Leonard Blackmon v. State of Indiana , 2015 Ind. App. LEXIS 411 ( 2015 )

May 22 2015, 9:48 am
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Mark S. Lenyo Gregory F. Zoeller
South Bend, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Brian Reitz
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Leonard Blackmon, May 22, 2015
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
71A03-1411-CR-413
v. Appeal from the St. Joseph Superior
Court.
The Honorable Jane Woodward
State of Indiana, Miller, Special Judge
Appellee-Plaintiff Cause No. 71D01-1407-F5-9
Baker, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 71A03-1411-CR-413 | May 22, 2015 Page 1 of 19
[1] Leonard Blackmon appeals his conviction for Intimidation, 1 a Level 5 felony.
Finding that the evidence was insufficient to prove that Blackmon acted with
the intent that Donald Courtway be placed in fear of retaliation for a prior
lawful act, as required by the intimidation statute, we reverse.
Facts
[2] On July 23, 2014, Donald Courtway was at his daughter Megan’s house
watching her children. At some point in the afternoon, he noticed the sound of
running water and went to see where it was coming from. Courtway eventually
discovered that water was running from a spigot on the outside of the house.
He went outside and found a bucket underneath the spigot. The spigot had
been locked, but the locking device had been broken off.
[3] Courtway knew that Megan’s neighbor, Winifred Hale, did not have running
water and had been borrowing water from neighbors. He picked up the bucket,
dumped out the water, and walked on to Hale’s driveway. Courtway noticed
music coming from Hale’s garage and yelled “hey” to try to get someone’s
attention. Hale and Blackmon exited the garage and walked up the driveway to
meet Courtway. Hale and Blackmon eventually moved to a position about
fifteen feet away from Courtway.
[4] Courtway threw the bucket towards Hale’s house and asked, in an elevated
voice, who had broken off the lock to the spigot. He then asked who had given
1
Ind. Code § 35-45-2-1.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 71A03-1411-CR-413 | May 22, 2015 Page 2 of 19
them permission to use the water. Hale told Courtway that she would pay for
the water. Courtway declined this offer and told her that he was going to call
the police.
[5] Blackmon, who had been silent up to this point, pulled out an open pocket
knife and held it above himself. Courtway then placed his hand on his pocket
and said “I hope you enjoy your last day on earth” in an effort to make it
appear as though he was armed. Tr. p. 33-34. Blackmon said “oh, you gonna
shoot me?” Tr. p. 34. Blackmon then put the pocket knife down, offered a few
parting expletives, and returned to the garage. Courtway went back to his
daughter’s house and called the police.
[6] The police arrested Blackmon later that evening. When questioned by an
officer, Blackmon admitted to stealing water. He was charged with Level 5
felony intimidation and class A misdemeanor possession of paraphernalia.2 On
October 21, 2014, a jury found Blackmon guilty as charged. The trial court
sentenced Blackmon to four years for intimidation and one year for possession
of paraphernalia, to be served concurrently. Blackmon now appeals.
2
Blackmon does not appeal his conviction for possession of paraphernalia.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 71A03-1411-CR-413 | May 22, 2015 Page 3 of 19
Discussion and Decision
I. Standard of Review
[7] On appeal, Blackmon contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his
conviction.3 When reviewing a claim for insufficient evidence, we do not
reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of the witnesses. Casey v. State, 676
N.E.2d 1069, 1072 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997). We consider only the evidence most
favorable to the verdict and the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom. Id. If
substantial evidence of probative value supports the trier of fact’s conclusion,
we will affirm. Id.
[8] Indiana’s intimidation statute provides:
(a) A person who communicates a threat to another person, with
the intent:
(1) that the other person engage in conduct against the other
person’s will; [or]
(2) that the other person be placed in fear of retaliation for a
prior lawful act; . . .
***
commits intimidation, a Class A misdemeanor.
3
Blackmon also argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a directed verdict. Because his
argument in this regard is the same as his sufficiency argument, and our standard of review is the same in
both cases, we treat his directed verdict and sufficiency arguments as one. Edwards v. State, 862 N.E.2d 1254,
1262 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (“If the evidence is sufficient to sustain a conviction upon appeal, then a motion
for a directed verdict is properly denied; thus, our standard of review is essentially the same as that upon a
challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence.”)
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 71A03-1411-CR-413 | May 22, 2015 Page 4 of 19
Ind. Code § 35-45-2-1. The offense is raised to a Level 5 felony if “while
committing it, the person draws or uses a deadly weapon.” Id. Here, the State
chose to charge Blackmon under subdivision (a)(2) of the statute, seeking to
prove at trial that Blackmon had threatened Courtway with the intent that
Courtway be placed in fear of retaliation for a prior lawful act. The charging
information provided:
On or about July 23, 2014 in St. Joseph County, State of Indiana,
Leonard Blackmon did communicate a threat to another person, with
the intent that said other person be placed in fear of retaliation for a
prior lawful act, to-wit: Leonard Blackmon threatened to cut Donald
Courtway with a knife, after Donald Courtway caught Leonard
Blackmon stealing water, and in committing said act the defendant
drew or used a deadly weapon.
Appellant’s App. p. 31.
[9] On appeal, Blackmon alleges that the State presented insufficient evidence to
prove that his actions constituted a threat or that he intended to place Courtway
in fear of retaliation for having caught Blackmon stealing water. Because we
find Blackmon’s second argument to be dispositive, we need not address his
argument that his actions did not constitute a threat.
II. Retaliation for a Prior Lawful Act
A. Sufficiency of Evidence that Courtway Caught
Blackmon Stealing Water
[10] To convict a defendant of intimidation under Indiana Code section 35-45-2-
1(a)(2), the State is required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 71A03-1411-CR-413 | May 22, 2015 Page 5 of 19
defendant threatened the victim with the intent “that the other person be placed
in fear of retaliation for a prior lawful act.” This Court interprets statutes using
well-established rules of statutory construction. Casey, 676 N.E.2d at 1072.
When construing a statute, our foremost duty is to determine and give
effect to the true intent of the legislature. We endeavor to give the
statute in question a practical application so as to prevent absurdity,
hardship, or injustice, and to favor public convenience. Additionally,
we presume that all of the words appearing in the statute were
intended to have meaning. Absent a clearly manifested purpose to the
contrary, we endeavor to give the statutory language its plain and
ordinary definition.
Id. (citations omitted).
[11] In Casey, we examined the language of Indiana Code section 35-45-2-1(a)(2)
and concluded:
Construing these words together, it is apparent that the legislature
intended to require the State to prove that the victim had engaged in a
prior act, which was not contrary to the law, and that the defendant
intended to repay the victim for the prior lawful act.
Id.
[12] Here, the charging information specified Courtway’s prior lawful act as:
“Donald Courtway caught Leonard Blackmon stealing water.” Appellant’s
App. p. 31. In support of his claim that the evidence was insufficient to prove
that he acted to put Courtway in fear of retaliation for this prior lawful act,
Blackmon makes two arguments: (1) Courtway did not commit this prior lawful
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 71A03-1411-CR-413 | May 22, 2015 Page 6 of 19
act; and (2) even if he did, Blackmon did not act with the intent to place
Courtway in fear of retaliation for this prior lawful act.
[13] As to Blackmon’s first argument, the State maintains that it proved that
Courtway caught Blackmon stealing water through circumstantial evidence.
The State points out that Courtway saw the broken spigot with Hale’s bucket
underneath. Appellee’s Br. p. 9. The State stresses the fact that Blackmon
subsequently admitted to law enforcement that he had taken the water. Tr. p.
73. But while this evidence tends to establish that Blackmon took the water, it
does not tend to establish that Courtway caught Blackmon taking the water, as
was specified in the charge.
[14] Furthermore, it is apparent from Courtway’s testimony that he did not know
who had taken the water at the time he went to confront Blackmon and Hale.
Id. at 31. During the confrontation, Hale was the only person who made any
remarks regarding the water and her statements did not implicate Blackmon.
Id. at 32. As there is no evidence indicating that Courtway knew who took the
water, there is no evidence that Courtway caught anyone taking the water.
Consequently, we find that the State failed to present sufficient evidence that
Courtway committed the prior lawful act as specified in the charging
information.
[15] Moreover, even had Courtway caught Blackmon stealing water, we believe that
the evidence presented by the State was insufficient to allow the jury to
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 71A03-1411-CR-413 | May 22, 2015 Page 7 of 19
reasonably conclude that Blackmon acted with the intent to place Courtway in
fear of retaliation for this act. In Casey, we held:
[M]ere proof that the victim is engaged in an act which is not illegal at
the time the threat is made is not sufficient. Rather, the State must
establish that the legal act occurred prior to the threat and that the
defendant intended to place the victim in fear of retaliation for that act.
676 N.E.2d at 1072.
[16] Our holding in Ransley v. State is illustrative of this point. 850 N.E.2d 443 (Ind.
Ct. App. 1997). In that case, Ransley and Nolan were involved in an ongoing
property dispute. Id. at 444. Nolan was out one day mowing grass near the
disputed portion of the property when he noticed Ransley on his porch. Id.
Nolan began to yell at Ransley, who in turn began to walk towards Nolan. Id.
Nolan went back to his house, retrieved an axe handle, and came back out to
confront Ransley. Id. At this point, Ransley pulled a handgun from his
waistband and pointed it at Nolan. Id.
[17] The State charged Ransley with intimidation, alleging in the charging
information that Ransley had threatened Nolan “with the intent . . . that Nolan
be placed in fear for the prior lawful acts including arguing with Ransley . . . .”
Id. at 445. We found the evidence insufficient to establish this element of the
charge, noting:
Although Nolan was given the chance to testify that Ransley had
threatened to kill or harm him for the prior lawful act of arguing, he
made no such allegation. The 911 recordings supported the fact that
Ransley's threats were intended to keep Nolan off his property. The
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 71A03-1411-CR-413 | May 22, 2015 Page 8 of 19
State contends that Ransley was angry from his encounter with Nolan
and that this anger prompted his actions. We recognize that a person
may be angry enough to commit intimidation. However, anger,
without proof of intent to retaliate, is not enough to satisfy the
requirements of the statute.
Id. at 447.
[18] The facts of this case are substantially similar. Here, the State presented no
evidence that Courtway caught Blackmon stealing water nor did it present any
evidence that Blackmon believed he had been caught stealing water. Courtway
did not testify that he believed Blackmon would retaliate because he had been
caught stealing water. Courtway testified that Blackmon said nothing prior to
drawing the knife. Tr. p. 32. It was not until after Courtway threatened to call
the police that Blackmon drew the knife. Id. at 32-33. While this may have
been evidence that Blackmon intended to stop Courtway from calling the police
and thereby intended to make Courtway engage in conduct against his will—a
crime under Indiana Code section 35-45-2-1(a)(1), see Johnson v. State, 717
N.E.2d 887, 890 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999) —this was not how the charge was
brought. Consequently, we are compelled to conclude that the State failed to
present sufficient evidence to prove that Blackmon intended to put Courtway in
fear of retaliation for having caught him stealing water—an essential element of
the crime as it was charged.
B. Variance Between Pleading and Proof
[19] The State argues that even if the evidence does not support a conclusion that
Courtway caught Blackmon stealing water, the conviction can still be affirmed.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 71A03-1411-CR-413 | May 22, 2015 Page 9 of 19
According to the State, it was not required to show that Blackmon acted
because Courtway caught him stealing water, but only that he acted because
Courtway confronted him about stealing water. The State argues that these two
concepts are essentially the same.4 However, we believe that adoption of the
State’s position would violate Blackmon’s constitutional right to be adequately
notified of the charges against him and to prepare a defense accordingly.
[20] “The purpose of the charging instrument is to provide a defendant with notice
of the crime of which he is charged so that he is able to prepare a defense.” Ben-
Yisrayl v. State, 738 N.E.2d 253, 271 (Ind. 2000). Accordingly, Indiana Code
section 35–34–1–2(a)(4) requires that an indictment or information “allege the
commission of an offense by . . . setting forth the nature and elements of the
offense charged in plain and concise language without unnecessary
repetition.” The indictment or information also must contain “a plain, concise,
and definite written statement of the essential facts constituting the offense
charged.” I.C. § 35–34–1–2(d).
[21] Our Supreme Court has observed:
The accused must be sufficiently apprised of the nature of the charges
against her so she may anticipate the proof and prepare a defense in
advance of trial. Consistency between the allegations charged and the
4
Even if we were to accept the State’s reading, we find that the State failed to present sufficient evidence to
prove that Blackmon acted with the intent to place Courtway in fear of retaliation for confronting him. Once
again, Courtway did not testify that he believed Blackmon intended to retaliate because Courtway confronted
him, Blackmon said nothing prior to drawing the knife, and it was not until Courtway said that he would call
the police that Blackmon drew the knife. Tr. p. 32-33; See Ransley, 850 N.E.2d at 447 (evidence insufficient
to prove intent to retaliate for “arguing”).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 71A03-1411-CR-413 | May 22, 2015 Page 10 of 19
proof adduced is required out of deference for the accused’s
constitutional right to be informed of the nature and cause of the
accusation in sufficient detail to enable her to prepare her defense, to
protect her in the event of double jeopardy, and to define the issues so
that the court will be able to determine what evidence is admissible
and to pronounce judgment.
Myers v. State, 510 N.E.2d 1360, 1366-67 (Ind. 1987) (citations omitted). Here,
the State admits that it “alleged that Courtway’s prior lawful act was catching
Blackmon stealing water” but that it “argued to the jury that his prior lawful act
was confronting Blackmon about stealing water.” Appellee’s Br. p. 13.
However, the State maintains that this is an insignificant variance between the
charging information and the proof adduced at trial and that, as such, it is not
fatal.
[22] “A variance is an essential difference between the pleading and the proof.”
Madison v. State, 234 Ind. 517, 531, 130 N.E.2d 35, 41 (1955) (quotations
omitted). Not all variances between the charging information and the proof
offered at trial will warrant reversal. See Harrison v. State, 507 N.E.2d 565, 566
(Ind. 1987) (charging information which incorrectly identified the owner of a
burglarized church not fatal variance when it “could have in no way misled
appellant or caused any hardship in his defense of the allegation.”); Daniels v.
State, 957 N.E.2d 1025, 1030 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (charging information
alleging that defendant “drew” handgun when State presented evidence that he
“used” handgun not fatal variance when there was “no indication that Daniels
was prejudiced in the preparation or maintenance of his defense by the
variance.”)
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 71A03-1411-CR-413 | May 22, 2015 Page 11 of 19
[23] However, in light of the above-mentioned constitutional concerns, our Supreme
Court has observed that a variance warrants reversal when the “variance
between the charging information and the proof offered at trial actually misled
the defendant in the preparation of her defense.” Myers, 510 N.E.2d at 1367; see
also Madison, 234 Ind. at 545, 130 N.E.2d at 48 (Arterburn, J., concurring). We
believe that such is the case here.
[24] Initially, we note the difference between the words “catch” and “confront.”
“Catch,” in the sense most naturally fitting the facts of this case, means “to
discover unexpectedly” or “to become suddenly aware of,” as in the phrase:
“He was caught in the act.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 195 (11th ed.
2003). Whereas “confront,” in the sense put forward by the State, means “to
meet face-to-face” or “to face especially in challenge.” Id. at 262. Therefore, in
common usage, these two words clearly define mutually exclusive concepts.
One can “catch” someone doing something without “confronting” them about
it. Likewise, one can “confront” someone about something without having
“caught” them doing anything.
[25] Here, the record reveals that Blackmon’s defense strategy was based on
showing that Courtway had not “caught” Blackmon doing anything. This is
apparent from the defense’s opening statement. Tr. p. 24. It is also apparent
from the defense’s cross-examination of Courtway, who was the only eye
witness to testify:
Defense: Now you had mentioned you were inside the house
when you heard the sound of water running, correct?
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 71A03-1411-CR-413 | May 22, 2015 Page 12 of 19
Courtway: Correct.
Defense: All right. And then you went outside to investigate,
correct?
Courtway: Correct.
Defense: Okay. Did you catch anybody there stealing water?
Courtway: There wasn’t anyone there.
Defense: All right. You mentioned that all you saw was a bucket
with the water running and the water was overflowing,
correct?
Courtway: Correct.
Defense: Did you see anybody who had, say, come over to that
faucet, broken that faucet, and turned the water on?
Courtway: I seen no one do that.
***
Defense: You don’t know who broke the spigot, do you?
Courtway: No I don’t.
Defense: And you don’t know who turned the spigot on and
placed the bucket under there, do you?
Courtway: No.
Tr. p. 38, 43.
[26] Blackmon’s strategy relied on the notion that, if he could show that Courtway
never caught him stealing water, it would follow that his actions could not have
been intended to place Courtway in fear of retaliation for that act. At the close
of evidence, believing that his strategy had been successful, Blackmon moved
for a directed verdict. Id. at 102. It was not until this point that the State
argued that the phrase in the charging information “Donald Courtway caught
Leonard Blackmon stealing water” really meant “Donald Courtway confronted
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 71A03-1411-CR-413 | May 22, 2015 Page 13 of 19
Leonard Blackmon about stealing water.”5 The trial court eventually agreed,
and denied Blackmon’s motion.
[27] Following this, the State, in its closing argument, informed the jury that the true
prior lawful act at issue in this case was the confrontation.6 Because of this, the
State informed the jury that it did not have to prove that Blackmon intended to
place Courtway in fear of retaliation for having caught him stealing water, but
only for having confronted him about stealing water.7
[28] We believe that proper observance of Blackmon’s constitutional right to be
adequately informed of the charges against him and to prepare a defense
compels reversal in this case. Criminal defendants have a constitutional
guarantee that the State must prove every essential element of their offense
5
There is no indication at any point prior to its response to Blackmon’s motion for a directed verdict that the
State believed the prior lawful act was the confrontation. It is apparent from the State’s opening statement
that it believed Courtway had caught Blackmon stealing water. Tr. p. 19.
During a colloquy regarding Blackmon’s motion for a directed verdict, the State argued to the trial court:
State: [The defense] is confused or misguided in what the prior lawful act is. The prior
lawful act is that Mr. Courtway went and talked to the defendant. That’s the prior
lawful act.”
***
Court: Well that’s not the way it’s written, though, you admit. It says caught him stealing.
State: Yes.
Tr. p. 104-05.
6
During its closing argument, the State told the jury that it had to prove that Blackmon threatened Courtway
“[w]ith the intent that Donald Courtway would be placed in fear of a prior lawful act. And while he did that,
the prior lawful act being confronting him about stealing water, he used a deadly weapon . . . .” Tr. p. 118-
19.
7
The State informed the jury: “In fact, he [the defense] said the state wouldn’t be able to prove that Mr.
Blackmon stole the water, but we did. We didn’t have to, but we did.” Tr. p. 117.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 71A03-1411-CR-413 | May 22, 2015 Page 14 of 19
beyond a reasonable doubt. In re Winshop, 397 U.S. 358, 361-64 (1970). That
the defendant acted with the intent to place the victim in fear of retaliation for a
prior lawful act is an essential element of the crime of intimidation as it was
charged in this case. I.C. § 35-45-2-1(a)(2). It follows that the prior lawful act
had to be identified in the charging information with sufficient specificity so as
not to mislead Blackmon in the preparation of his defense. Myers, 510 N.E.2d
at 1366-67; Casey, 676 N.E.2d at 1072-73.
[29] Given the clear difference in meaning between the words “caught” and
“confronted,” we cannot fault Blackmon for believing that one word did not
imply the other and preparing his defense accordingly. The record shows that
Blackmon was actually misled by this variance. He argued that the State would
not be able to prove that Courtway caught him in his opening statement,
devoted a substantial portion of his cross-examination of Courtway seeking to
prove that Courtway had not caught him and, at the close of evidence, moved
for a directed verdict on the issue. Tr. p. 24, 38, 43, 102-04. Blackmon was not
informed that the State was reading the language of the charge in an unusually
expansive manner until after he had presented his defense. Under these
circumstances, we find that the variance between the charge brought by the
State and the proof offered at trial is fatal.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 71A03-1411-CR-413 | May 22, 2015 Page 15 of 19
[30] The judgment of the trial court is reversed and remanded with instructions to
vacate Blackmon’s conviction and sentence for Level 5 felony intimidation.
Blackmon’s conviction and sentence for class A misdemeanor possession of
paraphernalia stands.
May, J., concurs, and Bradford, J., dissents with an opinion.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 71A03-1411-CR-413 | May 22, 2015 Page 16 of 19
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Leonard Blackmon, Court of Appeals Case No.
71A03-1411-CR-413
Appellant-Defendant,
v.
State of Indiana,
Appellee-Plaintiff
Bradford, Judge, dissenting.
[31] I must respectfully dissent from the majority’s opinion as I would affirm
Blackmon’s conviction for intimidation.
[32] In its charging information, the State alleged that “Blackmon did communicate
a threat to another person, with the intent that said other person be placed in
fear of retaliation for a prior lawful act, to-wit; Leonard Blackmon threatened to
cut Donald Courtway with a knife, after Donald Courtway caught Leonard
Blackmon stealing water.” Appellant’s App. p. 31. The facts leading up to
Blackmon’s threatening Courtway are as follows: (1) Courtway found that a
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 71A03-1411-CR-413 | May 22, 2015 Page 17 of 19
spigot lock had been broken off the spigot on the outside of his daughter’s house
and a bucket placed underneath; (2) Courtway knew that the neighbor, Hale,
did not have running water and had been borrowing water from neighbors; (3)
Courtway went to Hale’s house and confronted Hale and Blackmon about the
stolen water; (4) Hale offered to pay for the water; and (5) Courtway declined
and told the two he was going to call the police, at which point Blackmon
brandished a knife.
[33] Courtway had ample reason to believe that Blackmon and/or Hale had stolen
water and it was a lawful act to confront them and subsequently inform them
that he was going to call the police. I cannot agree with the majority’s
conclusion that there is a distinction between “catching” Blackmon stealing
water and “confronting” Blackmon about the stolen water. For all intents and
purposes, Courtway did catch Blackmon stealing water. Firstly, there was
significant circumstantial evidence implicating Hale and Blackmon, including
the broken spigot lock with Hale’s bucket underneath and the fact that Hale did
not have running water and had been borrowing water from neighbors.
Additionally, by offering to pay for the water, Hale tacitly admitted to at least
some involvement in taking the water. Blackmon then drew a weapon, further
indicating his guilt, and ultimately admitted to police that he did, in fact, steal
the water. I find it inconsequential that Courtway did not know affirmatively
that it was Blackmon, specifically, who had stolen the water considering the
circumstantial evidence that indicated as much. In fact, the victim’s subjective
knowledge is irrelevant under Indiana’s intimidation statute so long as the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 71A03-1411-CR-413 | May 22, 2015 Page 18 of 19
victim’s prior act was lawful. Regardless of Courtway’s knowledge, Blackmon
seems to have been of the mind that he had been caught and reacted
aggressively. As such, I think it was reasonable for the jury to find that
Blackmon threatened Courtway in retaliation for the prior lawful act of
catching Blackmon stealing water.
[34] Furthermore, I cannot agree with the narrow re-characterization of events to
find that Blackmon only threatened Courtway in retaliation for his threatening
to call the police, as opposed to his catching Blackmon stealing water. I see
little logic in separating the act of catching someone performing illegal activity
and subsequently calling the police regarding said activity; the two actions are
part of the same series of events and, as such, the same prior lawful act.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 71A03-1411-CR-413 | May 22, 2015 Page 19 of 19