Valerie D. Alexander v. Angela F. Trapp Trapp Law, LLC and Lisa Alexander (mem. dec.) ( 2018 )

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Dec 05 2018, 10:29 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
CLERK
court except for the purpose of establishing Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES:
Gregory W. Black ANGELA F. TRAPP AND TRAPP
Plainfield, Indiana LAW, LLC
Alyssa C.B. Cochran
Kightlinger & Gray, LLP
New Albany, Indiana
Nicholas W. Levi
Kightlinger & Gray, LLP
Indianapolis, Indiana
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
LISA ALEXANDER
Zachary A. Smith
Trapp Law, LLC
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Valerie D. Alexander, December 5, 2018
Appellant-Plaintiff, Court of Appeals Case No.
18A-PL-1257
v. Appeal from the Marion Superior
Court
Angela F. Trapp; Trapp Law, The Honorable James A. Joven,
LLC; and Lisa Alexander, Judge
Appellee-Defendants. Trial Court Cause No.
49D13-1711-PL-042627
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PL-1257 | December 5, 2018 Page 1 of 13
Tavitas, Judge.
Case Summary
[1] Valerie Alexander (“Valerie”) appeals the trial court’s order granting a motion
for judgment on the pleadings under Indiana Trial Rule 12(C) filed by Angela
Trapp, Trapp Law, LLC (“Trapp Law”), and Lisa Alexander (“Lisa”). We
affirm.
Issues
[2] Valerie raises many issues on appeal. 1 We consolidate and restate these issues
as follows:
I. Whether the trial court erred in granting the motion for
judgment on the pleadings filed by Trapp and Trapp Law.
II. Whether the trial court erred in granting the motion for
judgment on the pleadings filed by Lisa.
Facts
[3] Valerie and Lisa are sisters and the daughters of Wayne Alexander (“Wayne”).
In 2016, Valerie became Wayne’s fiduciary and began caring for Wayne full-
time. In June 2017, Lisa hired Trapp and Trapp Law to file an emergency
petition for appointment of temporary guardianship of Wayne, whom Lisa
1
We find Valerie’s brief to be difficult to understand due to numerous errors and stream of consciousness
arguments. In the future, we direct counsel to review Indiana Appellate Rule 46, which requires that “[t]he
argument must contain the contentions of the appellant on the issues presented, supported by cogent
reasoning.”
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PL-1257 | December 5, 2018 Page 2 of 13
described as a “disabled adult.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 46. Lisa’s petition
alleged that Valerie spent a significant amount of Wayne’s money and that
“Valerie is financially abusing Father, and causes waste to Father’s estate.” 2 Id.
at 48. Lisa also alleged that Valerie has denied other members of the family
access to the house to visit Wayne and the opportunity to communicate with
Wayne via telephone. The trial court conducted a hearing on the guardianship
matter on August 7, 2017.
[4] During the hearing, the following exchange occurred between Valerie’s counsel,
Trapp, and the trial court:
[Valerie’s Counsel]: Your honor, I have a motion in limine.
THE COURT: Okay.
[Valerie’s Counsel]: I would like the court to bar any reference to
murder or child death syndrome from this witness because there
are [sic] no evidence of any of that.
[Trapp]: Your honor, he is wishing to avoid a Rule 609
impeachment of Valerie Alexander in 1977 her husband was
killed, I believe the actual like [sic] investigation from the police
was justifiable homicide, they were in the process of divorce, they
2
Lisa’s petition does not allege a specific amount that Valerie is abusing or wasting, but does allege, among
other things, that: “Valerie spent $156,000.00 of money that was left to Father in trust after the death of
Petitioner’s Mother”; “Petitioner personally observed Valerie use Father’s bank card without him present and
withdraw funds from his bank account”; “Valerie has spent nearly $300,000.00 of Father’s money since
2015”; and “Valerie pays herself an annual income of $35,000.00 per year to be Father’s caretaker, and she
pays herself an additional $600.00 a month for his living expenses and she withdraws $200.00 a week for
meals to feed Father and herself.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 47.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-PL-1257 | December 5, 2018 Page 3 of 13
were separating, she murdered him for lack of a better word with
a gun . . . .
[Valerie’s Counsel]: This is outrageous, your honor, it should be
stricken.
[Trapp]: Under Rule 609, we are allowed to bring that up, there’s
no statute of limitations on it, it’s our position that the justifiable
homicide is questionable, the only reason she wasn’t charged was
because her daughter, [], was present and said that her mother
did it in self-defense. Then there’s also another boyfriend that
she financially benefited from him dying too who committed
suicide and she inherited all this money from him too, so Wayne
Alexander will be the third person she’s inheriting large sums of
money from.
Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 20.
[5] On November 15, 2017, Valerie filed a complaint for Count I, defamation;
Count II, defamation per se; and Count III, defamation per quod against Trapp,
Trapp Law, and Lisa based on the statements at the hearing. In her complaint,
Valerie alleged that the words are “false [and] malicious.” Id. at 15. Valerie
further alleged:
*****
5. The statements of Angela Trapp, planted deliberately by Lisa,
were intended to and did lower the esteem of Valerie in the eyes
of the community such that among other things [t]he Judge and
Guardian Ad Litem in the case have become biased against
Valerie. This is just the tip of the iceberg. Damage is permanent,
published to vital third parties by oral words from counsel to
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client, both bent on damage to plaintiff, harm to her status,
emotion, property.
6. The statements at bar alternatively are false, defamatory,
malicious, defamatory per se, defamatory per quod. The
statements were made with reckless disregard of truth or
investigation, all of which could have been made easily. But
truth was not the goal of defense. Harm was. The defendants
were hell bent on placing Lisa in charge of her father, harming
Valerie in the process. Both defendants are responsible equally
for the malice, falsity, defamation, recklessness.
7. Lisa [and Trapp], had no basis for their case. The words of the
lawyer are the words of the client. Publication of the defamation
takes two forms here: Lisa to Angela, Angela to all in [t]he Court
of GU 64 and all who will read the Record at bar in GU 64 and
here. 3
Id. at 16. 4
[6] On January 16, 2018, Trapp and Trapp Law filed a motion for judgment on the
pleadings. The trial court held a hearing on the motion filed by Trapp and
Trapp Law on March 14, 2018. At the hearing, Lisa moved to join the motion
for judgment on the pleadings filed by Trapp and Trapp Law based on the
arguments at the hearing.
3
“GU 64” is a reference to the cause number in the underlying guardianship case.
4
All grammar, punctuation, spelling, and capitalization in original.
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[7] On March 29, 2018, the trial court entered an order granting judgment on the
pleadings for Trapp and Trapp Law. The trial court concluded:
The Court notes that the statements of Defendant Trapp, which
Plaintiff Alexander challenges as defamatory per se, were
statements made in the course of a judicial proceedings, [sic] a
guardianship case. Defendant Trapp’s statements set forth the
theory of the case she was presenting on behalf of her client,
Defendant Alexander, in that judicial proceeding. As such,
Defendant Trapp’s statements fall within the protection of an
absolute privilege for relevant statements made during the course
of judicial proceedings. Estate of Mayer v. Lax, Inc., 998 N.E.2d
238, 247 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). Plaintiff Alexander urges the
Court to abrogate the absolute privilege for statements made
during judicial proceedings. This Court cannot and will not
ignore binding precedent of the Indiana Supreme Court and
Indiana Court of Appeals.
Id. at 8-9.
[8] The trial court also ordered Valerie to show cause, within fifteen days of the
order, why the trial court should not also grant the judgment on the pleadings
filed by Lisa. 5 Valerie responded to the court’s show cause order, arguing that
Lisa waived attorney-client privilege when Lisa “set[] in motion her lawyer’s
utterances to a Public Court of Law [that] Valerie murdered Valerie’s husband
5
Presumably, Valerie was given additional time to respond to the motion for judgment on the pleadings filed
by Lisa, as Lisa moved for the judgment orally in court at the end of the hearing on the motion for judgment
on the pleadings filed by Trapp and Trapp Law.
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when such is known not so.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 41. Valerie did
acknowledge there was “no publication” as to Lisa’s statements. Id.
[9] On May 2, 2018, the trial court entered an order granting judgment on the
pleadings for Lisa. The trial court determined that, because the statements
“were made in the course of judicial proceedings,” the statements fell “within
the protection of an absolute privilege . . . .” Id. at 11. The trial court
concluded:
[s]ignificantly, as Plaintiff Alexander notes in her response to the
Court’s show cause order, Defendant Alexander “uttered nothing
in Court . . . .” In fact, Plaintiff Alexander’s complaint for
defamation contains no allegation that Defendant Alexander
made any statement that could constitute a defamatory
statement. Instead, in her response to the show cause order,
Plaintiff Alexander would have the Court infer that Defendant
Alexander made a defamatory statement to Defendant Trapp,
her lawyer, causing Defendant Trapp to make that same
statement in open court. Such an inference is unreasonable.
Moreover, a plaintiff must specifically state the alleged
defamatory statement in the complaint. Trail v. Boys & Girls
Clubs, 845 N.E.2d 130, 136 (Ind. 2006). Plaintiff Alexander’s
complaint is deficient in this respect. The Court concludes that
allowing Plaintiff Alexander to replead the complaint to include
the alleged defamatory statement would be futile, as any such
statement would still fall within the protection of an absolute
privilege for relevant statements made during the course of
judicial proceedings.
Id. at 11. Valerie now appeals.
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Analysis
[10] Valerie appeals the trial court’s grant of motions for judgment on the pleadings
filed by Trapp, Trapp Law, and Lisa. “A motion for judgment on the pleadings
under Trial Rule 12(C) tests the sufficiency of a claim or defense presented in
the pleadings and should be granted ‘only where it is clear from the face of the
complaint that under no circumstances could relief be granted.’” KS&E Sports v.
Runnels, 72 N.E.3d 892, 898 (Ind. 2017) (citing Veolia Water Indianapolis, LLC v.
National Trust Ins. Co., 3 N.E.3d 1, 5 (Ind. 2014)). Accordingly, we accept as
true the facts alleged in Valerie’s complaint. See id. We review a Rule 12(C)
ruling de novo. See id.A. Trapp and Trapp Law’s motion for judgment on the pleadings
[11] “The absolute privilege doctrine applies to defamation claims, torts related to
defamation, and torts relying upon defamatory statements as proof of
wrongdoing.” Eckerle v. Katz & Korin, P.C., 81 N.E.3d 272, 278 (Ind. Ct. App.
2017) (citing Estate of Mayer v. Lax, 998 N.E.2d 238, 247 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013),
trans. denied), trans. denied. In Hartman v. Keri, our supreme court explained:
Indiana law has long recognized an absolute privilege that
protects all relevant statements made in the course of a judicial
proceeding, regardless of the truth or motive behind the
statements . . . . The reason upon which the rule is founded is
the necessity of preserving the due administration of justice, by
providing actors in judicial proceedings with the freedom to
participate without fear or future defamation claims.
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883 N.E.2d 774, 777 (Ind. 2008) (citations omitted). There is no dispute these
statements were made during a judicial proceeding. Instead, Valerie argues that
these statements should not be protected by the absolute privilege that Indiana
law affords to statements made at judicial proceedings because the statements
were not “relevant” to the proceeding. Appellant’s Br. p. 12.
[12] “For immunity from liability to exist based on absolute privilege, the statement
in question must be ‘relevant and pertinent to the litigation or bear some
relation thereto.’” Eckerle, 81 N.E.3d at 280 (quoting Estate of Mayer, 998
N.E.2d at 247). “Courts favor a liberal rule in favor of finding statements to be
relevant and pertinent.” Estate of Mayer, 998 N.E.2d at 247 (citing Miller v.
Reinert, 839 N.E.2d 731, 735 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005)). “Statements in a judicial
proceeding will not enjoy an absolute privilege only if they are so palpably
irrelevant to the subject matter of the case that no reasonable person could
doubt their irrelevancy and impropriety.” Id. “Lawsuits are not peace
conferences. Feelings are often wounded and reputations are sometimes
maligned.” Estate of Mayer, 998 N.E.2d at 247 (citing Briggs v. Clinton County
Bank & Trust Co. of Frankfort, Ind., 452 N.E.2d 989, 998 (Ind. Ct. App. 1983)).
[13] Here, the statements made by Trapp were relevant to the proceeding and
protected by absolute privilege. First, it seems difficult for Valerie to argue that
the statements were not relevant, when Valerie’s counsel sought to preclude
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references to “murder” and “child death syndrome” before they were even
raised by Lisa or Trapp. 6 Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 20.
[14] Second, as discussed at the hearing on the motion for judgment on the
pleadings, Trapp wanted to address the alleged murder as part of impeachment
evidence under Indiana Rule of Evidence 609. Indiana Rule of Evidence 609(a)
states:
[f]or the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness,
evidence that the witness has been convicted of a crime or an
attempt of a crime must be admitted but only if the crime
committed or attempted is (1) murder, treason, rape, robbery,
kidnapping, burglary, arson, or criminal confinement; or (2) a
crime involving dishonesty or false statement, including perjury.
It is not clear from the limited record before us whether Trapp or Lisa
ultimately attempted to introduce any evidence related to Trapp’s statements,
and, if so, whether the trial court allowed the evidence to be admitted. In fact,
it is not clear whether Valerie has been convicted of a crime related to the death
of her husband, much less a crime contemplated by Rule 609. However, the
answers to these questions would not change our analysis because the
statements still concerned potential impeachment evidence—even if that
evidence was not ultimately introduced or admitted. We, therefore, cannot say
6
We draw this conclusion based on the limited record before us. Appellant’s appendix includes the
transcript pages from the hearing that include the allegedly defamatory statements, but we do not have other
pages of the transcript. From the record, it appears to us that Valerie was the first one to raise accusations of
murder.
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the statements fail to meet the low threshold for relevancy under the absolute
privilege doctrine. We find the statements are protected by absolute privilege
because they were relevant to the proceeding.
[15] Valerie also argues we should change the law from absolute privilege to
qualified privilege for statements made in judicial proceedings as “[t]his
extreme case makes what should be the law plain.” Appellant’s Br. Vol. II p.
32. Valerie states:
*****
For now, anyone enmeshed in our court system may concoct
about anything he or she desires, when not “sworn in.” All you
need do is imagine a circumstance tied by myth to matters under
judicial scrutiny. This can be lethal. See suicide over a lie, The
Children’s Hour, Shirley MacLaine. Words take a toll. Must the
law be complicit? Not when the law can avoid it. Dickens wrote
the law is an a**. It also can be a servant, a coat of armor. We
decide as a profession which it shall be.
*****
The solution: abandon absolute privilege for judicial proceedings.
Forget broad latitude for relevance. Lies cannot be relevant. To
say a lie is relevant is to say it is real. But it is not. One may as
well say a rock has emotion or a thought has protein. The
proposition is preposterous.
Appellant’s Br. p. 33.
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[16] To the extent Valerie is asking us to deviate from our clearly-settled precedent
on this issue, we decline to do so. See Gill v. Gill, 72 N.E.3d 945, 949 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2017) (finding that “as Indiana’s intermediate appellate court, we are
bound to follow Indiana Supreme Court precedent”). We also disagree with
Valerie’s assertion that lawyers would be able to say anything and defame
another party under the veil of privilege. Our courts have already identified
situations in which derogatory statements or allegations are not relevant to the
judicial proceeding. See Stahl v. Kincade, 192 N.E.2d 493, 497 (Ind. Ct. App.
1963) (finding that, in a suit to enjoin a property owner from maintenance of a
basketball court, a counterclaim to enjoin the complaining party from certain
immoral conduct was “not relevant or pertinent to the matter in controversy
and had no relation thereto”). Accordingly, some speakers who make
statements that do not meet the low “relevance” standard would not enjoy
absolute privilege. This is not one of those cases.
B. Lisa’s motion for judgment on the pleadings
[17] Lisa was entitled to judgment on the pleadings for the same reasons set forth
above. See Eckerle, 81 N.E.3d at 282 (noting that absolute privilege “attaches to
judges, attorneys, parties, and witnesses in connection with a judicial
proceeding”) (citations omitted). We, therefore, do not address Valerie’s
argument regarding the requirement that defamatory statements be specifically
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alleged, but we do note that Lisa does not actually say anything at the hearing,
according to the transcript provided by Valerie. 7
Conclusion
[18] For the foregoing reasons, we find that the trial court properly granted the
motions for judgment on the pleadings under Indiana Trial Rule 12(C) filed by
Trapp, Trapp Law, and Lisa. Accordingly, we affirm.
[19] Affirmed.
Brown, J., and Altice, J., concur.
7
We also reject Valerie’s argument regarding Lisa’s waiver of attorney-client privilege which is titled, “Lisa
Waived Attorney Client Privilege With Ms. Trapp in Setting Ms. Trapp Out to Blare the Lie in Open Court.”
Appellant’s Reply Br. p. 17. This argument is incorrect. Lisa has not waived attorney-client privilege by
giving Trapp, Lisa’s attorney, information relevant to Lisa’s proceeding, which Trapp then used in the
proceeding, even if the information turned out to be incorrect.
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