Bayer Corporation v. Rene Leach ( 2019 )

FILED
Dec 31 2019, 5:38 am
CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES
Mary Nold Larimore Lee C. Christie
Robert A. Jorczak Katherine A. Franke
Ice Miller LLP Cline Farrell Christie Lee & Bell, P.C.
Indianapolis, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana
Erika L. Maley Gregory J. Bubalo
Christopher A. Eiswerth Katherine A. Dunnington
Sidley Austin LLP Bubalo Law PLC
Washington, DC Louisville, Kentucky
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Bayer Corporation, et al., December 31, 2019
Appellants-Defendants, Court of Appeals Case No.
19A-CT-625
v. Interlocutory Appeal from the
Marion Superior Court
Rene Leach, et al., The Honorable James B. Osborn,
Appellees-Plaintiffs. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
49D14-1803-CT-12218
Bailey, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-625 | December 31, 2019 Page 1 of 14
Case Summary
[1] Rene Leach and more than thirty women (collectively, the “Women”) claim
they were injured by a medical device called Essure. The Women sued Bayer
Corporation and other related entities—the alleged manufacturers of Essure.
The complaint contains several legal theories, including alleged manufacturing
defects. Certain defendants (collectively, “Bayer”) sought judgment on the
pleadings, asserting (1) aspects of the complaint are deficient and (2) the claims
are preempted. The trial court denied the motion. Bayer now appeals.1
[2] Having identified allegations upon which relief could be granted, we affirm.
Discussion and Decision 2
Standard of Review
[3] A Trial Rule 12(C) motion “tests the sufficiency of a claim or defense presented
in the pleadings and should be granted ‘only where it is clear from the face of
the complaint that under no circumstances could relief be granted.’” KS&E
Sports v. Runnels, 72 N.E.3d 892, 898 (Ind. 2017) (quoting Veolia Water
Indianapolis, LLC v. Nat’l Trust Ins. Co., 3 N.E.3d 1, 5 (Ind. 2014)). Where, as
here, the motion “essentially argues the complaint fails to state a claim upon
which relief can be granted, we treat it as a 12(B)(6) motion” and engage in de
1
The trial court certified its interlocutory order, and we accepted jurisdiction. See Ind. Appellate Rule 14(B).
2
We held oral argument on December 9, 2019. We thank counsel for their skilled presentations.
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novo review. Id. Moreover, a complaint states a claim—and, therefore, should
not be dismissed—“so long as it states any set of allegations, no matter how
unartfully pleaded, upon which the plaintiff could be granted relief.” Graves v.
Kovacs, 990 N.E.2d 972, 976 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). Under this standard,
dismissal is rarely appropriate. King v. S.B., 837 N.E.2d 965, 966 (Ind. 2005).
Adequacy of the Complaint
[4] Trial Rule 8(A) provides that “a pleading must contain . . . a short and plain
statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” This
“liberal standard merely requires that a ‘complaint . . . put the defendant on
notice concerning why it is potentially liable and what it stands to lose.’” KS&E
Sports, 72 N.E.3d at 901 (alteration in original) (quoting Noblesville Redev.
Comm’n v. Noblesville Assocs. Ltd. P’ship, 674 N.E.2d 558, 564 (Ind. 1996)). In
this case, Bayer contends that the Women failed to adequately plead their
claims of manufacturing defects. Bayer argues that these claims run afoul of
Trial Rule 8 because the Women made “only a cursory effort to describe the
manufacturing defects” and their allegations are conclusory. Br. of Appellant at
52. Bayer also asserts that the Women described only potential defects and
failed to tie any defect to the alleged injuries. As an example, Bayer directs us
to an allegation that a “no lead solder could in fact have trace lead in it.” App.
Vol. III at 198.
[5] The Women list several potential defects. See, e.g., id. at 54 (alleging “the
central axis was not fully adhered to the spring which can cause the [device] to
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fracture/break apart”). Moreover, the Women allege—plaintiff-by-plaintiff—
the emergence of specific symptoms following the implantation of an Essure
device. See, e.g., id. at 88 (“Plaintiff Jones’ post-procedure course has been
marked by menorrhagia, extreme fatigue, abdominal pain, back pain, joint
pain, and various skin rashes.”). Under Indiana’s liberal notice-pleading
standard, we conclude Bayer has sufficient notice of the defect-related claims.
Cf. Bausch v. Stryker Corp., 630 F.3d 546, 558 (7th Cir. 2010) (noting that much
of the device-specific manufacturing information is kept confidential by federal
law and “[f]ormal discovery is necessary before a plaintiff can fairly be expected
to provide a detailed statement of the specific bases for her [defect] claim”).3
Preemption
Regulatory Background
[6] The Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) is a federal agency that
enforces the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (the “FDCA”), see 21
U.S.C. ch. 9, including the Medical Device Amendments of 1976 (the
“MDA”), see Pub. L. No. 94-295, 90 Stat. 539 (codified as amended in scattered
sections of 21 U.S.C. ch. 9). In passing the MDA, Congress established a
“rigorous regime” of pre-market approval (“PMA”) for Class III medical
3
Bayer alleges the Women failed to adequately plead other claims. However, because we conclude that the
manufacturing-defect claims are viable, we need not address any other legal theory.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CT-625 | December 31, 2019 Page 4 of 14
devices. Riegel v. Medtronic, Inc., 552 U.S. 312, 317 (2008). The Women allege
that Essure is a Class III medical device that went through the PMA process.
[7] To obtain PMA, a device manufacturer must submit a detailed application. See
21 U.S.C. § 360e(c). The FDA grants PMA if it finds “‘reasonable assurance’
of the device’s ‘safety and effectiveness.’” Riegel, 552 U.S. at 318 (quoting 21
U.S.C. § 360e(d)(1)(A)). In making, selling, and distributing a device, the
manufacturer must comply with all applicable federal requirements. See 21
U.S.C. §§ 351(h), 352(q). There are generally applicable requirements,
including manufacturing standards. See 21 U.S.C. § 360j(f)(1)(A); 21 C.F.R.
part 820. Moreover, the FDA may impose device-specific requirements—for
example, the FDA could require warnings on the label. See 21 U.S.C. §
360e(d)(1)(B)(ii). If a medical device is manufactured in violation of applicable
federal requirements, the device is deemed adulterated. 21 U.S.C. § 351(h).
Further, if a medical device is sold or distributed in violation of its device-
specific requirements, the device is deemed misbranded. 21 U.S.C. § 352(q).
[8] Notably, although PMA results in a series of federal requirements, the FDCA
itself provides no mechanism for private litigants to sue for non-compliance.
Indeed, the FDCA specifies that enforcement proceedings “shall be by and in
the name of the United States.” 21 U.S.C. § 337(a). Thus, although the federal
government regulates medical devices, where—as here—a private litigant
alleges injury from a device, the plaintiff must look to state law for a remedy.
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[9] There is a “historic primacy of state regulation of matters of health and safety.”
Medtronic, Inc. v. Lohr, 518 U.S. 470, 485 (1996). However, because of the
Supremacy Clause in Article VI of the U.S. Constitution, courts “must not give
effect to state laws that conflict with federal laws.” Armstrong v. Exceptional
Child Ctr., Inc., 575 U.S. 320, 324 (2015). In other words, where state law
conflicts with federal law, state law is preempted. See id.
Express Preemption
[10] One type of preemption is express preemption—where Congress has included
“explicit preemptive text.” State v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 107 N.E.3d 468, 471 (Ind.
2018). In the MDA, Congress included the following explicit preemptive text:
[N]o State or political subdivision of a State may establish or
continue in effect with respect to a device intended for human
use any requirement . . .
(1) which is different from, or in addition to, any
requirement applicable under this chapter to the device,
and
(2) which relates to the safety or effectiveness of the device
or to any other matter included in a requirement
applicable to the device under this chapter.
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21 U.S.C. § 360k(a) (emphasis added).4 With this preemptive text, Congress
established a uniform regulatory scheme. See id. That is, because different or
additional state-law requirements are expressly preempted, manufacturers face
only one standard of care—the federal standard of care. See id. In other words,
Congress established both a regulatory floor and a regulatory ceiling. Through
this centralized scheme, Congress prevented states from imposing burdensome
regulations that could impede innovation or drive beneficial devices off the
market. See Riegel, 552 U.S. at 326 (noting that the preemptive text suggests
“the solicitude for those injured by FDA-approved devices . . . was overcome in
Congress’s estimation by solicitude for those who would suffer without new
medical devices if juries were allowed to apply the tort law of 50 States”).
[11] For example, if the FDA requires monthly reporting and a state requires weekly
reporting, the state law is unenforceable because it is expressly preempted. Cf.
Riegel, 552 U.S. at 330 (noting that the explicit preemptive text precludes claims
asserting a violation of state tort law “notwithstanding compliance with the
relevant federal requirements”). It follows that a litigant could not predicate a
claim on failing to make weekly reports; recovering would be tantamount to
enforcing a requirement not found in federal law. See 21 U.S.C. § 360k(a).
[12] Thus, due to the explicit preemptive text in the MDA, federal law supplies all
germane standards of care. A state may provide a cause of action. However,
4
This clause applies unless the FDA grants a specific exception. 21 U.S.C. § 360k(b). Here, there is no
indication that a specific exception applies.
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any viable state-law claim must be premised on the violation of federal law. In
other words, enforceable state requirements—i.e., standards of care—must
parallel federal requirements. See Riegel, 552 U.S. at 330 (recognizing the
viability of parallel claims); McGookin v. Guidant Corp., 942 N.E.2d 831, 838
(Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (“The MDA and Riegel could not be clearer that federal
law broadly preempts any claim that would allow a jury to impose a standard of
care different from or in addition to the FDA’s specific federal requirements.”);
Bausch, 630 F.3d at 552 (noting that where state and federal requirements are
effectively the same, the state requirements are not expressly preempted).
[13] Turning to the instant case, the Women allege that Bayer violated federal
manufacturing requirements. Assuming for now that Indiana law supplies a
cause of action, the claim is not expressly preempted because it is premised on a
failure to comply with federal requirements. Put differently, the state-law claim
avoids express preemption because it is premised on the breach of a duty that
the federal government imposed. See Bausch, 630 F.3d at 552 (noting that state-
law claims “based on violations of federal law are not expressly preempted”); cf.
McGookin, 942 N.E.2d at 838 (determining claims were expressly preempted
where the plaintiffs failed to allege a violation of federal law).
Implied Preemption
[14] Even if a claim is not expressly preempted, however, the claim could be
impliedly preempted. See Norfolk, 107 N.E.3d at 471. There are two types of
implied preemption—field preemption and conflict preemption. Id.
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Field Preemption
[15] Field preemption applies where Congress intended to exclusively occupy the
field. Id. Here, the explicit preemptive text leaves room for state-law claims
premised on the violation of federal law. See 21 U.S.C. § 360k(a) (prohibiting
only different or additional state-law requirements). Thus, field preemption
does not apply. See, e.g., Lohr, 518 U.S. at 485 (“[W]e have long presumed that
Congress does not cavalierly pre-empt state-law causes of action.”).
Conflict Preemption
[16] “Conflict preemption applies when it is ‘physically impossible’ to comply with
both the state and federal laws” or “when state law does ‘major damage’ to the
federal law’s purpose.” KS&E Sports, 72 N.E.3d at 905 (quoting Kennedy Tank
& Mfg. Co., Inc. v. Emmert Indus. Corp., 67 N.E.3d 1025, 1029 (Ind. 2017)).
Notably, the existence of preemptive text does not bar the “ordinary working”
of conflict-preemption principles. Geier v. Am. Honda Motor Co., 529 U.S. 861,
869 (2000).
[17] In Buckman Co. v. Plaintiffs’ Legal Comm., 531 U.S. 341 (2001), the U.S. Supreme
Court considered whether principles of conflict preemption preclude claims that
a device manufacturer defrauded the FDA. The Court examined congressional
intent, looking to the statute specifying that proceedings to enforce the FDCA
“shall be by and in the name of the United States.” 21 U.S.C. § 337(a). From
the statute, the Court discerned “clear evidence that Congress intended that the
MDA be enforced exclusively by the Federal Government.” Buckman, 531 U.S.
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at 352. The Court then disapproved of claims that “exist solely by virtue of the
FDCA” while endorsing claims that rely “on traditional state tort law [that] had
predated the federal enactments.” Id. at 353. The Court determined that,
where state-law claims exist solely because of the FDCA, allowing the litigation
“would exert an extraneous pull on the scheme established by Congress.” Id.
The Court concluded that these types of claims are impliedly preempted. Id.
[18] Thus, to avoid both express and implied preemption, first, “the plaintiff must be
suing for conduct that violates the FDCA (or else [the] claim is expressly
preempted by [the explicit preemptive text]).” In re Medtronic, Inc., Sprint Fidelis
Leads Prods. Liab. Litig., 623 F.3d 1200, 1204 (8th Cir. 2010) (quoting Riley v.
Cordis Corp., 625 F. Supp. 2d 769, 777 (D. Minn. 2009)). In other words, the
plaintiff must allege and prove that the defendant violated an applicable
standard set forth in the FDCA. See 21 U.S.C. § 360k(a). Second, “the plaintiff
must not be suing [solely] because the conduct [exclusively] violates the FDCA
(such a claim would be impliedly preempted under Buckman).” Sprint Fidelis
Leads, 623 F.3d at 1204 (quoting Riley, 625 F. Supp. 2d at 777). Rather,
because only the United States can enforce the FDCA, state law must have
recognized an independent duty that now parallels the standard set forth in the
FDCA. See Buckman, 531 U.S. at 352-53 (interpreting and applying 21 U.S.C. §
337(a)). In short, the plaintiff’s claim is not preempted when the plaintiff is
enforcing an independent but parallel duty (1) derived from traditional state tort
law (2) mirroring a standard imposed by the FDCA. See id.
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[19] In this case, the Women’s claim of manufacturing defects is not expressly
preempted because it is premised on the violation of federal requirements.
Moreover, the claim is not impliedly preempted so long as it does not exist
solely by virtue of the FDCA. That is, the claim survives if the Women are
“relying on traditional state tort law.” Id. at 353.
Manufacturing Defects
[20] The Indiana Product Liability Act (“IPLA”) “governs all actions that are: (1)
brought by a user or consumer; against a manufacturer or seller; and (3) for
physical harm caused by a product; regardless of the substantive legal theory or
theories upon which the action is brought.” I.C. § 34-20-1-1. Indeed, as our
supreme court has explained, it is “clear” the legislature intended that the IPLA
govern “all product liability actions, whether the theory of liability is negligence
or strict liability in tort.” Stegemoller v. ACandS, Inc., 767 N.E.2d 974, 975 (Ind.
2002) (quoting Dague v. Piper Aircraft Corp., 418 N.E.2d 207, 212 (1981)); see also
Vaughn v. Daniels Co. (W. Va.), Inc., 841 N.E.2d 1133, 1144 (Ind. 2006).
Whether the IPLA governs is a question of law. Stegemoller, 767 N.E.2d at 975.
[21] A medical device falls within the IPLA definition of a product. See I.C. § 34-6-
2-114 (defining “product” as “any item or good that is personalty at the time it
is conveyed by the seller to another party” in a transaction not “wholly or
predominantly the sale of a service rather than a product”). Moreover, a device
manufacturer is a manufacturer or seller under the IPLA. See I.C. § 34-6-2-77
(defining “manufacturer” as “a person or an entity who designs, assembles,
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fabricates, produces, constructs, or otherwise prepares a product . . . before the
sale of the product to a user or consumer”); I.C. § 34-6-2-136 (defining “seller”
as “a person engaged in the business of selling or leasing a product for resale,
use, or consumption”). Further, the Women allege they each underwent
implantation procedures that would make them users or consumers under the
IPLA. See I.C. § 34-6-2-147 (giving “user” the same meaning as “consumer”);
I.C. § 34-6-2-29 (defining “consumer” as “any individual who uses or consumes
the product”). Finally, the Women allege they were injured by Essure devices.
[22] We conclude that the claim of manufacturing defects is governed by the IPLA.
As to viable claims, the IPLA imposes liability on a manufacturer who
puts into the stream of commerce any product in a defective
condition unreasonably dangerous to any user or
consumer . . . for physical harm caused by that product to the
user or consumer . . . if:
(1) that user or consumer is in the class of persons that the
seller should reasonably foresee as being subject to the
harm caused by the defective condition;
(2) the seller is engaged in the business of selling the
product; and
(3) the product is expected to and does reach the user or
consumer without substantial alteration in the condition in
which the product is sold by the person sought to be held
liable under [the IPLA].
I.C. § 34-20-2-1.
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[23] Here, a jury could reasonably conclude that the alleged failure to comply with
federal manufacturing standards rendered Essure in a defective condition
unreasonably dangerous to any user or consumer. See I.C. § 34-20-2-1. This
type of claim is (1) not expressly preempted because it is premised on a
violation of federal law and (2) not impliedly preempted because it is derived
from traditional Indiana tort law. Thus, the state-law claim is viable.
[24] We find support in Bausch. There, the Seventh Circuit addressed whether a
manufacturing-defect claim was impliedly preempted when it was premised on
the violation of federal manufacturing requirements—conduct that would result
in the device being “adulterated” under federal law. Bausch, 630 F.3d at 557.
The Court determined the claim was not impliedly preempted under Buckman:
While there may not be a “traditional state tort law” claim for an
“adulterated” product in so many words, the federal definition of
adulterated medical devices is tied directly to the duty of
manufacturers to avoid foreseeable dangers with their products
by complying with federal law. The evidence showing a
violation of federal law shows that the device is adulterated and
goes a long way toward showing that the manufacturer breached
a duty under state law toward the patient.
Id.
[25] We have concluded that the manufacturing-defect claim is viable. Thus, Bayer
has not demonstrated that the complaint is devoid of allegations upon which
relief could be granted. See KS&E Sports, 72 N.E.3d at 898. Therefore, Bayer is
not entitled to dismissal at this early stage of the proceedings.
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Other Theories
[26] The Women advance several other legal theories and group their factual
allegations based upon those theories. Bayer asserts that some of the allegations
involve conduct that is compliant with federal law, and that legal theories based
on those allegations would not be viable. However, because a pleading need
not identify theories, a court need not strike specific theories upon a motion for
judgment on the pleadings. See Noblesville, 674 N.E.2d at 564 (explaining that
notice pleading requires adequate factual allegations, but not the specification
of legal theories); Graves, 990 N.E.2d at 976 (noting that a complaint “is
sufficient and should not be dismissed so long as it states any set of
allegations . . . upon which the plaintiff could be granted relief”); cf. Bausch, 630
F.3d at 559 (“When a complaint asserts claims that are legally valid and those
that are not, the correct judicial response is not to dismiss the complaint.”).
Conclusion
[27] The trial court did not err in declining to enter judgment on the pleadings.
[28] Affirmed.
Baker, J., and Najam, J., concur.
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