In re the Termination of the Parent-Child Relationship of A.E. (Minor Child) and K.E. (Mother) v. Indiana Department of Child Services (mem. dec.) ( 2020 )

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Jul 24 2020, 9:42 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Valerie K. Boots Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Marion County Public Defender Agency Attorney General of Indiana
– Appellate Division
Katherine A. Cornelius
Danielle Sheff Robert J. Henke
Indianapolis, Indiana Deputy Attorneys General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In re the Termination of the July 24, 2020
Parent-Child Relationship of Court of Appeals Case No.
A.E. (Minor Child) and 20A-JT-109
K.E. (Mother), Appeal from the Marion Superior
Court
Appellant-Respondent,
The Honorable Marilyn A.
v. Moores, Judge
The Honorable Scott Stowers,
Indiana Department of Child Magistrate
Services,1 Trial Court Cause No.
49D09-1902-JT-189
1
DeDe K. Connor filed an appearance on behalf of Appellee-Guardian ad Litem, Child Advocates, Inc., but
did not file a brief on appeal.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JT-109 | July 24, 2020 Page 1 of 21
Appellee-Petitioner.
Mathias, Judge.
[1] K.E. (“Mother”) appeals the Marion Superior Court’s order terminating her
parental rights to A.E., her minor child. On appeal, K.E. raises two issues,
which we restate as:
I. Whether Mother’s due process rights were violated because DCS failed to
make reasonable efforts to reunify Mother with A.E.; and,
II. Whether the trial court’s order terminating Mother’s parental rights is
supported by clear and convincing evidence.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] Mother’s child, A.E., was born on January 13, 2013. On November 6, 2017, the
Department of Child Services (“DCS”) filed a petition alleging A.E. was a
Child In Need of Services (“CHINS”). Mother was incarcerated for Level 3
felony robbery when the CHINS petition was filed. A.E.’s father was also
incarcerated.
[4] Mother left A.E. with unsuitable caregivers who lacked stable housing and who
had tested positive for methamphetamine and marijuana. Mother also used
illegal substances. DCS removed A.E. and placed him in foster care.
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Throughout these proceedings, Mother was incarcerated for violating the terms
of her probation imposed on the robbery conviction.
[5] A.E. had several untreated medical conditions when he was taken into DCS
custody including head lice, dental cavities, and lead exposure. He also had
significant behavioral issues, which included destroying property and throwing
objects at adults. A.E. would scream and cry incessantly for significant periods
of time. A.E. also stated that he wanted to kill himself.
[6] In March 2018, Mother admitted that A.E. was a CHINS because she lacked a
stable home free from substance abuse. Mother was ordered to participate in
home-based case management and Behavioral Health Court,2 which required
substance abuse treatment, random drug screening, and mental health
treatment. Mother was ordered to abide by the terms of her probation. The
court also ordered five-year-old A.E. to participate in therapy.
[7] Mother participated in supervised visitation with A.E. between December 2017
and May 2018. Mother also completed the initial assessments. However,
Mother did not participate in the recommended services and was inconsistent
with her treatment goals. She missed drug tests and failed to show for
appointments with her probation officer and recovery coach. Mother’s
2
The purpose of Behavioral Health Court is to assist first time offenders with receiving mental health and
substance abuse treatment in the community in lieu of serving a sentence in jail or prison.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JT-109 | July 24, 2020 Page 3 of 21
participation in Behavioral Health Court was terminated, and she was ordered
to complete her sentence in the Department of Correction.
[8] Mother failed to successfully participate in home-based case management and
did not complete her goals. Mother also failed to maintain sobriety and used
cocaine and marijuana.
[9] During Mother’s supervised visitation with A.E., she was attentive to A.E. but
did not properly redirect him when he misbehaved. Mother refused to
incorporate the visitation supervisor’s suggestions concerning her response to
A.E.’s behavior. Mother cancelled visitations and eventually stopped
participating in visitation. Mother also failed to maintain contact with her
family case manager.
[10] Mother and Father failed to appear for a permanency hearing held on February
6, 2019, and their whereabouts were unknown. Neither parent had completed
the services ordered in March 2018 during the disposition hearing. For these
reasons, the court changed A.E.’s permanency plan from reunification with a
parent to termination of the parent-child relationship. On February 12, 2019,
DCS filed a petition to terminate Mother’s rights to A.E.
[11] On May 31, 2019, Mother was a passenger in a car that was involved in an
accident. At the scene of the accident, Mother punched the driver. She also
gave a police officer her sister’s name to avoid being arrested on an open
warrant. Mother was arrested for battery, and her true identity was revealed
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when law enforcement officers processed her arrest. In July 2019, Mother
pleaded guilty to battery.
[12] The trial court held a fact-finding hearing on the termination petition on
November 6 and 20, 2019.3 A.E.’s therapist described A.E.’s “exceptional
progress” while he has been in foster care and therapy but testified that he needs
stability. Tr. pp. 51–52. A.E.’s Court Appointed Special Advocate (“CASA”)
testified that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in A.E.’s best interests.
Tr. pp. 99–100.
[13] On December 18, 2019, the trial court issued its order terminating Mother’s
parental rights to A.E. In pertinent part, the trial court found:
8. Katherine McHone, of Children’s Bureau, provided therapy to
the child from November 2017 to March 2018.
9. [A.E.] was initially quiet when he began working with Ms.
McHone. The child also behaved aggressively during Play
Therapy with Ms. McHone.
10. The child was closed off to discussions about his family.
11. Over time, the child opened up; became more responsive; and
behaved less aggressively.
***
14. Kelly Joachim of Centerstone Recovery Center was [K.E.’s]
Recovery Coach from December 2017 to May 2018.
3
Father voluntarily terminated his parental rights and signed consents to A.E.’s adoption.
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15. [K.E.] was to participate with Midtown for outpatient
treatment.
16. [K.E.] did complete an assessment at Midtown. However,
she did not engage in treatment.
17. [K.E.] was inconsistent in meeting her treatment goals.
18. [K.E.] was criminally sentenced in July 2019, and her
Behavioral Health Court with Centerstone was closed.
19. Lydia Spencer of Children’s Bureau was the child’s foster
care case manager from November 2017 to September 2018.
20. When Ms. Spencer began working with [A.E.], the child had
several medical issues.
21. The child had severe head lice that required his head to be
shaved.
22. The child also had cavities and lead exposure.
23. Ms. Spencer provided the child transportation to medical
appointments.
24. The child was mature and open about his experiences.
25. He was eager to learn and very engaged in school. He
progressed well and made good grades.
26. The child did have some behavioral concerns while working
with Ms. Spencer. He attempted to get out of a moving vehicle
and was destructive with property.
27. In April 2018, Ms. Spencer observed the child throw a two
hour tantrum when the child was informed that his mother
cancelled a parenting time session.
28. The lengthy tantrum consisted of the child jumping on stairs;
throwing objects; and screaming.
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29. Following the child’s behavioral issues, Ms. Spencer referred
him to therapy.
30. After observing the child’s behavioral problems following his
mother cancelling parenting time, Ms. Spencer recommended
that [K.E.’s] parenting time be reduced.
31. Angelique Parker of Stepping Stones has been the child’s
therapist since March 2018.
32. Ms. Parker has established the goal of helping the child
process through therapy.
33. Initially, the child was full of anger and demonstrated
impulsive behavior.
34. [A.E.’s] aggressive behavior occurred after his mother did not
appear for parenting time sessions.
35. After moving to a new foster home in [] September or
October 2018 and after receiving medication, the child’s behavior
improved and he was able to be coached through tantrums.
36. [A.E.] has made exceptional progress. His school behavior
has improved. He has lost weight and has gained confidence and
is easier to redirect.
37. [K.E.] has not seen the child since June 2018.
38. The child has been in his current foster home since July 2019.
He is happy in this placement.
***
40. Jacqueline Vanterpool of Hoosier Families and Branches of
Life provided home based case management and supervised
parenting time for [K.E.] from November 2017 to December
2017.
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41. Ms. Vanterpool established goals for [K.E.] of maintaining
housing; maintaining employment; and maintaining sobriety.
42. Initially, [K.E.] did well with Ms. Vanterpool. However, her
participation began to wane and she had numerous “no shows”
and cancellations.
43. [K.E.] would often fail to appear for parenting time sessions.
At the sessions that she did appear, she was attentive to the child
but did not properly redirect him.
44. In the summer of 2018, [K.E.] began to make threats to Ms.
Vanterpool regarding her daughter and her employment. These
threats were made in the presence of the child.
45. Ms. Vanterpool closed out [K.E.] unsuccessfully in the
Summer of 2018 due to non-compliance.
46. In May 2018, [K.E.] had a drug relapse after seven months of
sobriety in which she blamed DCS.
47. [K.E.] has resided in the Indiana Women’s Prison since July
16, 2019. Before that, she was incarcerated in the Marion County
Jail from May 2019 to July 16, 2019.
48. [K.E.] is serving a “split sentence” of 2008 days which
consists of 973 days in the Indiana Department of Correction
with 170 actual days credit plus 57 days good time credit totaling
227 days; 1035 Community Corrections at Craine House (work
release) for 730 days plus 305 days of home detention.
49. [K.E.] states that her projected release date is January 20,
2021.
***
55. [K.E.] admits to a history of drug addiction wh[ich] began
when she was nineteen years old.
***
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58. By her own admission, [K.E.] did not comply with the
conditions of Behavioral Health Court or probation.
Appellant’s App. pp. 18–19.
[14] The trial court concluded that there is a reasonable probability that the
conditions that resulted in the child’s removal and continued placement outside
of the home will not be remedied because K.E.
had two (2) years to put forth an effort and has not done so. She
knowingly falsified reports to the Court and to the police in an
attempt to avoid arrest warrants. In doing so, she willingly
absented herself from the child’s life as well as from Court
ordered services designed to enhance her parenting ability as well
as assist her in addressing her substance abuse addiction. Sobriety
and stability remain major concerns.
Id. at 19. The court also concluded that continuation of the parent-child
relationship poses a threat to A.E.’s well-being because “it would serve as a
barrier for him obtaining permanency through an adoption when his mother is
unable and unavailable to offer permanency and parent.” Id. The trial court
concluded that termination of K.E.’s parental rights was in A.E.’s best interests
because A.E. needs stability that K.E. cannot provide. Id.
[15] K.E. appeals the trial court’s order terminating her parental rights.
Standard of Review
[16] Indiana appellate courts have long had a highly deferential standard of review
in cases involving the termination of parental rights. In re D.B., 942 N.E.2d 867,
871 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). We neither reweigh the evidence nor assess witness
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credibility. Id. We consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences
favorable to the trial court’s judgment. Id. In deference to the trial court’s
unique position to assess the evidence, we will set aside a judgment terminating
a parent-child relationship only if it is clearly erroneous. Id. Clear error is that
which leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been
made. J.M. v. Marion Cty. Off. of Family & Children, 802 N.E.2d 40, 44 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2004), trans. denied.
[17] Mother challenges only one of the trial court’s factual findings as being clearly
erroneous.4 We therefore accept the trial court’s unchallenged findings as true
and determine only whether these unchallenged findings are sufficient to
support the judgment. In re A.M., 121 N.E.3d 556, 562 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019),
trans. denied; see also T.B. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 971 N.E.2d 104, 110 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2012) (holding that when the trial court's unchallenged findings
support termination, there is no error), trans. denied.
I. Due Process Claims
[18] First, Mother argues that her due process rights were violated because the trial
court failed “to consider evidence that [K.E.’s] circumstances at the time of the
[fact-finding] hearings were not the same as when her drug relapse and criminal
convictions occurred,” therefore depriving K.E. of her due process rights and
4
In finding number 44, the trial court found that Mother made a threat to her service provider in the presence
of children. The testimony to support this finding was somewhat confusing and equivocal. We do not
consider this finding in our resolution of the issues presented in this appeal.
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entering a “termination order based in large part on K.E.’s incarceration.”
Appellant’s Br. at 30. K.E. also claims that her due process rights were violated
because DCS failed to make reasonable efforts to reunify K.E. and A.E.
[19] In support of these arguments, Mother relies on In re T.W., 135 N.E.3d 607(Ind. Ct. App. 2019), trans. denied. In that case, our court observed that DCS is
not statutorily required to provide parents with services before seeking to
terminate the parent-child relationship. Id. at 612. “However, parents facing
termination proceedings are afforded due process protections.” Id. “The nature
of the process due in any proceeding is governed by a balance of three factors:
the private interests affected by the proceeding; the risk of error created by the
State’s chosen procedure; and the countervailing governmental interest
supporting use of the challenged procedure.” Id. at 613 (quotations omitted).
The private interest affected by the proceeding is substantial—a
parent’s interest in the care, custody, and control of his or her
child. And the State’s interest in protecting the welfare of a child
is also substantial. Because the State and the parent have
substantial interests affected by the proceeding, we focus on the
risk of error created by DCS’s actions and the trial court's
actions.
K.M. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Serv., 997 N.E.2d 1114, 1120 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013)
(citing In re C.G., 954 N.E.2d 910, 917 (Ind. 2011)).
[20] Our court engaged in a significant discussion of the due process rights afforded
to parents during CHINS and termination proceedings in In re D.H., 119
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N.E.3d 578 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019), aff’d in relevant part on reh’g 122 N.E.3d 832(Ind. Ct. App. 2019), trans. denied.
In looking at the risk of error created by DCS’s actions, we keep
in mind that “due process protections at all stages of CHINS
proceedings are vital because every CHINS proceeding has the
potential to interfere with the rights of parents in the upbringing
of their children.” “[T]hese two proceedings—CHINS and
TPR—are deeply and obviously intertwined to the extent that an
error in the former may flow into and infect the latter.” And
“[a]ny procedural irregularities in a CHINS proceeding may be
of such significance that they deprive a parent of procedural due
process with respect to the termination of his or her parental
rights.”
For example, in Matter of C.M.S.T., we held that procedural
irregularities in the CHINS case—such as multiple FCMs,
inappropriate behavior by FCMs, and apparent bias of FCMs—
contributed to the parents’ non-compliance such that termination
of their parental rights amounted to a denial of their due process
rights. See also, In re A.P., [734 N.E.2d 1107,] 1117 [(Ind. Ct. App.
2000), trans. denied] (finding parents’ due process rights were
violated in a termination action where DCS made multiple
procedural errors, such as failing to provide parents with copies
of case plans and filing CHINS and termination petitions that did
not meet statutory requirements); cf. N.P. v. Ind. Dep't of Child
Serv. (In re R.P.), 949 N.E.2d 395, 403 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (citing
J.I. v. Vanderburgh Cty. Off. of Family & Children (In re A.I.), 825
N.E.2d 798, 816 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (noting that one procedural
deficiency alone may not result in a due process violation), trans.
denied).
We must also consider the general proposition that, “if the State
imparts a due process right, then it must give that right.” Indiana
Code Sections 31-35-2-4.5(d)(2) and (3) require that DCS file a
motion to dismiss an otherwise-required termination petition
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when DCS has failed to provide family services and either the
period for completion of the services has not expired or the
services are substantial and material in facilitating return of the
child to the home. And DCS’s own policy manual, . . . provides
unequivocal directions to DCS regarding the provision of
services. First, it states that DCS “will provide family services to
all children and families with an open case.” Next, Chapter 5,
Section 10 of the Manual states:
DCS will . . . develop a Family Service Plan . . . [and] will
make appropriate service referrals on behalf of the . . .
family . . . DCS will regularly communicate with all
service providers throughout the life of the case to discuss
the family's progress and any concerns.
DCS will reassess the strengths and needs of the child and
family throughout the life of the case and will adjust
services, if necessary, to meet identified needs. DCS will
continue to offer services to the ... family regardless of
participation.
***
The FCM will: . . . (3) Collaborate with the family and the
CFT [Child and Family Team] to identify needed services
. . . (5) Monitor the family's progress by: (a) maintaining
contact with services providers to assess the family's level
of participation in services. . . (8) Discuss the family’s
participation and progress regarding case goals and results
of any new assessments . . . and adjust services and/or
service levels as necessary . . . (9) Document in
Management Gateway for Indiana Kids (MaGIK) the
family’s progress, reasons for service type or intensity
changes, and if applicable, reasons why services were not
offered or were stopped[.]
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The FCM will: . . . (3) Follow up with service providers to
evaluate the family’s response to the change and/or
removal of services.
Id. at 588–89 (citations, quotations, and emphasis omitted).
[21] In T.W., our court concluded that the Father’s due process rights were violated
because DCS failed to make reasonable efforts to preserve and/or reunify
Father with his child. 135 N.E.3d at 615 (explaining that “[w]hat constitutes
‘reasonable efforts’ will vary by case, and . . . it does not necessarily always
mean that services must be provided to the parents.”). Father, who was
incarcerated when the CHINS proceedings were initiated, attempted to
establish paternity of the child and participate in services and visitation. His
efforts were thwarted by DCS service providers’ inappropriate or misleading
conduct. DCS “made only limited efforts at reunification” after Father was
released from incarceration. Id. at 616. DCS failed to make a referral for a
parent aide, failed to adequately communicate with Father, failed to facilitate
visitation between Father and the child, and misinformed him concerning the
steps he was required to take to establish paternity. Id. at 615–18.
[22] Unlike the circumstances presented in T.W., DCS attempted to provide services
and assistance to Mother with the goal of reunifying Mother and A.E. Mother
completed the initial assessments and participated in supervised visitation with
A.E. But after six months, she began to cancel visitations, failed to submit to
drug screens, and failed to maintain contact with DCS service providers and her
probation officer and recovery coach in Behavioral Health Court. Mother
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admitted that she began using illegal substances again and stopped participating
in services because she had an open arrest warrant. Mother was offered mental
health treatment but declined to participate because she did not care for the
Midtown employee who performed the mental health assessment.
[23] In conjunction with the services provided through Behavioral Health Court,
DCS made reasonable efforts to reunify Mother with A.E. Mother failed to take
advantage of the offered services and was incarcerated once again. For these
reasons, Mother has not established that her due process rights were violated.
II. Clear and Convincing Evidence
[24] Mother claims that the trial court’s order involuntarily terminating her parental
rights is not supported by clear and convincing evidence. Indiana Code section
31-35-2-4(b)(2) provides that a petition to terminate parental rights must allege:
(B) that one (1) of the following is true:
(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that
resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement
outside the home of the parents will not be remedied.
(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of
the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being
of the child.
(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
adjudicated a child in need of services;
(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and
(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
the child.
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[25] DCS must prove each element by clear and convincing evidence. Ind. Code §
31-37-14-2; In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1260 (Ind. 2009). Because Indiana
Code subsection 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive, the trial court is
required to find that only one prong of subsection 4(b)(2)(B) has been
established by clear and convincing evidence. In re A.K., 924 N.E.2d 212, 220
(Ind. Ct. App. 2010).
[26] Clear and convincing evidence need not establish that the continued custody of
the parent is wholly inadequate for the child’s very survival. Bester v. Lake Cty.
Off. of Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 148 (Ind. 2005). It is instead sufficient
to show by clear and convincing evidence that the child’s emotional and
physical development are put at risk by the parent’s custody. Id. If the court
finds the allegations in a petition are true, the court shall terminate the parent-
child relationship. Ind. Code § 31-35-2-8(a).
[27] The purpose of terminating parental rights is not to punish parents but instead
to protect the child. In re S.P.H., 806 N.E.2d 874, 880 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004).
Although parental rights have a constitutional dimension, the law allows for
their termination when the parties are unable or unwilling to meet their
responsibilities as parents. Id. Indeed, parental interests must be subordinated to
the child’s interests in determining the proper disposition of a petition to
terminate parental rights. In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d at 1259.
[28] Mother argues that the trial court’s finding that there is a reasonable probability
that the conditions that resulted in A.E.’s removal or the reasons for his
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continued placement outside her home will not be remedied is not supported by
clear and convincing evidence. To assess whether there is a reasonable
probability that conditions that led to a child's removal will not be remedied, we
must consider both the initial basis for the child’s removal and the bases for
continued placement outside the home. In re A.I., 825 N.E.2d 798, 806 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2005), trans. denied. Moreover, “the trial court should judge a parent’s
fitness to care for his children at the time of the termination hearing, taking into
consideration evidence of changed conditions.” In re J.T., 742 N.E.2d 509, 512
(Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied. But trial courts are not precluded “from
finding that parents’ past behavior is the best predictor of their future behavior.”
In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d 636, 643 (Ind. 2014). “Due to the permanent effect of
termination, the trial court also must evaluate the parent’s habitual patterns of
conduct to determine the probability of future neglect or deprivation of the
child.” J.T., 742 N.E.2d at 512. Courts may properly consider evidence of a
parent’s substance abuse, criminal history, lack of employment or adequate
housing, history of neglect, and failure to provide support. McBride v. Monroe
Cty. Office of Family & Children, 798 N.E.2d 185, 199 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003).
[29] A.E. was removed in November 2017 because Mother was incarcerated for a
robbery conviction and she left A.E. with unsuitable caregivers who lacked
stable housing and had tested positive for methamphetamine and marijuana.
Mother was incarcerated for significant periods of time throughout the CHINS
and termination proceedings for probation violations and a 2019 battery
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conviction. Mother was still incarcerated on the dates of the termination fact-
finding hearings. Her earliest possible release date is in 2021.5
[30] Mother participated in assessments and visitation for approximately six months
during the CHINS proceedings. But Mother’s participation in services and/or
visitation ceased in May 2018 because she relapsed and wanted to evade arrest
for an outstanding warrant. Mother’s participation in Behavioral Health Court
was also terminated because she failed to submit to drug screens and did not
attend appointments with her probation officer and recovery coach. Mother
was eventually arrested when she committed the 2019 battery, and she gave a
police officer her sister’s name in an attempt to avoid arrest on an open warrant.
Her true identity was discovered when law enforcement officers processed her
arrest.
[31] Aside from a brief six-month period of time from December 2017 to May 2018,
Mother has not demonstrated that she is able to provide stability for her child.
She has been provided with services and assistance to aid her in establishing a
stable lifestyle, but she did not take advantage of those opportunities. As a
result, she is incarcerated and will remain in prison until 2021. Mother also has
not demonstrated that she can refrain from using illegal substances when she is
not incarcerated.
5
Mother claims her release date is in January 2021. DCS asserts it is in June 2021, which is consistent with
the information provided on the Department of Correction website. www.in.gov/indcorrection/ofs/ofs
[https://perma.cc/HF6R-3FQ5] (last visited July 13, 2020).
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[32] Mother testified that she wanted to participate in programs through the
Department of Correction to address her substance abuse issues, such as
Purposeful Incarceration, but admitted that she had only completed the
assessment and had not begun treatment on the date of the fact-finding hearing.
Tr. pp. 126–127, 132. Mother testified she was willing to participate in DCS
services and wanted to participate in other programs aimed at self-improvement
while she was incarcerated, such as obtaining her GED. Tr. pp. 128–29. She
was also hoping to be placed on work release. Tr. p. 128. The trial court
weighed this testimony against Mother’s historical behavior and acted within its
discretion when it declined to credit the testimony.
[33] Mother has not established that she is able to provide a stable home for A.E. or
to refrain from abusing illegal substances. For all of these reasons, we conclude
that DCS presented clear and convincing evidence to establish that there is a
reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted in A.E.’s removal or the
reasons for his continued placement outside her home will not be remedied.6
[34] Finally, Mother argues that the trial court’s conclusion that termination of her
parental rights is in A.E.’s best interests is not supported by clear and
convincing evidence. To determine the best interests of children, the juvenile
court looks to the totality of the evidence and must subordinate the interests of
6
Because Indiana Code subsection 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive, we decline to address
Mother’s additional claim that DCS failed to prove that continuation of the parent-child relationship
threatens the children’s well-being. In re A.K., 924 N.E.2d at 220.
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the parents to those of the children. In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d at 258, 267 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2004), trans. denied. “A child’s need for permanency is an important
consideration in determining the best interests of a child[.]” In re D.L., 814
N.E.2d 1022, 1030 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied. The juvenile court need
not wait until a child is irreversibly harmed before terminating parental rights.
McBride, 798 N.E.2d at 203.
[35] Moreover, a child should not be compelled to suffer emotional injury,
psychological adjustments, and instability to preserve parental rights. In re L.S.,
717 N.E.2d 204, 210 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied. The testimony of
service providers may support a finding that termination is in a child’s best
interests. In re S.K., 124 N.E.3d 1225, 1234 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019), trans. denied.
[36] A.E. had significant behavioral issues when he was removed from Mother’s
care. A.E.’s participation in therapy during these proceedings has resulted in a
significant improvement in his behavior. A.E. is also more confident and has
learned how to process his emotions more effectively. He needs stability and
permanency that Mother cannot provide due to her incarceration and
unwillingness to address her substance abuse issues. Both the family case
manager and CASA testified that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in
A.E.’s best interests and supported adoption by his current foster parents. Tr.
pp. 100–02, 107. For all of these reasons, we conclude that DCS presented clear
and convincing evidence to prove that termination of Mother’s parental rights
was in A.E.’s best interests.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JT-109 | July 24, 2020 Page 20 of 21
Conclusion
[37] DCS made reasonable efforts to reunify Mother and A.E. Therefore, Mother
has not established that her due process rights were violated. And the trial
court’s order terminating Mother’s parental rights is supported by clear and
convincing evidence.
[38] Affirmed.
Riley, J., and Tavitas, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JT-109 | July 24, 2020 Page 21 of 21