence or assessing witness credibility," and then we determine if there is substantial evidence of
probative value from which the jury could find the existence of the aggravator beyond a reasona-
ble doubt. Id.
That the defendant murdered Leigh Jennings is not disputed. That he committed robbery
is confirmed in Issue 1 above. To qualify the defendant for life imprisonment without parole, the
statute requires that the murder be committed "while" committing or attempting to commit rob-
bery. Ind. Code § 35-50-2-9(b)(1)(G). Applying the standard of review, the issue is thus
whether there is substantial evidence of probative value from which the jury could have found
that the murder was committed while committing the robbery. The defense portrays the evidence
as indicative of the crimes being committed consecutively. Resolution of this claim, however,
rests on whether the jury could find the aggravator adequately proven.
The evidence as a whole shows that the defendant, under extreme financial stress, knew
that Jennings kept large amounts of cash in her home, visited Jennings there, bludgeoned her to
death, and left with money taken from her home. These facts and their reasonable inferences in-
escapably lead us to conclude that a reasonably jury could have concluded that the murder was
committed while committing the robbery. We find that the evidence was sufficient to prove the
charged statutory predicate for the sentence of life imprisonment without parole.
3. Admission of Suicide Attempt Evidence
The defendant argues that the trial court erred by admitting evidence regarding his at-
tempt to commit suicide two days after police questioned him about the murder. He contends
that such evidence was inadmissible because it was not relevant to the Jennings murder, and,
6
even if relevant, it should have been excluded under Indiana Evidence Rule 403 because any pro-
bative value was outweighed by the prejudicial impact. The State responds that the defendant
failed to timely object and that the admission was not error at all, let alone fundamental error. 2
The defendant's suicide attempt was initially mentioned at a bench conference out of the
presence of the jury. The trial court conducted a bench hearing to consider the defense's objec-
tions and motion to exclude from evidence an audio recording and transcript of the defendant's
conversation with Indiana State Police Officer Tracy Rohlfing. The challenged recording and
transcript did not include any mention of the suicide attempt. And when such attempt was men-
tioned during the bench hearing testimony of the officer, the defense voiced no objection. After
the bench hearing concluded and the jury trial resumed, the prosecution resumed the direct ex-
amination of Officer Rohlfing. When the officer's narrative appeared to reach a description of
his encounter with the defendant, defense counsel interrupted and asked to approach the bench.
It was at this time that defense counsel first expressed concern over the admissibility of the de-
fendant's attempted suicide into evidence, stating:
We're concerned that the witness is going to possibly blurt out about the suicide attempt
and, at this point, we're thinking that would not be admissible, it would be objectionable,
so we would just like the prosecutor not to—to tell the witness not to go there unless they
got permission from the Court.
Tr. at 1081. The trial court allowed the State to proceed but directed that it not get into the at-
tempted suicide evidence so that the defendant's motion to exclude that evidence could be con-
sidered outside the presence of the jury at the upcoming break in the trial. Id. at 1081–82. The
admissibility of the suicide attempt evidence was later discussed with the trial court outside the
presence of the jury on four occasions. Id. at 1095, 1229–1232, 1238–40. In the first, the de-
fense primarily argued lack of relevancy but made an isolated statement that "the act of commit-
ting suicide is itself a bad act." Id. at 1095. Later, in addition to lack of relevancy, the defense
asserted "this would be described as a prior bad act and that . . . should be inadmissible." Id. at
1231. During the last discussion, the defense asserted "we would just renew our objection that
we've already stated under relevancy." Id. at 1240. During these exchanges, the defense did not
2
In its Statement of the Issues, Summary of the Argument, and specific argument heading, the
State couches its argument in terms of "fundamental error." Appellee's Br. at 1, 12, and 21. We find in
the context of its argument, however, that the State also directly addresses the defense claims of lack of
relevancy and probative value versus unfair prejudice.
7
elaborate on its "prior bad act" objection, but as to relevancy, it argued that evidence of his at-
tempted suicide was irrelevant because the suicide note he wrote expressly maintained his inno-
cence in the murder. While advocating for the admission of evidence describing the apparent at-
tempted suicide, the State objected to the admission of the suicide note itself. The trial judge
eventually permitted both the suicide attempt testimony accompanied by the suicide note exhibit.
The jury heard testimony from the officer and other witnesses who came upon the defendant af-
ter his self-inflicted wounds to his wrists, and the jury was shown the suicide note.
The State argues on appeal that the defendant's failure to object to Officer Rohlfing's
bench hearing mention of the attempted suicide operated to let "the proverbial cat . . . out of the
bag." Appellee's Br. at 23. It argues that Stephenson's future objections to the suicide attempt
evidence came too late, as "the objected-to evidence [was] merely cumulative of unobjected-to
evidence and cumulative evidence is not reversible error . . . ." Id.
It is correct that a failure to timely object to the erroneous admission of evidence at trial
will procedurally foreclose the raising of such error on appeal unless the admission constitutes
fundamental error. Davis v. State, 598 N.E.2d 1041, 1048 (Ind. 1992). See Johnson v. State,
734 N.E.2d 530, 532 (Ind. 2000); Marcum v. State, 725 N.E.2d 852, 863 (Ind. 2000). The re-
quirement that evidentiary objections be made timely is for the purpose of permitting a trial court
to take appropriate preventative or corrective action during trial. Godby v. State, 736 N.E.2d
252, 255 (Ind. 2000). See also Brown v. State, 929 N.E.2d 204, 207 (Ind. 2010); Jackson v.
State, 735 N.E.2d 1146, 1152 (Ind. 2000). In the present case, the defense objections were fully
expressed to the trial court at the time the challenged evidence was to be presented to the jury.
Had the trial court been persuaded by the defense's objections, the trial court could have taken
preventative action by excluding the evidence before it was heard by the jury. We decline to find
that the defense waived its objections to the suicide attempt evidence by not raising them at the
hearing on an unrelated issue out of the jury's presence.
On appeal, the defendant contends that evidence of his suicide attempt should have been
excluded because (1) it was not relevant and (2) the danger of unfair prejudice substantially out-
weighed its probative value.
8
As to relevancy, the defendant contends that the evidence does not show any link, other
than timing, between the suicide attempt and the charged offenses of robbery and murder. He
argues that the attempt was not relevant to a consciousness of guilt but rather showed that the de-
fendant was in the midst of financial crises and that the pressure of his mounting debt "became
the impetus behind his suicide attempt." Appellant's Br. at 41. This asserted motive was argua-
bly supported by the accompanying suicide note, in which the defendant expressly denied that he
killed Leigh Jennings and appeared to direct that his life insurance proceeds be used to repay
"people who trusted me with their money." State's Ex. 185, Volume of Ex. at 799. The State re-
sponds that the defendant's financial problems were the motivation for the defendant's robbery
and murder in this case and that the suicide attempt was relevant as evidence of a guilty con-
science and as evidence of the defendant's financial stress.
The defense acknowledges the absence of Indiana case law directly on point and that
"other jurisdictions generally do allow evidence of suicide attempts." Appellant's Br. at 38. One
reason other states employ for allowing this type of evidence, the defendant admits, is that many
"states acknowledge the general rule that 'evidence the accused attempted to commit suicide is
relevant as a circumstance tending . . . to show consciousness of guilt.'" Id. (quoting 1 Wharton's
Criminal Evidence § 159 (14th ed. 1985)). The defendant nevertheless directs our attention to
two Indiana cases in which suicide attempt evidence was excluded, Cardine v. State, 475 N.E.2d
696 (Ind. 1985), and Kien v. State, 782 N.E.2d 398 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), trans. denied. In addi-
tion, the defendant cites cases from other states that caution courts to carefully consider the pro-
bative value of attempted suicide evidence. See State v. Onorato, 762 A.2d 858 (Vt. 2000) and
State v. Mann, 625 A.2d 1102 (N.J. 1993).
In both Cardine and Kien, the exclusion of suicide attempt evidence was fact-sensitive
and did not announce a general proscription. In Cardine, the defendant was seeking to admit evi-
dence of his attempted suicide in an effort to "demonstrate[] his mental imbalance prior to the
crime." 475 N.E.2d at 699. Noting that the defendant was arguing self-defense, however, the
Court observed that under an insanity defense, attempted suicide evidence may be probative, but
that as to a claim of self-defense, the "suicide attempt, which occurred two months prior to the
9
offense, was too remote and had little if any relationship to [the defendant's] defense." Id. In
Kien, the Court of Appeals found that the admittance of two suicide notes was improper because
the State only offered the evidence to impeach the defendant on a collateral issue. 782 N.E.2d at
409. Neither Cardine nor Kien hold that attempted suicide evidence is generally inadmissible as
being irrelevant in Indiana. Instead, both cases are a rather straightforward application of Indi-
ana Evidence Rule 401: "Evidence is relevant if: (a) it has a tendency to make any fact more or
less probable than it would be without the evidence; and (b) the fact is of consequence in deter-
mining the action."
In addition to its relevancy argument (that the suicide attempt reflects his acute financial
desperation and thus his possible motive for the robbery and murder), the State also argues that it
showed the defendant's consciousness of guilt. Other than the suicide attempt itself, the State
points to no other evidentiary facts that suggest the defendant's consciousness of guilt was a fac-
tor in his attempted suicide. In fact, in his suicide note, the defendant expressly and repeatedly
denied killing Leigh Jennings. We decline to find that the mere existence of an attempted sui-
cide, without more, is relevant evidence of a person's guilty conscience about committing a
charged crime, especially a charged crime which the person expressly disavows when the suicide
is attempted. Because we conclude that the attempted suicide evidence was relevant to the issue
of motive for the ensuing robbery and murder, however, its tenuous use as evidence of con-
sciousness of guilt does not undermine its admissibility.
Other than relevancy, the only error in the admissibility of the suicide attempt evidence
asserted by the defendant on appeal is that such evidence was inadmissible because its probative
value was substantially outweighed by the risk of unfair prejudice. Ind. Evidence Rule 403. The
defendant on appeal does not direct us to any point in the record where this objection was made
at trial, and we find none. As noted above, in addition to relevancy, the defense at trial did twice
allude to a "prior bad act" objection, but a prior bad act objection is not one of the defendant's
enumerated issues on appeal. The claim is not asserted in his list of alleged trial court errors,
Appellant's Br. at 38–45, nor in his Statement of the Issues, id. at i–ii, 2, nor in his Summary of
the Argument, id. at 20. The defendant does make a brief mention of Evidence Rule 404(b), but
there is no assertion of trial court error on this ground. Id. at 37. Notwithstanding this failure to
10
adequately present this issue on appeal or at trial, we also find it lacking in merit. The evidence
was offered by the State to show motive and consciousness of guilt, and not as propensity evi-
dence. Evidence Rule 404(b)(1) declares that otherwise relevant evidence is "not admissible to
prove a person's character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in ac-
cordance with the character." The prosecution did not contend that the defendant's acts in com-
mitting robbery and murder were "in accordance with" the defendant's character shown in his su-
icide attempt. Furthermore, evidence of a prior crime, wrong, or other act may be used to show
motive. Evid. R. 404(b)(2). We decline to grant appellate relief based on any claim of trial court
error with regard to Rules 403 or 404(b).
We find no error in the admission of the suicide attempt evidence.
4. Admission of Evidence of Defendant's Appearance
The defendant also contends on appeal that the trial court erred in allowing testimony
over objection regarding his appearance the day after the murder. Specifically, the defense chal-
lenges the admission of testimony by witness David Steele in describing the defendant as appear-
ing "kind of euphoric, like, you know, like, you know, sense that he had accomplished something
. . . ." Tr. at 1303. On appeal, the defendant argues that such statements by the witness were "far
too speculative," misled the jury, and operated to "infer an opinion of guilt and an opinion of in-
tent." Appellant's Br. at 47.
At trial, however, none of these objections were made. The only objection was made im-
mediately in advance of the testimony, when the defense approached the bench and expressed its
concern that, in answering State's question about "how [the defendant] appeared," the witness
would refer to drugs, alcohol, or other bad acts. Tr. at 1302–03. The trial court never had an op-
portunity to consider the evidentiary objections now raised on appeal. A claim of evidentiary er-
ror may not be raised for the first time on appeal. Davis, 598 N.E.2d at 1048. It must be pre-
sented at trial to permit appropriate corrective action. Godby, 736 N.E.2d at 255. The defendant
may not here claim error based on grounds not asserted at trial. The defendant does not claim,
nor do we find, that this admission of testimony describing the defendant as appearing euphoric
11
or particularly satisfied with an accomplishment amounted to fundamental error such as to over-
ride the procedural default.
5. Appellate Review of Sentence Appropriateness
The defendant seeks appellate review and revision of his sentence from life imprisonment
without parole to a term of years. 3 Such relief is available if, "after due consideration of the trial
court's decision, the Court finds that the sentence is inappropriate in light of the nature of the of-
fense and the character of the offender." Ind. Appellate Rule 7(B).
The defendant contends that the nature of the offense, while gruesome, was a "crime of
passion and not a cold-blooded killing." Appellant's Br. at 32. He asserts that he had been es-
sentially a non-violent man who "lived a passive, law-abiding life for almost sixty years" until
the murder and robbery of Jennings, thus exhibiting "redemptive character traits." Id. at 34. The
defendant points to his behavior in this investigation, which was "very cooperative," as well as
the testimony of friends and family, who described him "as a good family man who disciplined
his children with a stern word and never violence." Id. at 33. His friends and family also de-
scribed him as an "eternal optimist," and someone who "abhorred violence, especially against
women." Id. Finally, the defendant points to his lack of a criminal record as a mitigating cir-
cumstance. Id.
But, as noted by the State, the evidence also supports an opposing character assessment.
It asserts that he "relied on his charisma to mooch off of others." Appellee's Br. at 20. The de-
fendant was heavily in debt to friends, family, the elderly, and military veterans, and he had in-
curred some of this debt through fraud. He had borrowed large sums of money from friends and
others by saying he was going to invest the money for them, but evidence indicated that he fre-
quently failed to return their investment or repay them. Some of his family members conceded
that he was lazy and "leveraged" other family members. Tr. at 1836. The evidence does not de-
pict a defendant who had otherwise exhibited substantial virtuous character.
3
For the offense of Murder, a person may be sentenced to a fixed term of years between 45 and
65 years. Ind. Code § 35-50-2-3(a) (2008).
12
The defendant urges that for this crime of passion, in light of his redemptive character
traits, a life sentence "should be deemed inappropriate" and replaced with a term of years sen-
tence. Appellant's Br. at 34.
Our authority to review and revise a criminal sentence requires that we first give "due
consideration of the trial court's decision." App. R. 7(B). Here a jury of twelve citizens, given a
choice between either a sentence of life imprisonment without parole or a term of years, unani-
mously elected to recommend life imprisonment without parole. The trial judge agreed and sen-
tenced the defendant accordingly. "[S]entencing is principally a discretionary function in which
the trial court's judgment should receive considerable deference." Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d
1219, 1222 (Ind. 2008). Such deference should prevail unless overcome by compelling evidence
portraying in a positive light the nature of the offense (such as accompanied by restraint, regard,
and lack of brutality) and the defendant's character (such as substantial virtuous traits or persis-
tent examples of good character).
In this case, we find that sentence revision is not supported by the nature of the offense,
nor by conflicting character traits of the offender. The evidence does not present a sufficiently
compelling basis to override the decision of the jury and the trial court.
Conclusion
We affirm the defendant's convictions for the robbery and murder of Leigh Jennings, and
we affirm his sentence of life imprisonment without parole.
Rush, C.J., and Rucker, David, and Massa, JJ., concur.
13