Richard Brown v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.) ( 2019 )

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before Jul 29 2019, 8:42 am
any court except for the purpose of CLERK
establishing the defense of res judicata, Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
collateral estoppel, or the law of the and Tax Court
case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Mark K. Leeman Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Leeman Law Office and Attorney General of Indiana
Pulaski County Public Defender Jesse R. Drum
Logansport, Indiana Supervising Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Richard Brown, July 29, 2019
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
18A-CR-2545
v. Appeal from the Pulaski Circuit
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Michael A. Shurn,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
66C01-1610-F4-8
Brown, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2545 | July 29, 2019 Page 1 of 11
[1] Richard Brown appeals his convictions for dealing in a narcotic drug as level 4
felonies. He raises one issue which we revise and restate as whether the trial
court abused its discretion in admitting certain evidence. We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] On two days in 2016, April 29th and May 27th, Brown sold Oxymorphone to
D.R. (the “CI”), who was working as a confidential informant for the Indiana
State Police. The CI used a “key fob for audio and video” to record the
transactions. Transcript Volume 2 at 185.
[3] On October 27, 2016, the State charged Brown with two counts of dealing in a
narcotic drug as level 4 felonies and two counts of possession of a narcotic drug
as level 6 felonies. At Brown’s jury trial, the State presented the testimony of
the CI, law enforcement who worked with the CI, and Indiana State Police
Sergeant Jeremy Chapman, who was an audio-visual technician in the
cybercrime unit. Following the presentation of the CI’s testimony and a recess,
the court noted that the State wished to introduce an audio recording and the
testimony of the officer who attempted to enhance the sound on that recording.
Brown’s counsel indicated the State had produced an exhibit that was the result
of the application of a filter to an audio recording and argued that the process of
applying the filter was an unreliable process, not peer reviewed, and not based
on sound scientific principles and that the witness cannot explain the scientific
principles upon which the procedure was based. The prosecutor stated that, in
addition to scientific knowledge, a person can qualify as an expert based upon
technical skills or specialized knowledge. He argued that the individual had
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2545 | July 29, 2019 Page 2 of 11
been working with video and audio enhancements for the last five years, that
this is a technical application of regularly accepted software used in the
industry, and that, like with a breathalyzer, he did not have to understand the
scientific principles behind how it works but did have to understand how to
perform and use it which is what his testimony would establish.
[4] Sergeant Chapman testified as to his training and work in digital forensics and
audio-visual enhancement. He testified that he used Adobe Audition and filters
purchased separately from Salient Sciences as a plug-in for the software. When
asked what steps he took to become familiar with the software, he testified that
he attended a vendor-based forty-hour class covering how to employ the filters.
When asked how the filters work in general, he testified “[y]ou insert the - you
import the original video file, and then you can apply the filters to compensate
for - to employ them against noises or outline things in - within the audio to try
and reduce things to make what you’re after sound better,” and when asked
“[a]nd sounding better is judged,” he said “[s]ubjectively by whether or not you
can hear it or not hear it.” Transcript Volume III at 57. He testified the
software allowed him “to reduce specific frequencies around other frequencies.”
Id. at 58. When asked “you’re not taking words out,” he replied “[r]ight.” Id.
at 59. He stated “[s]o if I’m editing this file it’s going to be changed, but
hopefully I’m eliminating it in a way that changes it so it’s better to be heard . . .
[o]r certain portions are better to be heard.” Id. He testified that, within
Audition, he used a dropdown menu to apply two filters, a high-pass filter
designed primarily to reduce low frequencies such as a rumble, an engine noise,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2545 | July 29, 2019 Page 3 of 11
or other low, non-conversational sound, and an inverse filter addressing sounds
outside of the loudest portions such as a conversation. He indicated that, by
applying the filters, words become clearer because other noise is removed. He
indicated that he had not gone to school to learn the scientific principles behind
the equipment and that his job was to learn the software which is used in the
industry and to apply and use it correctly to enhance quality. The State
introduced exhibits of recordings related to the April 29th buy.
[5] On cross-examination, when asked if he was familiar with the scientific
principles behind the filter process, Sergeant Chapman testified “I’m not
familiar,” “I understand how and what the software is doing,” and “I don’t
know the algorithms and stuff used to develop, and the means behind the
software development.” Id. at 70. When asked in how many cases he had
applied filters to audio, he replied “[s]ix to a dozen” but did not have a count,
and he indicated he had not previously testified in court regarding the use of the
filters. Id. at 71. When asked “although you listened to the first one you didn’t
actually listen all the way through to the second one after you applied the
filters,” he replied “I’ve listened to both of them in different lengths and
different variations” and “I didn’t need to know the whole conversation, I just
wanted to make it sound better.” Id. at 73. When asked “the problem is that
when you cut into some, that you might cut into the conversation,” he replied
“[t]here’s the potential, yes” and testified “[w]herever that - where the sounds
lays in the frequency. If you dip into that frequency you’re going to remove the
sound from the vowels and consonants of the conversation, perhaps.” Id.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2545 | July 29, 2019 Page 4 of 11
When asked “[y]ou can’t say for sure, and how much of the conversation that’s
on this audio was affected by the filters that you applied,” he answered
“[e]xactly, yeah.” Id. at 74. On redirect, when asked “[c]an you say that even
applying the filters you do not remove, or add any of the words that are in the
conversations,” Sergeant Chapman answered “[c]orrect,” and when asked “the
whole purposes of applying this, is to assist the people who have to listen to it,
so that they can hear it better,” he again replied affirmatively. Id. at 83. On
recross-examination, when asked “you didn’t alter the words and replace one
with the other, but you took out the sounds that formed the words, sometimes,”
Sergeant Chapman replied “[t]he potential is always there. But . . . I try to
reduce it so that the application falls below the range of auditory. Because you
don’t want to remove auditory, because that just makes it sound worse” and “I
want to make it sound better, so I stayed - I tried to stay away from dipping
into the consonants and the vowels.” Id. at 84-85. When asked “[b]ut you may
have dipped into the consonants and the vowels,” he replied “[i]t may have, but
not enough to change the work.” Id. at 85.
[6] In the presence of the jury, the prosecutor elicited testimony from Sergeant
Chapman regarding his work as an audio-visual technician, the process of
applying filters to audio recordings and the software he used, and the audio
recording to which he applied two filters. Brown asked to approach, and the
court stated in part “[h]e is a technician,” “he is not an expert on sound,”
“[h]e’s simply qualified as the person who knows how to run it,” and “he’s
certainly qualified to run the machine and deal with the spectrums of sound.”
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2545 | July 29, 2019 Page 5 of 11
Id. at 109. The State later moved to admit the recording to which the filters had
been applied, and Brown objected and argued that “the scientific procedure that
was used to enhance those is not a valid procedure under Indiana law.” Id. at
192. The court admitted the recording. The jury found Brown guilty as
charged. The court vacated the possession counts and sentenced him to
concurrent sentences of seven years including two years on home detention on
his dealing convictions.
Discussion
[7] The admission of evidence falls within the sound discretion of the trial court.
Wilson v. State, 765 N.E.2d 1265, 1272 (Ind. 2002). An abuse of discretion
occurs when the trial court’s ruling is clearly against the logic, facts, and
circumstances presented. Oatts v. State, 899 N.E.2d 714, 719 (Ind. Ct. App.
2009). We will not reverse an error in the admission of evidence if the error
was harmless. Turner v. State, 953 N.E.2d 1039, 1058 (Ind. 2011).
[8] Brown argues that the process used by Sergeant Chapman is unreliable and
cites Ind. Evidence Rule 702(b). He argues that Sergeant Chapman had used
the process only six to twelve times, admitted the process could affect some of
the conversational portions of the recording, and did not review the entire
recording following application of the filters. He asserts that Sergeant
Chapman’s “process was pseudoscience conjecture.” Appellant’s Brief at 14.
He argues Sergeant Chapman could not explain the scientific process behind
the filters. The State maintains that the court did not abuse its discretion in
admitting the recording and that Evidence Rule 702(b) is inapplicable. It argues
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2545 | July 29, 2019 Page 6 of 11
that, similar to the detective in Taylor v. State, 101 N.E.3d 865 (Ind. Ct. App.
2018), reh’g denied, Sergeant Chapman applied technical expertise and training
and did not apply scientific principles. It further argues that any error in
admitting the challenged recording was harmless. In reply, Brown argues that
the detective in Taylor merely extracted data whereas Sergeant Chapman used a
complex system to alter an audio recording. He also argues that an average
juror would likely be swayed by the recording.
[9] Ind. Evidence Rule 702 provides:
(a) A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,
experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an
opinion or otherwise if the expert’s scientific, technical, or other
specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the
evidence or to determine a fact in issue.
(b) Expert scientific testimony is admissible only if the court is
satisfied that the expert testimony rests upon reliable scientific
principles.
In adopting the rule, the Indiana Supreme Court did not intend to interpose an
unnecessarily burdensome procedure for trial courts to apply when considering
the admissibility of expert testimony. Taylor, 101 N.E.3d at 870 (citing Sears
Roebuck & Co. v. Manuilov, 742 N.E.2d 453, 460 (Ind. 2001)). “Rather, the rule
was meant ‘to liberalize, rather than to constrict, the admission of reliable
scientific evidence.’” Id. (citing Sears Roebuck, 742 N.E.2d at 460).
[10] In Taylor, we observed that the “specialized knowledge” mentioned in Evidence
Rule 702(a) includes more than just scientific knowledge, and if knowledge is
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2545 | July 29, 2019 Page 7 of 11
not “scientific,” it need not be proven reliable by means of “scientific
principles” under Evidence Rule 702(b). Id. at 871 (citing Lyons v. State, 976
N.E.2d 137, 142 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (citing Malinski v. State, 794 N.E.2d 1071,
1084 (Ind. 2003))). “Rather, such evidence is governed only by the
requirements of Rule 702(a), and any weaknesses or problems in the testimony
go only to the weight of the testimony, not to its admissibility, and should be
exposed through cross-examination and the presentation of contrary evidence.”
Id. (citing Lyons, 976 N.E.2d at 142 (citing Turner v. State, 953 N.E.2d 1039,
1050 (Ind. 2011))).
[11] The detective in Taylor testified regarding his training in cell phone forensics
which included forty hours with respect to a “Chip-Off” technique, a cell phone
data recovery method which had been in common use since 2014 or 2015, had
been the subject of empirical studies and peer review, and for which guidelines
had been established by a part of the Department of Commerce. Id. at 870.
The technique involved de-soldering and removing a phone’s memory chip
from the phone’s circuit board, primarily by heating the board until the solder
and epoxy connecting the chip to the board loosened, and then placing the
memory chip into a standalone memory chip reader and retrieving the data
from the chip. Id. at 869. The detective had used the method seventy-one
times and successfully recovered data on sixty-one of those occasions, and he
was unaware of any case in which the method could result in the alteration of
data as opposed to damaging or deleting the data. Id. at 870-871.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2545 | July 29, 2019 Page 8 of 11
[12] Taylor argued that the detective’s testimony was too vague and conclusory with
respect to the degree of scientific acceptance of the method and that he could
not provide details on peer review and publication regarding the method. Id. at
871. We observed that Taylor’s argument presupposed that the detective was
presenting “scientific” evidence. Id. We held:
We agree with the State that [the detective’s] expertise and
testimony was not “scientific” in nature. Rather, it would more
correctly be called “technical” or “specialized” knowledge. This
court has identified mechanical engineering as “technical,” not
“scientific,” knowledge. O’Banion v. Ford Motor Co., 43 N.E.3d
635, 643 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied. The processes by
which [the detective] can recover data from cell phones is more
akin to engineering than science. [The detective] was not
testifying about the quantum physics principles behind
smartphone technology.
As another court has put it:
Forensic investigation increasingly requires the use of
computer software or other technological devices for the
extraction of data. While an investigator must have
specialized knowledge in the use of the particular software
or device, it is not required—nor is it practical—for an
investigator to have expertise in or knowledge about the
underlying programming, mathematical formulas, or other
innerworkings of the software.
State v. Pratt, 200 Vt. 64, 128 A.3d 883, 891-892 (2015). In Pratt,
similar to here, the defendant had challenged the admissibility of
a forensic technician’s recovery of data from the defendant’s cell
phone on the basis that the technician’s testimony regarding the
scientific reliability of the recovery method was too conclusory
and that he lacked knowledge of such things as the error rate of
the program he used to recover the data. The Pratt court rejected
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2545 | July 29, 2019 Page 9 of 11
this argument, noting in part, “The forensic expert’s testimony is
not about basic scientific principles, and he is not drawing
inferences from the facts. He merely is explaining how he
extracted the data from the cell phone and how he read that
data—specialized knowledge that he acquired through his
training and experience.” Id. at 893. We reach the same
conclusion here regarding [the detective’s] testimony. The trial
court did not abuse its discretion in admitting this evidence.
Id.
[13] Sergeant Chapman testified regarding his training in audio forensics, his
familiarity with the software he used, and the steps he took to apply two filters
to reduce noise or sounds so that the recorded conversation was easier to hear.
He testified that he did not eliminate any words from the recordings. He also
stated that, although he had not learned the scientific principles behind the
equipment and did not “know the algorithms . . . used to develop . . . the
software,” he understood “what the software is doing” and that his job was to
understand the software used in his industry and to use it correctly. Transcript
Volume III at 70. Sergeant Chapman’s expertise and testimony may be
characterized as technical or specialized knowledge. While he may not have
had knowledge of the underlying programming or innerworkings of the
software, he had been trained and knew how to use the software. He did not
draw inferences from facts, but used his specialized knowledge acquired
through his training and experience to use software to filter noise and other
sounds from an audio recording so that the voices could be heard more clearly.
We find that any error in admission of the challenged evidence is harmless.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2545 | July 29, 2019 Page 10 of 11
[14] Errors in the admission of evidence are to be disregarded as harmless error
unless they affect the substantial rights of the party. Lewis v. State, 34 N.E.3d
240, 248 (Ind. 2015). To determine whether an error in the introduction of
evidence affected the party’s substantial rights, we assess the probable impact of
that evidence upon the jury. Id. The jury in this case heard extensive testimony
from the CI and law enforcement who assisted with the controlled buys. The
jury heard testimony from a number of officers regarding their participation in
monitoring the controlled buys including providing and recording the buy
money, searching the CI to ensure that he did not have any illegal substances
prior to the buys, setting up surveillance to follow the CI, and retrieving
purchased pills from the CI. We cannot say that the introduction of the
challenged evidence affected Brown’s substantial rights. See Johnson v. State,
699 N.E.2d 746, 749 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998) (holding that the error in admitting a
recording was harmless as it was cumulative of prior testimony).
[15] For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Brown’s convictions.
[16] Affirmed.
May, J., and Mathias, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2545 | July 29, 2019 Page 11 of 11