Nicholas Taylor Custance v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.) , 127 N.E.3d 1173 ( 2019 )

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Apr 25 2019, 9:11 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Brian A. Karle Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
BALL EGGLESTON, PC Attorney General of Indiana
Lafayette, Indiana
Ian McLean
Supervising Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Nicholas Taylor Custance, April 25, 2019
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
18A-CR-2627
v. Appeal from the Tippecanoe
Superior Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Steven P. Meyer,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
79D02-1805-F5-89
Bailey, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2627 | April 25, 2019 Page 1 of 9
Case Summary
[1] Nicholas Custance (“Custance”) pled guilty to one count of Child Exploitation,
a Level 5 felony,1 and one count of Possession of Child Pornography, a Level 6
felony.2 He challenges his five-year aggregate sentence and the imposition of
certain special conditions of probation for sex offenders. We affirm the
sentence and remand for clarification of conditions of probation.
Issues
[2] Custance presents three issues for review:
I. Whether his sentence is inappropriate;
II. Whether a probationary requirement that he not enter
businesses selling sexual devices or aids is overbroad; and
III. Whether requirements that he not contact or live near a
child victim are overbroad when victim identities are
unknown.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] On May 9, 2018, the State charged Custance with one count of Child
Exploitation, a Level 5 felony, and three counts of Possession of Child
1
Ind. Code § 35-42-4-4(b).
2
I.C. § 35-42-4-4(d).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2627 | April 25, 2019 Page 2 of 9
Pornography, Level 6 felonies, based upon events transpiring between February
and May of 2018. On September 18, 2018, Custance pled guilty to one count of
Child Exploitation and one count of Possession of Child Pornography. He
admitted that he possessed child pornography, he had saved to his computer
images of children displaying genitalia or engaging in sex acts, and he had
uploaded one such video to a website to share child pornography. Pursuant to
his plea agreement with the State, two of the charges against Custance were
dismissed.
[4] On October 25, 2018, Custance was given concurrent sentences of five years
(with one and one-half years suspended to probation) for Child Exploitation
and two years for Possession of Child Pornography. He now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
Appropriateness of Sentence
[5] Indiana Code Section 35-50-2-6 provides for a sentence for a Level 5 felony of
one year to six years, with an advisory sentence of three years. Indiana Code
Section 35-50-2-7 provides for a sentence for a Level 6 felony of six months to
two and one-half years, with an advisory sentence of one year. Custance claims
that his aggregate five-year sentence (with one and one-half years suspended) is
inappropriate in light of his guilty plea, mental illness, and lack of criminal
history.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2627 | April 25, 2019 Page 3 of 9
[6] We “may revise a sentence authorized by statute if, after due consideration of
the trial court’s decision, the Court finds that the sentence is inappropriate in
light of the nature of the offense and the character of the offender.” Ind.
Appellate Rule 7(B). We take into consideration the fact that a portion of the
sentence is suspended. Serban v. State, 959 N.E.2d 390, 393 (Ind. Ct. App.
2012).
[7] We assess the trial court’s recognition or non-recognition of aggravators and
mitigators as an initial guide to determining whether the sentence imposed was
inappropriate. Gibson v. State, 856 N.E.2d 142, 147 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006).
Indiana’s flexible sentencing scheme allows trial courts to tailor an appropriate
sentence to the circumstances presented and the trial court’s judgement “should
receive considerable deference.” Cardwell v. State, 895 N.E.2d 1219, 1224 (Ind.
2008). The principal role of appellate review is to attempt to “leaven the
outliers.” Id. at 1225. Whether we regard a sentence as inappropriate at the
end of the day turns on “our sense of culpability of the defendant, the severity
of the crime, the damage done to others, and myriad other factors that come to
light in a given case.” Id. at 1224.
[8] Deference to the trial court “prevail[s] unless overcome by compelling evidence
portraying in a positive light the nature of the offense (such as accompanied by
restraint, regard, and lack of brutality) and the defendant’s character (such as
substantial virtuous traits or persistent examples of good character).” Stephenson
v. State, 29 N.E.3d 111, 122 (Ind. 2015). In sentencing Custance, the trial court
found as aggravators Custance’s lack of remorse and understanding, the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2627 | April 25, 2019 Page 4 of 9
severity of the pattern of offenses, and the admitted pornography addiction
without resort to treatment. In mitigation, the trial court found that Custance
had pled guilty (but recognized that he received a benefit by having charges
dismissed), that he had no criminal history, and he had mental health issues
(albeit not adequately addressed).
[9] As to the nature of Custance’s offenses, he collected pornographic images of
children, some pre-pubescent. He traded one such video, of significant length,
on the internet. As for Custance’s character, he does not have a criminal
history. That is not to say that he has led a law-abiding life. He created an
online profile in 2012 as “shameless indeed” and posted about his activity of
watching children take showers at the YMCA. (App. Vol. II, pg. 30.)
Moreover, his collection of child pornography appeared to be prolific and long-
term. A forensic examination of Custance’s computer revealed that he had
many more images of child pornography than those upon which his guilty pleas
were based. Custance’s decision to plead guilty indicates some acceptance of
responsibility for his actions, but he also received a significant benefit for the
guilty plea and he continued to minimize his culpability in his discussion of the
victims and events. And, although Custance claims to have cooperated with
police, he was initially deceptive and attempted to mislead police into believing
that he documented child pornography only to report it as a concerned citizen.
In sum, Custance has failed to demonstrate that his sentence is inappropriate in
light of the nature of his offenses and his character.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2627 | April 25, 2019 Page 5 of 9
Special Probation Condition 12
[10] Among other probation conditions, Custance was ordered to comply with
special conditions for sex offenders, including Condition 12, as follows:
You shall not possess obscene matter as defined by IC 35-49-2-1
or child pornography as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 2256(8), including
but not limited to: videos, magazines, books, DVDs, and
material downloaded from the internet. You shall not visit strip
clubs, adult bookstores, motels specifically operated for sexual
encounters, peep shows, bars where partially nude or exotic
dancers perform, or businesses that sell sexual devices or aids.
(App. Vol. II, pg. 76.) He challenges the prohibition against visiting
“businesses that sell sexual devices or aids” as overbroad.
[11] A trial court has broad discretion in determining appropriate conditions of an
offender’s probation. McVey v State, 863 N.E.2d 434, 447 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007),
trans. denied. However, conditions imposed must be reasonably related to the
objective of reintegration into the community. Bleeke v. Lemmon, 6 N.E.3d 907,
921 (Ind. 2014). A probationer has a due process right to have the conditions of
supervised release be sufficiently clear to inform him of what conduct will result
in his being returned to prison. McVey, 863 N.E.2d at 447.
[12] In Collins v. State, 911 N.E.2d 700 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), trans. denied, a panel of
this Court considered a challenge to a probationary term that, like Probation
Condition 12 here, prohibited the probationer from entry to businesses selling
sexual devices or aids. The Court found the prohibition to be “unfairly broad”
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2627 | April 25, 2019 Page 6 of 9
as it could encompass entry to a drug store. Id. at 714. The matter was
remanded for clarification of the probationary term. Subsequently, our Indiana
Supreme Court agreed with the rationale of Collins regarding the overly broad
provision. See Bleeke, 6 N.E.3d at 921; see also Kelp v. State, 2019 WL 614211, at
*3 (Ind. Ct. App. Feb. 14, 2019) (remanding for clarification of an identical
term). We also find the language of Condition 12 “unfairly overbroad” and
remand for clarification.
Special Probation Conditions 6 and 19
[13] In conditions 63 and 19, Custance was prohibited from establishing a new
residence within one mile of the residence of any of his victims, unless granted
a court waiver, and from direct or indirect contact with a victim, unless pre-
approved for the benefit of a victim. Custance argues:
Because Custance does not know the identity of any victim, he
does not have adequate notice of what conduct may constitute a
violation of the challenged conditions. Accordingly, those
conditions are unreasonable and unconstitutional as applied to
Custance.
Appellant’s Brief at 16.
[14] Custance does not otherwise develop a constitutional argument as to vagueness.
Indeed, Custance admits to having knowledge of the prohibited conduct. He is
3
Special condition 6 arises from Indiana Code Section 35-38-2-2.5(e), which requires the imposition of this
restriction upon a sex offender.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2627 | April 25, 2019 Page 7 of 9
not to contact or live near one of the children depicted in the pornography he
possessed or disseminated. Rather, his argument is impossibility of
performance. He cannot necessarily avoid proximity when the victims are
unidentified. Indeed, the trial court acknowledged that neither the State nor
Custance knew the identities of the children and the court equivocated to some
degree when reviewing the special probationary conditions:
You shall not establish residence within one mile of your victim.
I don’t think you know the victim, necessarily, but those other
conditions apply. .. You shall not reside within one mile …
Again, I don’t know if we’ll ever be able to identify them,
residence of the victim, but I’ve got to apply that. … Number 19,
you shall have no contact with your victim or victims’ family
unless approved in advance by the Court. Again, this may not,
these [sic] directly applicable because we don’t know the victim,
but [I am] putting that in there.
(Tr. Vol. II, pgs. 40-42.) (emphasis added).
[15] In his reply brief, Custance appears to recognize that his claim is that of
impossibility:
No person involved in the case knows the names, identities, or
locations of any of the victims. Under these circumstances, it is
impossible for Custance to avoid interacting with (directly or
indirectly) or establishing a residence near a victim or victim’s
family member. The State offers no support for the proposition
that Custance could intelligently avoid violation of Condition 6
or Condition 19, which are written as strict liability conditions.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2627 | April 25, 2019 Page 8 of 9
Reply Brief at 10. He urges that, “at a minimum, a specific intent
requirement should be inserted into Condition 6 and Condition 19 in
order to cure their constitutional infirmity.” Id. at 11.
[16] Although we are not persuaded that Custance has identified constitutional
infirmity, we agree that the challenged conditions are not reasonably susceptible
of compliance as written, under the unique circumstances of this case. And our
supreme court has observed that judicial review of special conditions of release
is “very fact sensitive.” Bleeke, 6 N.E.3d at 921. We thus remand for
clarification that Custance will be in violation of conditions 6 or 19 only if he
acts with criminal culpability.
Conclusion
[17] Custance’s sentence is not inappropriate. We remand for clarification of
probation conditions 6, 12, and 19.
[18] Affirmed in part and remanded with instructions.
Riley, J., and Pyle, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2627 | April 25, 2019 Page 9 of 9