David Kifer v. State of Indiana ( 2019 )

FILED
Dec 04 2019, 9:18 am
CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Tyler Helmond Frank A. Negangard
Voyles Vaiana Lukemeyer Baldwin & Chief Deputy Attorney General
Webb Stephen R. Creason
Indianapolis, Indiana Angela Sanchez
Sarah J. Shores
Deputy Attorneys General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
David Kifer, December 4, 2019
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
19A-CR-1188
v. Appeal from the Vanderburgh
Circuit Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Michael J. Cox,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Magistrate
Trial Court Cause No. 82C01-
1903-F6-1559
Riley, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1188 | December 4, 2019 Page 1 of 10
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1] Appellant-Defendant, David A. Kifer (Kifer), appeals his conviction for
criminal trespass, as a Level 6 felony, Ind. Code § 35-43-2-2(b)(1).
[2] We reverse.
ISSUE
[3] Kifer presents this court with two issues on appeal, one of which we find
dispositive and which we restate as: Whether the State presented sufficient
evidence beyond a reasonable doubt to support Kifer’s conviction for criminal
trespass.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4] On March 1, 2005, David Rector (Rector), the general manager for the
Evansville Vanderburgh County Building Authority (Building Authority),
mailed a letter to Kifer, alerting him to “[p]lease be advised that you are no
longer permitted to be in the Civic Center Complex. This action is required in
order to protect the safety of those who visit and work in the Civic Center
Complex.” (Transcript Vol. II, p. 63). The Civic Center Complex consists of
three buildings and houses different government agencies, including the county
courts, the police department, and the city and county administrative offices.
On February 14, 2009, Kifer was sentenced in an unrelated case and the trial
court, referencing the earlier ban, suggested that he contact the sheriff’s office
several days in advance if he needed to enter the building. The sheriff’s office
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1188 | December 4, 2019 Page 2 of 10
would then provide him with an escort to the specific office that he needed to
visit.
[5] On March 4, 2019, Kifer arrived at the Civic Center Complex wanting to make
a report at the police station. Kifer believed that he had just come “from a place
where [his] life was threatened, knives were held on [him], and [he] managed to
escape.” (Tr. Vol. II, p. 108). Kifer entered the Civic Center Complex through
the entrance closest to the police department. Two officers staffed the entrance
and both of them knew Kifer and were aware that he was banned from the
building. The officers did not ask him to leave, nor did an officer escort Kifer,
and there is no evidence an escort request had been made. Kifer passed through
the entrance’s screening mechanisms and proceeded to the police department to
make his report. After entering the police department and reporting the alleged
crime, Kifer was placed under arrest.
[6] On March 6, 2019, the State filed an Information, charging Kifer with criminal
trespass, a Class A misdemeanor, which was enhanced to a Level 6 felony due
to a prior trespass conviction. On April 12, 2019, the trial court conducted a
bifurcated jury trial, at the close of which Kifer was found guilty of criminal
trespass. He subsequently admitted to the prior conviction under the
enhancement charge. On May 21, 2019, Kifer was sentenced to a two-year
executed sentence at the Department of Correction.
[7] Kifer now appeals. Additional facts will be provided if necessary.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1188 | December 4, 2019 Page 3 of 10
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
I. Sufficiency of the Evidence
[8] Kifer contends that the State failed to present sufficient evidence to support his
criminal trespass conviction beyond a reasonable doubt. Our standard of
review with regard to sufficiency claims is well-settled. In reviewing a
sufficiency of the evidence claim, this court does not reweigh the evidence or
judge the credibility of the witnesses. Clemons v. State, 987 N.E.2d 92, 95 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2013). We consider only the evidence most favorable to the judgment
and the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom and will affirm if the evidence
and those inferences constitute substantial evidence of probative value to
support the judgment. Id. Circumstantial evidence alone is sufficient to
support a conviction. Sallee v. State, 51 N.E.3d 130, 133 (Ind. 2016).
Circumstantial evidence need not overcome every reasonable hypothesis of
innocence. Clemons, 987 N.E.2d at 95. Reversal is appropriate only when
reasonable persons would not be able to form inferences as to each material
element of the offense. Id.
[9] To convict Kifer of criminal trespass as a Class A misdemeanor, the State was
required to establish that Kifer, not having a contractual interest in the property,
knowingly or intentionally entered the real property of the Building Authority
after having been denied entry by the Building Authority’s agent. See I.C. § 35-
43-2-2. An order to leave or remain away is sufficient if made by means of
personal communication, oral or written. I.C. § 35-43-2-2(c)(1). Kifer claims
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1188 | December 4, 2019 Page 4 of 10
that the evidence is insufficient to show that he entered the Civic Center
Complex after being denied entry by the Building Authority or its agent.
[10] Because the State presented evidence that Rector acted as the Building
Authority’s agent, we must consider the law of agency. This court recently
described the elements necessary to establish an actual agency relationship:
Agency is a relationship resulting from the manifestation of
consent by one party to another that the latter will act as an agent
for the former. To establish an actual agency relationship, three
elements must be shown: (1) manifestation of consent by the
principal, (2) acceptance of authority by the agent; and (3)
control exerted by the principal over the agent. These elements
may be proven by circumstantial evidence, and there is no
requirement that the agent’s authority to act be in writing.
Demming v. Underwood, 943 N.E.2d 878, 883 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), reh’g denied,
trans. denied (citations omitted). One who asserts that there was an agency
relationship has the burden of proving its existence. Smith v. Brown, 778 N.E.2d
490, 495 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002).
[11] In Glispie v. State, 955 N.E.2d 819, 821 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), reh’g denied,
defendant was charged with criminal trespass. The officer testified that he had
previously given the defendant oral and written warnings not to enter the
business’s property. Id. at 822. The only evidence presented at trial of the
officer’s status as the business’s agent was his own testimony that he “could act
as an agent of the property.” Id. We held that “[m]ore is required” because
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1188 | December 4, 2019 Page 5 of 10
“[i]t is a well-established rule that agency cannot be proven by the declaration
of the agent alone.” Id.
[12] In our most recent pronouncement to date, Saylor v. State, -- N.E.3d --- (Ind. Ct.
App. Nov. 13, 2019), we distinguished Glispie and concluded that the State had
satisfied its burden of establishing the existence of an agency relationship. In
Saylor, the apartment complex’s agent testified that the complex had “asked”
the agent “to take action” and “to ban [Saylor] from the [] property.” Id. The
agent had verbally informed Saylor that he was banned from the property and
that if he returned, he would be arrested. Id. Referencing Glispie, we concluded
that the agent’s explicit testimony of this manifestation of consent by the
apartment complex was sufficient to establish the agency prong of the criminal
trespass charge. Id.
[13] We find the current situation to be more analogous to Glispie. At trial, Rector
testified that in his capacity of general manager of the Building Authority he
has “the authority to trespass people.” 1 (Tr. Vol. II, pp. 61-62). As the agent’s
own statement that he could act as an agent is insufficient, “more is required.”
See Glispie, 955 N.E.2d at 821. Rector clarified that the Building Authority
owns the building and leases the offices to the city and county. He banned
Kifer after being “notified by judicial officers, law enforcement officials, elected
1
Rector and the State also refer to I.C. Ch. 36-9-13 as the basis for his authority to ban people. However,
I.C. Ch. 36-9-13 merely describes the County Building Authority as a separate municipal cooperation but
lacks any references to a statutory basis to ban individuals from the building separate and distinct from the
general criminal trespass statute.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1188 | December 4, 2019 Page 6 of 10
department heads[.]” (Tr. Vol. II, p. 62). However, as Rector is the general
manager employed by the Building Authority, he is not the agent of judicial
officers, law enforcement officials, or elected department heads and therefore
cannot derive his authority from them, absent a specific court order. See I.C. §
36-9-13-22 (13) (stating that the board of directors of the Building Authority
employs [] managers [] necessary for the proper operation of [] the government
buildings). Accordingly, the State did not carry its burden of proof.
[14] Furthermore, as an issue of first impression, Kifer contends that an agent
cannot ban a person forever and permanently from a public building. The
parties did not cite any authority, nor did our independent research disclose any
precedential jurisprudence on the issue. As a persuasive precedent, we note
that the Alaska Court of Appeals addressed this specific question in Turney v.
State, 922 P.2d 283 (Ak. Ct. App. 1996). Turney was a jury nullification
protester, and the court administrator hand-delivered a letter to him on May 9,
1994, indicating that he was welcome to enter the courthouse to peaceably
conduct court business or to observe court proceedings, but that he was
prohibited from entering or remaining on court property to engage in protest
activities. Id. at 285. Approximately two months later, Turney returned to
protest. Id. The police interfered and asked him to leave, which he did. Id.
Turney was charged with and convicted of criminal trespass. Id. In reversing
Turney’s conviction, the Alaska court discussed Johnson, a case originating from
Lousiana. Id. at 287; State v. Johnson, 381 So. 2d 498 (La. 1980). In Johnson,
Johnson was banned from a public bus terminal. When he returned, he was
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1188 | December 4, 2019 Page 7 of 10
arrested and convicted. As cited in Turney, the Louisiana court in Johnson
decided that “it is patently unreasonable [to construe the trespass statute to
allow] a citizen with peaceful intent [to] be permanently and perpetually barred
from the premises of a public transportation facility[.]” Turney, 922 P.2d at 287.
Relying on the Johnson rationale, the Turney court concluded that the Alaska
trespass statute is “a general statute which provides that a person may not
remain on property after being lawfully ordered to leave. [] [T]his type of
statute is generally construed not to grant officials the authority to permanently
ban people from public facilities. [] [We] hold that this statute did not authorize
the Area Court Administrator to permanently ban Turney from the courthouse
property.” Id. at 288.
[15] Indiana’s trespass statute is likewise a general statute which provides that a
person cannot knowingly or intentionally enter real property after having been
denied entry by the property owner’s agent. See I.C. § 35-43-2-2. While
Rector’s letter, dated March 1, 2005, banned Kifer from the property, it
purported to operate as a perpetual ban, advising that Kifer was “no longer
permitted to be in the Civic Center Complex.” (Tr. Vol. II, p. 63).
Approximately fourteen years later, Kifer entered the Civic Center Complex to
report a crime in which he was the alleged victim. Kifer was not acting in an
offensive, abusive, or obstreperous manner. It was only after he was allowed to
enter without any problems and after he had reported his perceived crime, that
Kifer was arrested on the alleged authority of a fourteen-year old letter. The
police station is a facility devoted to serving and protecting the public at large,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1188 | December 4, 2019 Page 8 of 10
including Kifer. We find it unreasonable to construe the trespass statute to
allow a citizen to be permanently and perpetually banned from the premises of
a public building intended to serve the community and which housed several
facilities that citizens need to access intermittently in the operation of daily
life. 2, 3
[16] In an alternative argument, the State, in a single paragraph, contends that Kifer
is still guilty of criminal trespass because “the State need not allege or prove
that a person has been ‘lawfully’ denied entry onto the property of another, as
the lawfulness of the denial is not an element of the offense.” (Appellee’s Br.,
p. 11). However, the State’s argument is misplaced. While we agree that the
State must “not allege or prove that a person has been ‘lawfully’ denied entry
onto the property of another,” the lawfulness relates to the ‘entry’ element of
the charge—which was never disputed by Kifer—not to the person authorized
to institute the ban or the temporal element thereof. See Frink v. State, 52
N.E.3d 842, 847 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016).
2
The State informs this court that Kifer was reminded of the ban during a sentencing hearing for an
unrelated conviction less than one month prior to his March 4, 2019 arrest. He was advised to call the
sheriff’s department beforehand if he needed to access one of the facilities within the Civic Center Complex.
This prior notification requirement appears to be not only a vague elaboration of Rector’s written ban, but the
State fails to present evidence that this amendment to the general, outright ban was given by an authorized
agent and has a legitimate basis.
3
Our opinion today does not decide that an individual cannot be banned from a public building; rather, we
conclude that this decision has to be communicated by the proper authorized person and cannot be in place
permanently without anything more. We decline to address whether a permanent ban can be in place with
the specification that access to the building is possible upon advance notice or by request for an escort at the
entrance.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1188 | December 4, 2019 Page 9 of 10
[17] In sum, we conclude that the State did not present sufficient evidence beyond a
reasonable doubt that Rector was authorized by the Building Authority to
permanently ban Kifer from the Civic Center Complex, a public building.
CONCLUSION
[18] Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the State failed to present sufficient
evidence beyond a reasonable doubt to support Kifer’s conviction for criminal
trespass.
[19] Reversed.
[20] Baker, J. and Brown, J. concur
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-1188 | December 4, 2019 Page 10 of 10