Robert W. Glenn v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.) ( 2019 )

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Nov 21 2019, 10:17 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Brian A. Karle Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Ball Eggleston, PC Attorney General
Lafayette, Indiana
Megan M. Smith
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Robert W. Glenn, November 21, 2019
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
19A-CR-727
v. Appeal from the Tippecanoe
Circuit Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Sean M. Persin,
Appellee-Plaintiff Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
79C01-1810-F5-188
Crone, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-727 | November 21, 2019 Page 1 of 8
Case Summary
[1] Robert W. Glenn was convicted of level 6 felony domestic battery. He now
appeals, challenging the trial court’s admission of a portion of a recorded 911
call. Finding no abuse of discretion, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] In October 2018, Glenn was engaged to J.M., and the two were living with a
roommate in a ground-floor apartment inside a house. At that time, Glenn was
aware that J.M. was approximately eight months pregnant, and he had agreed
to help her raise the child even though he knew it was not his. On October 18,
2018, J.M. and Glenn were alone in the living room. A verbal argument
ensued concerning a piece of paper that J.M. was holding that Glenn believed
to contain his credit card information. Glenn demanded that she give him the
paper, and she refused. The argument escalated when Glenn pushed J.M. The
two continued to push each other, and J.M. later recounted, Glenn “grabbed
me and had choked me and I was telling him to let me go because I couldn’t
breathe.” Tr. Vol. 2 at 44. Glenn did not let go. Id. at 47. At some point
during the incident, J.M. dropped the paper, and both of them fell to the floor.
Glenn was on top of her momentarily, with his knee in her back and side, as
they both struggled to retrieve the paper. J.M. believed that she was having an
anxiety attack because she could not breathe, and she was worried “[t]hat there
was something wrong with the baby.” Id. at 40.
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[3] Meanwhile, the upstairs neighbor (“Neighbor”) heard screams and cries for
help and called 911. Shortly thereafter, Lafayette Police Department Officer
Alvin Cudworth came to the door. By that time, J.M.’s roommate had entered
the room and opened the door for police. J.M. hurried outside to the porch and
exclaimed that Glenn had grabbed her by the neck, that she could not breathe,
and that she was anxious for the condition of her baby. Officer Cudworth
observed red marks on J.M.’s neck and right arm. Emergency medical
personnel arrived and took J.M. to a nearby hospital. While en route,
Emergency Medical Technician (“EMT”) Jim Merida observed red marks on
the left side of J.M.’s neck, bruising on the left side of her lower abdomen, and
an abrasion. J.M. reported to him and to the treating physician that she had
been choked/strangled and kicked in her back and side. During treatment,
J.M. complained of blurred vision and pain all over her body, and the baby was
monitored for fetal heart tones.
[4] The State charged Glenn with level 5 felony criminal confinement, level 5
felony strangulation of a pregnant woman, level 5 felony domestic battery
resulting in bodily injury to a pregnant woman, level 6 felony domestic battery,
and a habitual offender count. A jury convicted Glenn of class A misdemeanor
domestic battery, and Glenn admitted to having a prior domestic battery
conviction, thus enhancing his conviction to level 6 felony domestic battery.
The jury acquitted Glenn on the remaining charges. The trial court sentenced
him to two and a half years, with two years executed in community corrections
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and six months on supervised probation. Glenn now appeals. Additional facts
will be provided as necessary.
Discussion and Decision
[5] Glenn challenges the trial court’s admission of a particular statement included
in the audio recording of Neighbor’s 911 call. We review evidentiary rulings
for an abuse of discretion resulting in prejudicial error. Williams v. State, 43
N.E.3d 578, 581 (Ind. 2015). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial
court’s ruling is either clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and
circumstances before it or the court misinterprets the law. Id. In determining
whether improperly admitted evidence has prejudiced the defendant, we assess
the probable impact of that evidence on the jury in light of all the other properly
admitted evidence. Id. If independent, properly admitted evidence of guilt
supports the conviction, the error is harmless. Id.
[6] At trial, Glenn objected to the 911 tape on grounds of unfair prejudice and/or
jury confusion under Indiana Evidence Rule 403. 1 Evidence Rule 403 states,
“The court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is substantially
outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice,
confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, or needlessly presenting
cumulative evidence.” The trial court has wide latitude in weighing the
probative value of the evidence against possible unfair prejudice resulting from
1
Glenn also objected on hearsay grounds below but does not raise hearsay on appeal.
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its admission. Luke v. State, 51 N.E.3d 401, 416 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016), trans.
denied. “[A]ll evidence is ‘inherently prejudicial’ and, therefore, the Rule 403
analysis ‘boils down to a balance of the probative value of the proffered
evidence against the likely unfair prejudicial impact of that evidence.’” Rasnick
v. State, 2 N.E.3d 17, 810 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013) (quoting Duvall v. State, 978
N.E.2d 417, 428 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans. denied (2013)), trans. denied (2014).
“Unfair prejudice ... looks to the capacity of the evidence to persuade by
illegitimate means, or the tendency of the evidence to suggest decision on an
improper basis.” Camm v. State, 908 N.E.2d 215, 224 (Ind. 2009) (quoting
Ingram v. State, 715 N.E.2d 405, 407 (Ind. 1999)).
[7] Here, Glenn objected to only one statement in Neighbor’s 911 call: “It sounds
like he’s really attacking her.” State’s Ex. 2R (emphasis added). He asserts that
the probative value of the statement was substantially outweighed by the danger
of unfair prejudice and juror confusion, namely, that the jury might believe
Neighbor to be an eyewitness and give her statement undue credence. We do
not believe that the challenged statement supports an inference that Neighbor
was an eyewitness. At trial, J.M. testified that she had been screaming very
loudly and that she believed a next-door neighbor had called the police. Tr.
Vol. 2 at 51-52. She also confirmed that the neighbor was not present in the
apartment during the altercation. Id. at 52. We believe that the challenged
statement supports a common sense, reasonable inference that Neighbor, who
lived immediately above J.M. and Glenn, relayed to the dispatcher that she
heard what she perceived to be an attack occurring in the apartment below.
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The challenged statement is highly probative evidence in a domestic battery
case and clearly indicates that Neighbor relied on her sense of hearing before
and during her conversation with the dispatcher.
[8] Moreover, Glenn does not challenge any other statements made by Neighbor
during her 911 call. The unchallenged statements include: (1) “a woman is
screaming for her life”; (2) “she’s saying, ‘please get off me’”; and (3) “I heard
her say, ‘someone call the cops.’” State’s Ex. 2R. Each of these unchallenged
statements supports a common sense, reasonable inference that the caller was
relying on her sense of hearing and was simply relaying her auditory
observations to the dispatcher.
[9] The trial court admitted the 911 recording in full and, in the interest of avoiding
juror confusion, directed the State to reinforce to the jury that Neighbor’s
perspective was limited to what she heard. The State did not directly do so
during its principal closing argument. See Tr. Vol. 2 at 137 (“[Y]ou heard the
911 caller say somebody is screaming get off of me”). However, defense
counsel clarified the matter during his closing argument, stating, “The 911 call
you heard mentioned that yes there was screaming. There is an individual
yelling get off of me. We’re not debating that happened.… there was yelling,
there was this commotion. The caller wasn’t in the room okay.… we have two
people in [the] room.” Id. at 145. During rebuttal, the State addressed the issue
as follows:
[J.M.] was screaming so loud that the upstairs neighbors called
police. And you heard the 911 call. (911 call played during
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closing). The 911 call a woman screaming for her life saying
please get off of me, heard someone say call the cops, why do
you need police involved if there is not a physical altercation
going on? Why do you need police involvement to get away
from if he is not touching you? And most importantly sounds
like he is really attacking her. That is what she is hearing. She is
relating to the police, to the dispatcher, what is ongoing ….
There was something going on in that house, something so bad
that the neighbor had to call police.
Id. at 149-50 (emphasis added). We find these statements sufficient to clarify
the limited perspective of the caller, so as to cure any potential juror confusion.
[10] We categorically reject Glenn’s assertion that the challenged portion of the 911
recording is unfairly prejudicial because it is the only evidence, other than
J.M.’s testimony, that supports J.M.’s version of the incident. In addition to
the unchallenged statements on the 911 recording, which are also probative of
whether J.M. was screaming for help and asking a person to get off her, the
photographic exhibits and trial testimony of Officer Cudworth and EMT
Merida support J.M.’s battery claims. Officer Cudworth testified that J.M. ran
out of the residence toward him, saying that she could not breathe and that she
had been choked. He also recounted that “[s]he was crying, her eyes were full
of tears, and I could see that her neck was read [sic] and so was her right arm.”
Id. at 59. Photographic exhibits confirmed the red marks. State’s Exs. 3-6.
Officer Cudworth asked J.M. “specifically who had choked her and she pointed
in the house saying him [Glenn].” Tr. Vol. 2 at 60. EMT Merida testified that
J.M had reported to him that Glenn had grabbed her by the sweatshirt around
her neck and that she was struggling to breathe. He observed red marks on her
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neck and abrasions on her lower left side and abdomen consistent with her
report. Thus, independent, properly admitted evidence supports Glenn’s
conviction. 2
[11] In sum, the probative value of the challenged statement in Neighbor’s 911 call
is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice or jury
confusion. The trial court therefore acted within its discretion in admitting the
statement. Accordingly, we affirm.
[12] Affirmed.
Baker, J., and Kirsch, J., concur.
2
Glenn also asserts that because the State neither called Neighbor to testify at trial nor established her
unavailability as a witness, he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to confront and cross-examine her
concerning her statements on the 911 recording. However, he has waived review of this claim for failure to
present a cogent argument with citations to authority as required by Indiana Appellate Rule 46(A)(8). See
Sheckles v. State, 24 N.E.3d 978, 985 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (defendant waived confrontation claim for failure to
develop argument on appeal), trans. denied.
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