Marilyn M. Clontz v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.) ( 2017 )

MEMORANDUM DECISION FILED
Mar 16 2017, 9:16 am
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
regarded as precedent or cited before any Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
court except for the purpose of establishing
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
J. Clayton Miller Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Jordan Law, LLC Attorney General of Indiana
Richmond, Indiana
Eric P. Babbs
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Marilyn M. Clontz, March 16, 2017
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
21A01-1609-CR-2125
v. Appeal from the Fayette Circuit
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Beth Ann Butsch,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
21C01-1410-FC-770
Najam, Judge.
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Statement of the Case
[1] Marilyn M. Clontz appeals the trial court’s restitution order, following a
sentencing hearing. She raises the following issues on appeal:
1. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it ordered
her to pay restitution in the amount of $641,147.93.
2. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it ordered
her to pay restitution in the monthly amount of $250 during
her probation period.
[2] We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand with instructions.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] In June 2008, Thomas Mertens, owner of Indiana Ordnance, Inc. (“IOI”),1
hired Clontz as IOI’s business manager and thereafter was not himself involved
with the daily management of the company. Mertens and his daughter,
Darlene Mihaly, (collectively, “the IOI owners”) served as members of the
board of directors of IOI. Clontz also served as a member of the board of
directors of IOI and as IOI’s secretary and treasurer. Clontz was a signer on
some of IOI’s bank accounts and was authorized to, and did, write checks and
make payments for the company. Clontz’s husband, Robert Clontz (“Robert”),
was employed as IOI’s “gunner.” State’s Ex. 2.
1
The record does not disclose what type of business IOI was, other than that it had contracts with the
federal government that likely related to munitions.
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[4] In December 2010, in addition to working for IOI, Clontz and her husband
started their own company called Dynamic Munitions (“DM”), which was a
business similar to IOI. DM became active in August 2011 but ceased
operations in January 2013.
[5] In December 2012, the IOI owners discovered that there was money missing
from one of IOI’s bank accounts and that Clontz had opened two unauthorized
back accounts in IOI’s name, with Clontz as the primary signer on the
accounts. The IOI owners also discovered an unauthorized outstanding bank
loan in the amount of $160,000, and they then learned for the first time that IOI
had failed to pay county, state, federal taxes.2 They filed a police report with
the Connersville Police Department, who referred the investigation to the
organized crime and corruption unit of the Indiana State Police. Detective
Amy Johnson investigated IOI’s complaint.
[6] Clontz ceased working for IOI in December 2012, at which point Mihaly “took
over everything having to do with money in the business.” State’s Ex. 2.
However, IOI rehired Clontz as a consultant in March 2013 and made her and
her husband “solely responsible for running IOI until August-September 2013.”
Id. Clontz and Robert quit their employment at IOI in September 2013.
[7] On October 24, 2014, Detective Johnson filed a seven-page probable cause
affidavit for an arrest warrant for Clontz. The affidavit provided details of
2
The record does not disclose the years for which taxes were not paid.
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Detective Johnson’s almost two-year-long investigation of the IOI owners’
allegations. Specifically, the affidavit stated, in relevant part, as follows:
On January 18, 2013, I met with Connersville PD Detective
Carol McQueen about a theft case that was reported to her
around December 17, 2012. Det. McQueen stated Thomas
Mertens[,] owner of Indiana Ordnance, Inc. (IOI), 901 W. 21st
St. Connersville, In 47331, reported allegations of theft and fraud
by former employees Marilyn and Robert Clontz.
***
Det. McQueen stated Mr. Mertens and his daughter Darlene,
who both live in Ohio, were in town to conduct business
involving IOI when Mr. Mertens discovered IOI’s line of credit
at Union Savings and Loan had a balance of about $37,000. The
balance had been $150,000 [and] Mr. Mertens was not aware that
the line of credit had been used. [The IOI owners] also
discovered an unauthorized checking account with a debit card at
Union Savings [that] they were unaware of and the account was
in the Clontz’s name[s] with IOI. Mr. Mertens also found a
second unauthorized account located at First Financial Bank,
[but] only one account at First Financial had been approved by
the board. Det. McQueen stated [that] on December 19, 2012,
Darlene and Mr. Mertens went to the [IOI] office and found
Marilyn[] Clontz had cleaned out her desk and the information
on the computers had been deleted. Det. McQueen stated the
business was in the process of being sold to Ryan Wilhelm.
***
On February 4, 2013, I spoke on the telephone with Ryan
Wilhelm[.] [H]e was purchasing the business from Thomas
Mertens, and discovered the missing money from Indiana
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Ordnance. Mr. Wilhelm stated Mr. Mertens inherited the
business from his brother in 2006, and Tom Mertens had been an
absent owner. Mr. Wilhelm stated [that] Mr. Mertens trusted
Marilyn and Robert Clontz to run and operate the business for
him. Mr. Wilhelm stated he went through the financials of the
business and found what he believed [to be] suspicious
transactions and reported it [sic] to Mr. Mertens.
***
On February 27, 2013, I spoke on the telephone with Darlene
Mihaly . . . [who] stated [that] Marilyn Clontz [had] failed to
pa[y] the taxes to the IRS [and had] failed to pay payroll taxes,
[that] there were missing royalty checks, and [that] the weekly
financial statements Marilyn Clontz sent her did not match up to
the bank statements.
Through further investigation, the weekly reports that were
prepared and submitted by Marilyn Clontz to Darlene Mihaly for
review contain[ed] fraudulent information.[3] The weekly reports
always showed less money in the primary business account
because Marilyn Clontz was using the unauthorized second
account #3207 [that] the owners didn’t know about for
unauthorized deposits and unauthorized checks[.]
Appellant’s App., Confidential Vol. II, at 12.
[8] The probable cause affidavit then noted that Detective Johnson had
subpoenaed and obtained bank records of IOI’s bank accounts and listed
“approximately 95 unauthorized transactions from 2010 through 2012 totaling
3
The weekly financial statements prepared by Clontz are not in the record.
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$170,407.98” from two First Financial IOI bank accounts. Id. She also listed
“approximately 53 unauthorized transactions from 2010 through 2012 totaling
$150,739.75 from the Union [Savings and Loan] account.” Id.
[9] On October 24, the State charged Clontz with corrupt business influence as a
Class C felony, fraud on a financial institution as a Class C felony, and theft as
a Class C felony. Clontz ultimately pleaded guilty to corrupt business influence
as a Class C felony, and the State dismissed the remaining charges. Pursuant to
the plea agreement, Clontz was sentenced to eight years fully suspended to
probation and the amount of restitution was to be determined by the court.
[10] On August 15, 2016, the trial court conducted an evidentiary hearing to
determine the restitution amount. Detective Johnson provided testimony
explaining State’s Exhibit 1,4 which was her supplemental report containing the
same bank account information regarding unauthorized transactions that she
had provided in her probable cause affidavit. Specifically, each of the listed
ninety-five allegedly unauthorized transactions from First Financial, totaling
$170,407.98, included: (1) a date; (2) the last four digits of the account number
from which funds were withdrawn; (3) the last four digits of the account
number into which funds were deposited, if applicable; (4) a check number, if
applicable; (5) the name of the person(s) or entity to which the funds were made
payable; and (6) the amount of funds. Id. Some of those transactions showed
4
Clontz did not object to the admission of State’s Exhibit 1.
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that funds had been withdrawn from an IOI account and either paid to Clontz
or one of her family members or deposited into Clontz’s or a family members’
personal bank accounts. Other transactions showed that funds had been
withdrawn from an IOI account and deposited into the bank account for the
Clontz’s company, DM. There were three large transactions that provided only
the date, the name “Indiana Ordnance,” and the dollar amount. Id.
[11] Each of the fifty-three allegedly unauthorized transactions from Union Savings
and Loan Association that were listed in State’s Exhibit 1, totaling $150,739.75,
included: (1) a date; (2) the type of transaction, if applicable; (3) the location of
the transaction, if applicable; (4) the person or entity to which payment was
made, if applicable; and (5) the amount of funds. The transaction types
included ATM withdrawals, telephone payments, checks to persons or entities,
online payments, and automatic payments. Id.
[12] Detective Johnson testified that each of the transactions listed in State’s Exhibit
1 were transactions she had reviewed from bank records and which she felt
“raised a flag” or appeared to be in the wrong account. Tr. at 22. Detective
Johnson stated that she did not go over each one of these transactions with any
other person like the IOI owners or employees. Rather, she “just went through
[each transaction] and tried to see what was reasonable.” Id. Detective
Johnson testified that she requested receipts from IOI related to the
unauthorized transactions but that IOI had no such receipts. Detective Johnson
stated that the “owner of Indiana Ordnance” said “some of the deposits” shown
in Exhibit 1 were not authorized and that they were not aware of “some of the
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accounts.” Id. at 23-24. Detective Johnson testified that some funds went from
IOI bank accounts into DM accounts and some funds went from DM accounts
into IOI accounts. However, Detective Johnson did not determine the exact
amounts transferred between those two businesses’ accounts.
[13] Clontz introduced into evidence her exhibits A through D, which summarized
the explanations contained in her previously filed Proposal for Restitution.
Appellant’s App. Vol. 2, confidential, p. 125 – Vol. 3, p. 193. Clontz testified
that her Exhibit A summarized each transaction in which she had incorrectly
used IOI funds totaling $10,796.49 for personal matters. She testified that her
Exhibit B summarized two transactions for which she could not find any
records in the documents the State provided her in discovery, including bank
statements. Thus, Clontz stated she could not reach any conclusions about
those transactions, which totaled $11,984.50. She testified that her Exhibit C
summarized each transaction for which she had records showing it was
authorized; that is, she had a “paper trail” from the documents provided by the
State, which showed that these transactions were legitimately made for IOI.
These transactions totaled $226,749.24, and the copies of supporting documents
for each transaction was located in Clontz’s Proposal for Restitution. Id.
Finally, Clontz testified that her Exhibit D summarized the transactions she
was unable to reconcile because IOI did not provide her with records she had
subpoenaed that would have explained each of the transactions. Those
transactions totaled $70,917.50.
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[14] The State introduced into evidence its Exhibit 2, the “Victim Impact Statement
and Restitution Information” and an accompanying letter, both of which were
completed by Mihaly and submitted by her to Fayette County Victim’s
Assistance in November 2014. The vicitim’s impact statement stated IOI had
the following losses due to Clontz’s offense: “at least $100,000” worth of stolen
property; $100,000 in lost work; $100,000 in “Legal/CPA Fees [and] IRS back
taxes[;]” and a $300,000 loss “due to embezzlement.” State’s Ex. 2. Clontz
objected to the admission of State’s Exhibit 2 because Clontz did “not agree
with the figures” regarding restitution that were contained in the exhibit. Tr. at
43. However, the trial court admitted that exhibit over Clontz’s objection.
[15] Mihaly did not testify at the August 15 restitution hearing, but Mertens did.
Mertens stated he was aware of and authorized Mihaly’s letter that was
attached to the victim impact statement in Exhibit 2. However, Mertens did
not know what property had allegedly been stolen from IOI by Clontz or how
IOI lost work due to Clontz’s actions. Mertens said IOI lost at least one
government contract as a result of Clontz’s actions, but he did not know the
value of the lost contract. He testified that there were “some maybe” taxes not
paid by the company due to “the thefts” but he did not know how many. Id. at
33. Mertens testified that IOI had hired two Certified Public Accountants
(“CPAs”) to address the issue of the unpaid taxes, but he did not know how
much, in total, IOI had paid the CPAs in fees. He only knew that one CPA
charged $100 per hour and the other charged a flat fee of $1500. Mertens also
testified that IOI paid out $320,000 in 2012 for a lawsuit unrelated to Clontz
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and that the lawsuit payment “could have been” one of the reasons IOI got
behind in paying its taxes. Id. at 36.
[16] Mertens testified that, around December 2012, the IOI owners planned to sell
IOI to Ryan Wilhelm for $1.4 million, but the sale fell through when Wilhelm
lowered the price to $1 million. Detective Johnson testified that Wilhelm told
her he did not end up buying IOI because “the business was a mess . . . , there
[were] . . . tax problems . . . , account problems, too much that he could[n’t]
overcome.” Id. at 29. Mertens later sold IOI to his nephew for $500,000.
[17] At the conclusion of the August 15 hearing, the trial court stated, in relevant
part:
[T]he Court finds that the testimony of the State’s witness[,] Ms.
Johnson[,] to be credible and your [Clontz’s] testimony to be not
credible and the Court is going to find that you do owe
$321,147.93 actual restitution for funds that were stolen and/or
misappropriated to pay your personal expenses and funnel to
relatives[.] [A]nd the Court is going to find that it is not at all
unreasonable . . . that the business would have incurred the sum
of $20,000.00 for fees from a certified public accountant both to
meet with the IRS and to . . . attempt to write [sic] the business
after you made . . . every attempt you could to run it into the
ground. . . . I ran a law practice for twenty-five years and
employed an accountant to take care of my tax situations and I
know what it’s like having paid every tax I ever owed even to
deal with the IRS. I can’t imagine what it was like to try to deal
with the IRS after all of this occurred so the Court’s going to find
that the amount of $20,000.00 is a reasonable expense for CPA
fees in this matter. I have no doubt in my mind that you also
recklessly caused a gross loss of value in this business maybe
because you were mad because the business wasn’t being sold to
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you and you thought that was your right instead of the right of
the owner to determine who it would be sold to and maybe it’s
just because of your stealing from the business and creating all of
these problems so that you made the business unmarketable[.]
[B]ut I also have no question in my mind that if I were looking to
buy a company and that company owed a bunch of back payroll
taxes[—]which often businesses are actually shut down because
of that and they always owe penalties and they always owe fees
and there are always CPA fees or legal fees associated with
that[—]I myself would have some trepidation about buying that
business with all that going on. In addition to the fact that you
caused a loss of reputation for the business both because of the
failings with the IRS and also because of the fact that these are
government contracts and you interfered with those and it’s a
little bit difficult to determine the amount of loss[.] I do think
that it’s reasonable to believe that Mr. Mertens is selling the
business to his nephew at a discount because it’s a family
member and I’m sure that that’s correct so I don’t believe that
you caused that loss in that amount[.] [B]ut I do believe that you
caused the loss of the sale of the business to Mr. Wilhelm
through your actions and it might have even been on purpose.
I’m just not sure. That’s probably $400,000.00 and then you
testified that you were nice enough that you also paid some
expenses of this company where you were basically using it to
run your other business and using its equipment so I’m not sure
that’s not a wash[.] [B]ut I’m going to find that you caused the
loss of the value of the business and the sale of the business in the
amount of $300,000.00 so the total restitution will be $321,147.93
for unauthorized transactions and conversion on your part
$20,000.00 for CPA fees caused by your action and $300,000.00
for the loss of the value of the business.
Tr. at 72-74.
[18] On August 17, the trial court issued its Order on Restitution in which it stated,
in relevant part:
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The Court . . . now finds and ORDERS as follows:
1. The Defendant shall pay restitution of $321,147.93 to Thomas
Mertens/Indiana Ordinance [sic], Inc. for funds stolen from
Indiana Ordinance [sic].
2. The Defendant shall pay restitution in the sum of $20,000 to
Thomas Mertens for CPA fees incurred by the victim as a
result of criminal actions of Defendant.
3. Defendant shall pay the sum of $300,000 restitution to
Thomas Mertens for the loss of marketability/business sale
value of Indiana Ordinance [sic] caused by the criminal acts
of Defendant[].
Appellant’s App. Vol. III at 195.
[19] The trial court initially ordered Clontz to make monthly restitution payments in
the amount of $800. However, the trial court conducted an additional
examination of Clontz’s ability to pay restitution at a hearing on August 29.
Clontz testified that she worked at her mother’s bake shop thirty to thirty-five
hours per week, making $7.50 per hour, and she provided supporting
documentation that was introduced into evidence. Clontz testified that,
although she had eighteen years of experience in banking, she did not have a
better-paying job because she had a felony that made it difficult for her to get a
job that would pay well. As of August 29, 2016, Clontz had earned $3,855 for
all of 2016. Clontz’s average weekly income was $240 to $260. She testified
that her husband, Robert, was self-employed but, at the time of the hearing, he
had not worked in the last four months. She testified that Robert was looking
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for employment. She also testified that she had one minor child living with her
and Robert. Because of her low income, Clontz requested that she pay $100 per
month in restitution to IOI. However, the trial court ordered Clontz to make
monthly payments of $250. This appeal ensued.
Discussion and Decision
Issue One: Order to Pay Restitution
[20] Our standard of review of a restitution order is clear:
“[A] trial court has the authority to order a defendant convicted
of a crime to make restitution to the victim[ ] of the crime.”
Henderson v. State, 848 N.E.2d 341, 345 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006)
(citing I.C. § 35-50-5-3). “The principal purpose of restitution is
to vindicate the rights of society and to impress upon the
defendant the magnitude of the loss the crime has caused.”
Pearson v. State, 883 N.E.2d 770, 772 (Ind. 2008), reh’g denied.
“Restitution also serves to compensate the offender’s victim.” Id.
An order of restitution lies within the trial court’s discretion and
will be reversed only where there has been an abuse of discretion.
Kays v. State, 963 N.E.2d 507, 509 (Ind. 2012). A trial court
abuses its discretion when its decision is clearly against the logic
and effect of the facts and circumstances or when the trial court
has misinterpreted the law. Gil v. State, 988 N.E.2d 1231, 1234
(Ind. Ct. App. 2013).
Dull v. State, 44 N.E.3d 823, 829 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015).
[21] “A restitution order must be supported by sufficient evidence of actual loss
sustained by the victim or victims of a crime.” Gil, 988 N.E.2d at 1235 (quoting
Rich v. State, 890 N.E.2d 44, 49 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008)); see Ind. Code § 35-50-5-
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3(a)(1) (2016). “Evidence supporting a restitution order is sufficient if it affords
a reasonable basis for estimating loss and does not subject the trier of fact to
mere speculation or conjecture.” J.H. v. State, 950 N.E.2d 731, 734 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2011) (internal quotations and citations omitted) (holding estimates with
no additional evidence were mere speculation or conjecture). The State has the
burden of proof in a restitution proceeding to establish a nexus between missing
funds and the defendant’s criminal activity. Morgan v. State, 49 N.E.3d 1091,
1094 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016). Moreover, because restitution is penal in nature, the
statute providing for restitution must be strictly construed against the State to
avoid enlarging it beyond the fair meaning of the language used. Id.
[22] Here, the trial court ordered Clontz to pay: (1) $321,147.93 in funds stolen
from IOI; (2) $20,000 for IOI’s CPA fees; and (3) $300,000 for the loss of IOI’s
value as a business. We address each basis for the restitution order in turn.
$321,147.93 in Stolen Funds
[23] Clontz asserts that the trial court abused its discretion when it ordered her to
pay IOI $321,147.93 for funds she stole. The basis for that dollar amount was
Detective Johnson’s testimony and State’s Exhibit 1. However, Detective
Johnson admitted that she did not review each transaction in Exhibit 1 with
anyone at IOI and that she had no IOI documentation to show that each
transaction was in fact unauthorized. Rather, she testified that she had
reviewed IOI’s bank records for the relevant period of time and “tried to see
what was reasonable.” Tr. at 22. She testified that the transactions she listed in
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Exhibit 1 were the transactions she “felt . . . raised a flag” or appeared to be in
the wrong account. Id. Detective Johnson’s testimony shows that she delved
no further into each transaction to determine which transactions were actually
unauthorized. She did not, for example, go through each transaction with
Mertens or Clontz to determine whether IOI had authorized each transaction or
to obtain some background that might explain each transaction. Nor did
Detective Johnson explain why the transactions in Exhibit 1 that did not list
Clontz, her relatives, or her business as recipients of the funds were nevertheless
evidence of Clontz’s unauthorized use of IOI funds.
[24] For example, transactions 18 through 21 in State’s Exhibit 1 are checks from
IOI’s bank account made payable to the Sheriff of Marion County. But the
State failed to provide evidence as to why those transactions were
unauthorized. Clontz provided evidence that those transactions were IOI
payments for past due taxes, Appellant’s App., Confidential Vol. II, at 178-179,
and the State provided no evidence to contradict her explanation. While we do
not reweigh the evidence or judge the witnesses’ credibility on appeal, we
nevertheless require evidence beyond mere speculation to support the amount
of the restitution order. See, e.g., J.H., 950 N.E.2d at 734.
[25] There is evidence that some of the transactions in State’s Exhibit 1 were
unauthorized. Clontz admitted that she had incorrectly used IOI funds totaling
$10,796.49 for personal matters. Defendant’s Exhibit A. However, there is no
evidence to support Detective Johnson’s testimony that all of the other
transactions in State’s Exhibit 1 were unauthorized, and the alleged lack of
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authorization for those transactions it is not obvious from the face of Exhibit 1.
Detective Johnson’s testimony that all the transactions in Exhibit 1 were
unauthorized, even those not clearly given to Clontz, her family or her business,
is simply speculation. Because the restitution order to pay approximately
$310,351.44, not including those transactions Clontz has admitted were
unauthorized, is not supported by sufficient evidence, we remand this matter to
the trial court to hold another hearing on restitution. Garcia v. State, 47 N.E.3d
1249, 1253 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (“[O]ur Indiana Supreme Court has held that
when the record contains insufficient evidence to support an order of
restitution, the case may be remanded for the trial court to hold another
hearing.”) (citing Iltzsch v. State, 981 N.E.2d 55, 57 (Ind. 2013)), trans. denied.
On remand, the trial court should require sufficient evidence from the State to
show that each of the other approximately $310,351.44 in transactions in State’s
Exhibit 1, which Clontz has not admitted were unauthorized, were
unauthorized transactions.
$20,000 in CPA Fees
[26] Clontz contends that IOI’s CPA fees are not compensable as restitution. We
agree. Indiana Code Section 35-50-5-3, in relevant part, allows a restitution
order for earnings lost by the victim as a result of the crime. 5 I.C. § 35-50-5-
5
We reject the State’s contention that Indiana Code Section 35-50-5-3(a)(1), which allows restitution for
property damages as shown by the actual cost of repair, applies here. The State cites no authority in support
of that contention. And we note that IOI’s hiring of CPAs to investigate its finances was not a “repair” to the
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3(a)(4). However, while an expenditure for fees to investigate a victim’s
finances “may give rise to a civil claim by the [victim] against [the defendant],
. . . it is not an appropriate claim for criminal restitution.” Lang v. State, 911
N.E.2d 131, 136 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009); see also Henderson v. State, 848 N.E.2d at
346 (noting that “earnings lost” applies to money the victim lost, not money the
victim expended to investigate how much money it lost). Here, as in Henderson,
the victim seeks money that it expended, not money that it lost. Thus, while IOI
may have a civil claim against Clontz for its CPA fees, it may not recover those
fees as restitution under Indiana Code Section 35-50-5-3. Id.; Lang, 911 N.E.2d
at 136. The trial court abused its discretion when it ordered Clontz to pay
$20,000 for the fees IOI expended to investigate its finances, and we reverse
that part of the order.
$300,000 for Lost Value of Business
[27] Finally, Clontz contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it
awarded IOI $300,000 for the lost value of its business.6 We disagree. As noted
above, Indiana Code Section 35-50-5-3(a)(4) allows an award of restitution for
earnings lost by the victim as a result of the crime. “[W]hen an established
business, even assuming the business as a whole is considered to be “property” within the meaning of the
statute.
6
Clontz also asserts, without citation to any authority, that the trial court abused its discretion because IOI
did not ask for $300,000 in lost profits and the court may not order restitution that was not specifically
requested by the victim. However, the statute allows the court to award restitution for lost profits if there is
evidence to support such an award; it does not impose an additional requirement that any such award be
specifically requested by the victim. I.C. § 35-50-5-3(a)(4). Moreover, IOI did claim a $300,000 loss due to
Clontz’s “embezzlement.” State’s Ex. 2.
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business is injured, interrupted, or destroyed, the measure of damages is the
diminution in value of the business, with interest, by reason of the wrongful act.
The diminution may be measured by loss of profit.” Serletic v. Noel, 700 N.E.2d
1159, 1162 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998) (internal quotations and citations omitted); see
also, Wittl v. State, 876 N.E.2d 1136, 1138 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (noting that,
under Indiana Code Section 35-50-5-3(a)(4), “lost earnings” includes a business’
loss of income), trans. denied.
[28] Here, Detective Johnson’s testified that Wilhelm had initially offered to buy
IOI for $1.4 million but, after reviewing IOI’s finances and discovering
“account problems,” Wilhelm lowered his price to $1 million. Tr. at 29. That
was sufficient evidence of a loss of $400,000 in value of the business, which is
$100,000 more than what the trial court ordered Clontz to pay as restitution.
See, e.g., Romine v. Gagle, 782 N.E.2d 369, 382 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), trans.
denied; Warrick Cty. v. Waste Mgmt. of Evansville, 732 N.E.2d 1255, 1258 n.1 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2000).7 Given the evidence of the loss in IOI’s value due to Clontz’s
mishandling of IOI funds, we cannot say the trial court abused its discretion in
awarding $300,000 in lost profits.
7
Mertens eventually sold IOI to his nephew for the discounted price of $500,000. However, it is undisputed
that $500,000 is not the actual fair market value of the business but, rather, a discounted price for a family
member. Tr. at 73 (trial court noting that Mertens sold the business to his nephew “at a discount because it’s
a family member;” therefore the court did not use the $500,000 sale price in calculating the loss of value to
the business). It was within the trial court’s discretion to base the lost value of the business on the only
nondiscounted offer that was accepted by the owner—$1.4 million.
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Issue Two: Amount of Monthly Restitution Payments
[29] Clontz separately challenges the trial court’s order that she pay the amount of
$250 per month to IOI in restitution as a condition of her probation. Clontz
asserts that her income is too low to pay that much, and she asks that we revise
the order to require monthly payments of $100.
[30] When a trial court orders “restitution . . . as a condition of probation, the court
shall fix the amount, which may not exceed an amount the person can or will
be able to pay.” Pearson, 883 N.E.2d at 772; I.C. § 35-38-2-2.3. The statute
“requires that the trial court engage in some inquiry of the defendant to
determine his or her ability to pay restitution,” even if the parties present no
evidence on that issue. Bell v. State, 59 N.E.3d 959, 964 (Ind. 2016) (emphasis
original). This requirement is meant to “prevent indigent defendants from
being imprisoned because of a probation violation based on a defendant’s
failure to pay restitution.” Pearson, 883 N.E.2d at 772.
[31] Although “the statute does not specify the extent to which the court must
inquire to determine the defendant’s financial status,” Smith v. State, 990 N.E.2d
517, 522 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied, the trial court should consider,
among other things, information regarding the defendant’s financial
information, health, and employment history, Bell, 59 N.E.3d at 964. The
amount and manner of restitution payments must be supported by evidence in
the record, and the court must explain how it reaches its determination that the
defendant would have the ability to make the ordered restitution payments. Id.
A trial court’s order of restitution is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Kays v.
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State, 963 N.E.2d at 509. Imposition of restitution is a form of punishment and
although it may cause some hardship, the trial court has discretion to determine
the extent of the hardship and whether the defendant can still subsist after the
restitution payments. Mitchell v. State, 559 N.E.2d 313, 315 (Ind. Ct. App.
1990), trans. denied.
[32] The trial court conducted an examination of Clontz’s ability to pay restitution.
The only evidence as to Clontz’s income was her own testimony and
supporting exhibits, which showed that she worked at her mother’s bake shop
thirty to thirty-five hours per week, making $7.50 per hour. Clontz testified
that, although she had eighteen years of experience in banking, she did not have
a better-paying job because she had a felony conviction, which made it difficult
for her to get a job that would pay well. She testified that Robert was self-
employed but, at the time of the hearing, he had not worked in the last four
months. Therefore, according to Clontz’s evidence, her family of three was
entirely dependent upon her income alone, which was a yearly gross income of
approximately $12,000. That amount is well below the federal poverty
threshold.8 The State presented no evidence to rebut Clontz’s evidence of her
inability to pay monthly restitution above $100. Nevertheless, the trial court
8
The Federal Poverty Guidelines for 2016 establish that families of three with a household income of
$20,160 or less were living below the poverty threshold. See https://aspe.hhs.gov/computations-2016-
poverty-guidelines.
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ordered Clontz to pay $250 per month in restitution, an amount equal to
approximately one-fourth of her total gross income.9
[33] The trial court specifically found Clontz’s testimony that she could not find a
better-paying job “not credible,” Tr. at 72, and we do not reweigh witness
credibility on review. However, we do require some evidence of the
defendant’s ability to pay the restitution amount ordered—i.e., $250 per
month—and no such evidence exists on this record. Although there was
evidence of Clontz’s significant experience in banking, there was no evidence of
what income a person with such experience might have. Nor was there any
evidence of how much Clontz’s actual income was during her years of banking.
The trial court’s order that Clontz pay more than twenty-five percent of her
gross monthly income in restitution without an explanation of how the
evidence shows that Clontz could afford such a payment was an abuse of
discretion. Bell, 59 N.E.3d at 966. We remand to the trial court for a new
hearing at which the parties may present evidence as to how much Clontz can
or will be able to pay monthly in restitution.
9
As Clontz notes, that amount is more than the maximum amount that could be garnished from her
earnings. See I.C. § 24-4.5-5-105(2) (emphasis added) (noting the maximum amount that can be garnished
from a person’s earnings to enforce the payment of a judgment is “twenty-five percent (25%) of the
individual’s disposable earnings.”).
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Conclusion
[34] The trial court’s order that Clontz pay $321,147.93 for funds she stole from IOI
was not supported by sufficient evidence. Accordingly, we reverse that part of
the trial court’s order and remand with instructions to conduct a new restitution
hearing at which both the State and Clontz may present additional evidence
bearing on the restitution owed to IOI. The trial court abused its discretion
when it ordered Clontz to pay $20,000 for CPA fees, and we reverse that part of
the trial court’s order. The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it
ordered Clontz to pay $300,000 for IOI’s lost profits. However, the trial court
abused its discretion when it ordered Clontz to pay $250 in monthly restitution
payments without evidence that Clontz could afford such a payment, and we
reverse that part of the trial court’s order and remand for such a determination.
[35] Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with instructions.
Bailey, J., and May, J, concur.
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