Timothy Cooper v. Indiana Department of Correction (mem. dec.) ( 2018 )

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Jun 21 2018, 8:52 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Gary M. Selig Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Law Office of Gary M. Selig, P.C. Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
Aaron T. Craft
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Timothy Cooper, June 21, 2018
Appellant-Plaintiff, Court of Appeals Case No.
49A02-1712-CT-2801
v. Appeal from the Marion Superior
Court
Indiana Department of The Honorable Michael D. Keele,
Correction, Special Judge
Appellee-Defendant. Trial Court Cause No.
49D07-1602-CT-6542
Bailey, Judge.
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Case Summary
[1] Timothy Cooper (“Cooper”) appeals the entry of summary judgment for the
Indiana Department of Correction (“DOC”) in his civil lawsuit. The sole issue
he raises on appeal is whether the DOC was entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.1 However, we hold that Cooper has waived that issue by failing to make
cogent argument and cite legal authority as required by Indiana Appellate Rule
46(A)(8).
[2] Affirmed.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] On October 2, 2005, the State charged Cooper with failure to register as a sex
offender, as a Class D felony,2 in Marion County Cause No. 49F09-0509-FD-
167240 (“Cause No. 167240”), and the Marion County Superior Court issued a
warrant for Cooper’s arrest that same day.
[4] On December 11, 2013, the LaPorte Circuit Court sentenced Cooper in
LaPorte County Cause No. 46C01-1304-FD-1157 (“Cause No. 1157”) to 540
1
Although Cooper’s “Statement of Issues” states, “Whether there existed material issues of fact that would
preclude entry of Summary Judgment against” him, his briefs do not point to any contested issues of material
fact. Rather he contends that the trial court erred in failing to find a duty of care, which is a matter of law.
J.B. Hunt Transport, Inc. v. Guardianship of Zak, 58 N.E.3d 956, 971 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016), trans. denied.
2
Ind. Code § 11-8-8-17 (2005).
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days imprisonment for failure to register as a sex offender as a Class D felony. 3
On January 22, 2014, Cooper arrived at the DOC’s Reception Diagnostic
Center (“RDC”) where he was interviewed by Classification Specialist Rian
Clinton (“Clinton”) pursuant to standard DOC procedure. Clinton prepared a
Diagnostic and Classification Summary, dated January 28, 2014, which
indicated that Cooper had “no detainers.” Id. at 38. That conclusion was
based on Clinton’s review of the Pre-Sentence Investigation Report (“PSI”) and
a search of the Indiana Data and Communications System (“IDACS”), neither
of which disclosed any detainers or outstanding warrants for Cooper.
[5] On February 3, 2014, the DOC transferred Cooper from the RDC to Westville
Correctional Facility (“WCF”), where he remained until his release on
February 25, 2014. On February 5, DOC Caseworker Elizabeth Malstaff
(“Malstaff”) met with Cooper and checked the DOC’s Offender Information
System (“OIS”) to determine whether Cooper had any outstanding warrants.
Malstaff found none.
[6] On February 11, Cooper signed a conditional parole release agreement which
provided that, upon his release from DOC custody on February 26, Cooper
would report to Brother’s Keeper in Gary. The release also provided that
Cooper would “make every effort to remain gainfully employed” after his
3
I.C. § 11-8-8-17 (2013).
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release. Appellee’s App. at 66. Cooper had “a job lined up” that was to begin
when he was released. Appellant’s App. at 113.
[7] On February 20, Rhonda Williamson (“Williamson”), a Release Specialist in
the DOC’s Sentence Computation/Release Unit, received a copy of Cooper’s
release paperwork from WCF. While processing the release paperwork,
Williamson checked the Justice Information System of Indianapolis/Marion
County (“JUSTIS”) and discovered that Cooper had an outstanding arrest
warrant under the Marion County Case, Cause No. 167240. Williamson
contacted Release Assistant Linda Jeffers (“Jeffers”) at WCF and informed her
that Cooper had an outstanding warrant in Marion County. Jeffers then
contacted the Marion County Sherriff’s Department who informed her that
Marion County would pick up Cooper on his release date.
[8] On February 21, Jeffers met with Cooper and informed him that the Marion
County Sheriff’s Department would pick him up from WCF on his release date,
due to the outstanding arrest warrant in Marion County. Cooper then signed a
revised conditional parole release agreement which provided that he was to
report to Brother’s Keeper upon his release from the Marion County Jail.
[9] On February 25, the DOC released Cooper from WCF and into the Marion
County Sheriff’s custody. Cooper remained in the Marion County Jail for
eighty-six days, at which time the Marion County Prosecutor filed a motion to
dismiss the charges in Cause No. 167240 and Cooper was released from jail.
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[10] On February 23, 2016, Cooper filed a complaint against the DOC, alleging that
the DOC was negligent because it “should have known or reasonably could
have ascertained that [Cooper] had a detainer and/or hold from … Marion
County and should have informed him of this fact” earlier than it did.
Appellant’s App. at 12. The complaint further alleged that, because Cooper did
not have employment upon his release from jail, he could not afford his
diabetes medication, which he believed resulted in his hospitalization for an
infection in July 2014. Cooper sought damages from the DOC for “being held
in the Marion County Jail for 86 days, not being able to be gainfully employed
upon being released, loss of wages, pain, suffering[,] and mental anguish.” Id.
at 13.
[11] On June 30, 2017, the DOC moved for summary judgment on Cooper’s civil
complaint partially on the grounds that the DOC had no duty of care as to
Cooper.4 On August 25, Cooper filed his response to the motion for summary
judgment, which included his affidavit. Cooper contended in his affidavit that
he was not aware of the outstanding Marion County arrest warrant until Jeffers
advised him of it on February 21, 2014. He contended that, had he known
about the detainer “2 or 3 weeks earlier,” he would have “had a realistic
opportunity” to challenge the validity of the detainer. Id. at 113. He argued
that, because of the DOC’s alleged untimely notice to him of the detainer, he
was taken into custody in Marion County and that “caus[ed] [him] to forfeit the
4
The DOC also raised various affirmative defenses.
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employment and living arrangements [he] had made.” Id. at 114. The trial
court held oral argument on the summary judgment motion on November 13
and granted the DOC’s motion on that same day. This appeal ensued.
Discussion and Decision
[12] Cooper challenges the entry of summary judgment in the State’s favor;
specifically, he contends that the trial court erred in finding the DOC did not
owe him a duty of care and, thus, could not be negligent.5 We review de novo
whether a trial court properly granted summary judgment. Hughley v. State, 15
N.E.3d 1000, 1003 (Ind. 2014). However, we do not reach the merits of
Cooper’s appeal because he has waived his only claim.
[13] Indiana Appellate Rule 46(A)(8) requires that each contention made in the
argument section of an appellant’s brief “must be supported by citations to the
authorities, statutes, and the Appendix or parts of the Record on Appeal relied
on.” This means that an appellant’s argument section must contain
a clear presentation of appellant’s contentions with respect to the
issues presented, the reasons in support of the contentions with
any applicable citation to authorities, statutes, and parts of the
5
To premise a recovery on a theory of negligence, a plaintiff must establish (1) a duty owed to the plaintiff
by the defendant, (2) a breach of the duty, and (3) an injury proximately caused by the breach of duty.
Pfenning v. Lineman, 947 N.E.2d 392, 398 (Ind. 2011). “Absent a duty, there can be no breach, and therefore,
no recovery for the plaintiff in negligence.” Id.Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A02-1712-CT-2801 | June 21, 2018 Page 6 of 10
record relied upon, and a clear showing of how the issues and
contentions relate to particular facts of the case under review.
Dortch v. Lugar, 266 N.E.2d 25, 44 (Ind. 1971) (explaining former Appellate
Rule 8.3, the precursor to current Rule 46), abrogated on other grounds by Collins v.
Day, 644 N.E.2d 72 (Ind. 1994). We will not review undeveloped arguments,
for “a court which must search the record and make up its own arguments
because a party has presented them in perfunctory form runs the risk of being
an advocate rather than an adjudicator.” Keller v. State, 549 N.E.2d 372, 373
(Ind. 1990). Thus, “[i]t is not sufficient for the argument section that an
appellant simply recites facts and makes conclusory statements without analysis
or authoritative support.” Kishpaugh v. Odegard, 17 N.E.3d 363, 373 n.3 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2014).
[14] Cooper’s brief does just that. His “legal analysis” section of his brief is a little
over one page long. In it, he makes the bald assertion that the DOC assumed a
duty of care by requiring inmates to make arrangements for work after
incarceration, and that “duty of care” required the DOC to “determine in a
timely manner whether there were any detainers or holds on the prisoner
preventing their release.” Appellant’s Br. at 8. Cooper cites no legal authority
for these claims. Rather, he cites one case for the proposition that the existence
of a duty of care is a question of law, and one case defining detrimental reliance
as “a plaintiff’s reasonable reliance on the defendant’s misrepresentation.” Id.at 8-9 (citing BSA Const. LLC v. Johnson, 54 N.E.3d 1026, 1029 (Ind. Ct. App.
2016), and Munsell v. Hambright, 776 N.E.2d 1272, 1281 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002)).
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Neither of those cases supports his claim that the DOC owed him a duty of
care.
[15] Cooper contends that he does not provide legal authority for his claim that the
DOC assumed a duty of care because that contention “may in fact be a matter
of first impression.” Id. at 9 n.2. However, even when there is a lack of legal
authority directly on-point, an appellant must provide cogent argument and
legal analysis. See South Bend Tribune v. Elkhart Cir. Ct., 691 N.E.2d 200, 202 n.6
(Ind. Ct. App. 1998), trans denied. Without such development of the argument,
an appellant puts the reviewing court in the position of having to make his
arguments for him—which we will not do. See, e.g., Abbott v. Bates, 670 N.E.2d
916, 924 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996).
[16] And Cooper’s reply brief did not cure the defects in his argument. The State
attempted to make some sense of Cooper’s argument by discussing the
“assumed duty [of care] doctrine” and why it does not apply here. Appellee’s
Br. at 21-22 (citing South Shore Baseball, LLC v. DeJesus, 11 N.E.3d 903 (Ind.
2014), and Yost v. Wabash College, 3 N.E.3d 509 (Ind. 2014)). The State also
engaged in the Webb v. Jarvis, 575 N.E.2d 992 (Ind. 1991), disapproved on other
grounds by Goodwin v. Yeakle’s Sports Bar and Grill, Inc., 62 N.E.3d 384 (Ind.
2016), analysis to show why we should not recognize any new common law
duty of care in this case. Id. at 24-28. However, in his reply brief, Cooper did
not respond at all to the State’s argument regarding the assumed duty of care
doctrine. And, in an apparent contradiction of his earlier claim that the duty of
care here is a matter of first impression, he contended that the Webb analysis
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does not apply in this case because the duty of care has already been
recognized. Appellee’s Reply Br. at 6. But, again, Cooper did not provide us
with any legal authority for his claim that such a duty exists.
[17] A duty of care exists only as a matter of law. E.g., J.B. Hunt Transport, Inc. v.
Guardianship of Zak, 58 N.E.3d 956, 971 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016) (quotation and
citation omitted) (“It is well established that the duty to exercise care for the
safety of another arises as a matter of law out of some relationship existing
between the parties.”), trans. denied. Therefore, either the alleged duty of care at
issue in this case has already been legally recognized, in which case Cooper
must provide us with legal authority for its existence; or such a duty of care
does not yet exist, in which case Cooper must engage in the Webb legal analysis
and make a cognizable argument to show why we should recognize a new
common law duty of care. See Rogers v. Martin, 63 N.E.3d 316, 323-24 (Ind.
2016) (noting the Webb analysis applies only when there does not already exist a
recognized duty of care). Cooper has done neither.6 And, “although failure to
comply with the appellate rules does not necessarily result in waiver of an
issue,” waiver is appropriate where, as here, “the noncompliance impedes our
appellate review.” In re Moeder, 27 N.E.3d 1089, 1097 n.4 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015),
trans. denied.
6
Cooper’s cursory contention in his reply brief that, if Webb applies, the first two factors of the Webb analysis
“seem to” be in his favor does not provide cogent argument or legal analysis. Id. That is, he does not state
how the relationship of the parties created a duty of care or how the harm to him was foreseeable.
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Conclusion
[18] Because Cooper has provided no cogent argument, legal authority, or legal
analysis for his claim that the DOC assumed a duty of care for him, he has
waived that claim on appeal.7
[19] Affirmed.
Crone, J., and Brown, J., concur.
7
Because we hold that Cooper has waived his duty of care claim, we do not address the State’s other
defenses, i.e., statute of limitations, contributory negligence, and quasi-judicial immunity. We note,
however, that Cooper also failed to provide cogent argument as to any of those defenses.
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