Randy N. McKinney v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.) ( 2019 )


Menu:
  • MEMORANDUM DECISION
    Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
    this Memorandum Decision shall not be                                      FILED
    regarded as precedent or cited before any                             May 21 2019, 9:24 am
    court except for the purpose of establishing                               CLERK
    the defense of res judicata, collateral                                Indiana Supreme Court
    Court of Appeals
    estoppel, or the law of the case.                                           and Tax Court
    ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                  ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
    Nathan D. Meeks                                         Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
    Marion, Indiana                                         Attorney General of Indiana
    Marjorie Lawyer-Smith
    Deputy Attorney General
    Indianapolis, Indiana
    IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
    Randy N. McKinney,                                      May 21, 2019
    Appellant-Defendant,                                    Court of Appeals Case No.
    18A-CR-2573
    v.                                              Appeal from the Grant Superior
    Court
    State of Indiana,                                       The Honorable Dana J.
    Appellee-Plaintiff.                                     Kenworthy, Judge
    Trial Court Cause No.
    27D02-1712-F1-6
    Robb, Judge.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2573 | May 21, 2019                   Page 1 of 12
    Case Summary and Issues
    [1]   Following a jury trial, Randy McKinney was convicted of one count of child
    molesting as a Level 1 felony and one count of child molesting as a Level 4
    felony. McKinney appeals his convictions, raising one issue for our review
    which we expand and restate as two: 1) whether the trial court committed
    fundamental error in admitting into evidence a videotaped interview with the
    child; and 2) whether the evidence is sufficient to support his convictions.
    Concluding that there was no fundamental error in the admission of evidence
    because the error was invited and that there was sufficient evidence to support
    the convictions, we affirm.
    Facts and Procedural History
    [2]   S.L., who was six years old at the time of McKinney’s trial, is part of a large
    blended family. She lives with her mother, Ashley, and her stepfather, Jason,
    and has both step- and half-siblings, some of whom live in Ashley and Jason’s
    home and some of whom live elsewhere. McKinney is Jason’s father and at the
    time of the events leading to this case he resided with Jason’s mother, Mary.
    Ashley and Jason’s children frequently went to McKinney and Mary’s house
    and “were excited to go over and see ‘em.” Transcript of Evidence, Volume 2
    at 68. S.L. in particular was “just stoked. She absolutely adores her
    grandmother.” 
    Id. at 70-71.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2573 | May 21, 2019   Page 2 of 12
    [3]   In the early morning hours of July 27, 2017, Ashley’s oldest son, Ruben,
    returned home bleeding from large gashes on his arm and said he had been
    stabbed. Ashley drove Ruben to the hospital and had to take S.L. and three of
    S.L.’s siblings with her. Mary worked night shift – 6:00pm to 6:00am. When
    Mary got off work that morning, S.L. and the other children went to her house.
    By afternoon, two of S.L.’s siblings had gone to their other grandmother’s
    house and Ashley or Jason had picked up their youngest son who has special
    needs to take him with them to the hospital, leaving only S.L. at Mary and
    McKinney’s house. When Mary had to go to work, she left S.L. with
    McKinney. Prior to this, McKinney had never been alone with the children for
    more than fifteen or twenty minutes. While Mary was gone, S.L. was writing
    on some blank paper in an upstairs room when McKinney came into the room
    and asked her, “Will you be bad?”
    [A]nd then I said no, and I thought he was joking for a minute,
    but, um, he, he was, he was just – um, he was not faking, but and
    then, um, he said, “Will you be bad?” and then I said no, and
    then he said, “You can’t write then,” and then I said, “I’ll be
    bad,” but I asked, I didn’t be bad and then he trusted me that I
    will be bad but I didn’t really be bad. I just wrote and then just
    watched t.v.
    ***
    [W]hen I was watching t.v. there, um, he said, “You can’t watch
    t.v. if you be bad,” and then he kept interrupting me and then
    when I was watching a movie – but, I mean, he kept turning it off
    and I don’t remember the rest.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2573 | May 21, 2019   Page 3 of 12
    
    Id. at 19,
    21. Mary left work at midnight and returned home. S.L. was asleep
    and Mary asked McKinney to help move her to the spare bedroom. McKinney
    was unwilling to help, although he eventually did “just grab[] her by the arms
    . . . and he just kind of just flung her on the bed[.]” 
    Id. at 143.
    Mary assumed
    McKinney was put out about having to watch S.L. that evening, although he
    had agreed to do so. When Ashley came to pick up S.L., McKinney “freaked
    out [and] just said, ‘Why is this happening?’” 
    Id. at 147.
    When Mary
    questioned him about his outburst, he said, “I just really am tired of the kids
    coming over.” 
    Id. at 148.
    Jason noticed that S.L. was not as “rambunctious”
    as she normally is when she returned home. 
    Id. at 118.
    [4]   On August 12, 2017, Mary texted Ashley and asked if S.L. wanted to go to a
    pool party with her. Ashley asked S.L. if she wanted to go to “Grandma
    Mary’s” and S.L. became “hysterical, screaming[,]” and eventually told Ashley
    why she did not want to go. 
    Id. at 74-75.
    S.L. said she did not want to go
    “[b]ecause of my grandpa[;] [b]ecause he, he always be’s mean.” 
    Id. at 20.
    Ashley told Jason what S.L. had told her and they called the Department of
    Child Services (“DCS”) hotline. Kelly Scott with DCS arranged an interview
    with S.L. at the Child Advocacy Center that same day and also arranged a
    medical examination at the Sexual Assault Treatment Center for a later date.
    During the Child Advocacy Center interview, S.L. indicated that her grandpa
    had touched her privates with his hand over her underwear and then, with her
    underwear pulled down, had touched her on both the outside and inside of her
    privates. Jason called his mom and told her of the accusations S.L. had made,
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2573 | May 21, 2019   Page 4 of 12
    and when Mary asked McKinney for an explanation, he replied, “I didn’t touch
    that kid.” 
    Id. at 152.
    [5]   Leslie Cook, a sexual assault nurse examiner, examined S.L. at the Sexual
    Assault Treatment Center on August 16, 2017. Cook explained to S.L. “this is
    who I am, this is what I do, . . . making sure that that child understands what
    my role is[,]” and recorded in her report that S.L. understood Cook was a nurse
    and that she was there for a medical examination. 
    Id. at 45.
    S.L. provided a
    history of what had happened to her, stating that “Grandpa . . . touched my
    private with his whole hand on skin and on top of underwear.” 
    Id. at 49.
    She
    said it happened more than one time, made her “private feel bad” and she
    “could feel touching on the outside and inside where I wipe.” 
    Id. Cook established
    that S.L. uses the term “private” for the female sex organ and Cook
    felt S.L. was “very clear” that when she said McKinney touched her “where I
    wipe,” she meant inside the female sex organ. 
    Id. at 50.
    Cook’s examination
    found no evidence of sexual assault, but she did not expect it to since the event
    occurred approximately three weeks prior. Nonetheless, she concluded S.L.
    gave a “clear history of multiple events of fondling of her female sex organ; and
    digital penetration of her female sex organ[.]” Exhibits Volume, Volume 4 at
    59.
    [6]   The State charged McKinney with one count of child molesting as a Level 1
    felony and one count of child molesting as a Level 4 felony. At the jury trial,
    S.L. testified that something “[s]ort of” happened while she was alone with
    McKinney, but “I don’t remember, really remember it.” Tr., Vol. 2 at 19, 21.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2573 | May 21, 2019   Page 5 of 12
    Later during the State’s case in chief, the State informed the court during a
    sidebar outside the presence of the jury that “there is a stipulation that we will
    play the [Child Advocacy Center] video . . . as a recorded recollection under
    803(5) I believe.” 
    Id. at 103.
    McKinney’s counsel stated, “[C]orrect, Judge. I .
    . . think for the record I – the State would need to recall the witness . . . unless
    we did stipulate. Now, . . . no one wants to do that to [S.L.], so we’re agreeing
    to do that for these purposes[.]” 
    Id. When the
    jury returned to the courtroom,
    the following discussion was had:
    [The State]: Your Honor, by stipulation, . . . we, the State and
    the defense are agreeing to play the Child Advocacy Center
    interview with [S.L.] in lieu of having to bring her back and
    present live testimony. . . . Is that, is that an accurate
    representation?
    [Defense Counsel]: That, that is. We both agree to play that,
    Judge. Absolutely.
    
    Id. at 104.
    The jury found McKinney guilty as charged, and the trial court
    sentenced him to a total of forty-five years. McKinney now appeals his
    convictions.
    Discussion and Decision
    I. Admission of Evidence
    [7]   McKinney challenges the admission of the videotape of S.L.’s interview with
    the Child Advocacy Center as erroneous because it was hearsay and defeated
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2573 | May 21, 2019   Page 6 of 12
    his right to confront and cross-examine witnesses against him. Generally,
    decisions regarding the admission of evidence are entrusted to the sound
    discretion of the trial court. Bell v. State, 
    29 N.E.3d 137
    , 141 (Ind. Ct. App.
    2015), trans. denied. We review the trial court’s decision only for an abuse of
    this discretion. 
    Id. The trial
    court abuses its discretion only if its decision is
    clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it, or if
    the court misinterprets the law. 
    Id. [8] However,
    McKinney concedes that he did not make a contemporaneous
    objection to the admission of the evidence he now claims was improperly
    admitted. A contemporaneous objection is required to preserve evidentiary
    error on appeal, and the failure to timely object ordinarily forfeits the issue for
    purposes of appellate review. Hastings v. State, 
    58 N.E.3d 919
    , 922 (Ind. Ct.
    App. 2016). To avoid this waiver, McKinney argues that the admission of the
    videotape was fundamental error.
    [9]   A claim that has been forfeited by a defendant’s failure to raise a
    contemporaneous objection can nonetheless be reviewed on appeal if the
    reviewing court determines that a fundamental error occurred. Brown v. State,
    
    929 N.E.2d 204
    , 207 (Ind. 2010). Fundamental error allows us to “address an
    error that made a fair trial impossible or constituted a clearly blatant violation
    of basic and elementary principles of due process presenting an undeniable and
    substantial potential for harm[.]” Brewington v. State, 
    7 N.E.3d 946
    , 974 (Ind.
    2014) (internal quotations and alterations omitted). “A finding of fundamental
    error essentially means that the trial judge erred . . . by not acting when he or
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2573 | May 21, 2019   Page 7 of 12
    she should have, even without being spurred to action by a timely objection.”
    
    Id. (internal quotation
    omitted). Here, however, McKinney not only failed to
    object to the admission of the videotape but actively stipulated to its admission.
    This is, therefore, a case of invited error, as it was not simply a passive lack of
    objection that could possibly have required the trial judge to take action sua
    sponte but an affirmative action on McKinney’s part to agree to the admission of
    evidence he now alleges should not have been admitted. Invited error forbids a
    party from “taking advantage of an error that she commits, invites, or which is
    the natural consequence of her own neglect or misconduct.” Durden v. State, 
    99 N.E.3d 645
    , 651 (Ind. 2018) (internal quotation omitted); cf. Batchelor v. State,
    
    119 N.E.3d 550
    , 558 (Ind. 2019) (noting care must be taken to ensure the record
    demonstrates “the error resulted from the appellant’s affirmative actions as part
    of a deliberate, well-informed trial strategy”) (internal quotation omitted).
    Whether or not it was error to admit the videotape, it was invited error, and
    invited error is not reversible error. See Kingery v. State, 
    659 N.E.2d 490
    , 494
    (Ind. 1995).
    II. Sufficiency of the Evidence
    [10]   When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence required to support a criminal
    conviction, we do not reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of the
    witnesses. Bailey v. State, 
    907 N.E.2d 1003
    , 1005 (Ind. 2009). We consider only
    the evidence supporting the verdict and any reasonable inferences that can be
    drawn therefrom. Morris v. State, 
    114 N.E.3d 531
    , 535 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018),
    trans. denied. Thus, we consider conflicting evidence most favorably to the
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2573 | May 21, 2019   Page 8 of 12
    verdict. Silvers v. State, 
    114 N.E.3d 931
    , 936 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018). “We will
    affirm if there is substantial evidence of probative value such that a reasonable
    trier of fact could have concluded the defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable
    doubt.” 
    Bailey, 907 N.E.2d at 1005
    . It is not necessary for the evidence to
    overcome every reasonable hypothesis of innocence; it is sufficient if an
    inference may reasonably be drawn from the evidence to support the verdict.
    
    Silvers, 114 N.E.3d at 936
    .
    [11]   McKinney was charged with two counts of child molesting, one count as a
    Level 1 felony for “knowing[ly] or intentionally perform[ing] other sexual
    conduct, to wit: an act involving the penetration of S.L.’s sex organ with [his]
    finger;” and one count as a Level 4 felony for “perform[ing] fondling or
    touching of S.L., with the intent to arouse or to satisfy the sexual desires of
    himself or S.L.” Appellant’s Appendix, Volume II at 13. Child molesting is
    committed by:
    (a) A person who, with a child under fourteen (14) years of age,
    knowingly or intentionally performs or submits to sexual
    intercourse or other sexual conduct . . . . [T]he offense is a Level
    1 felony if . . . it is committed by a person at least twenty-one (21)
    years of age[.]
    ***
    (b) A person who, with a child under fourteen (14) years of age,
    performs or submits to any fondling or touching, of either the
    child or the older person, with intent to arouse or to satisfy the
    sexual desires of either the child or the older person[.] [The
    offense is] a Level 4 felony.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2573 | May 21, 2019   Page 9 of 12
    Ind. Code § 35-42-4-3(a)(1), (b). “Other sexual conduct” is defined as an act
    involving “the penetration of the sex organ . . . of a person by an object.” Ind.
    Code § 35-31.5-2-221.5(2).
    [12]   We agree with McKinney that S.L. did not clearly state in her testimony that
    McKinney touched her at all, let alone inappropriately. Nonetheless, the fact
    that something inappropriate occurred could be inferred from her testimony
    that McKinney came into a room where she was writing and asked her if she
    would “be bad” and when she said no, McKinney told her she could not write
    so she agreed. Tr., Vol. 2 at 18-19. The fact that she claimed not to remember
    more is unsurprising when considering the situation in which her somewhat
    cryptic testimony was given – in a courtroom setting with McKinney present.
    But S.L. made clear and consistent statements in her Child Advocacy Center
    interview and during her examination at the Sexual Assault Treatment Center
    that McKinney touched her both inside and outside her female sex organ.
    McKinney’s argument is largely premised on the admission of the Child
    Advocacy Center interview being erroneous, a claim which we have disposed of
    above. And McKinney does not specifically challenge the testimony about
    S.L.’s statements at the medical examination.1 Thus, the cumulative statements
    1
    We note that even if we were to not consider the Child Advocacy Center interview, the statements S.L.
    gave there are almost identical to those she gave during her examination at the Sexual Assault Treatment
    Center, and the result would be the same.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2573 | May 21, 2019                   Page 10 of 12
    made by S.L. and heard by the jury are sufficient evidence from which the jury
    could conclude that McKinney touched S.L. inappropriately.
    [13]   McKinney also claims there is no evidence of his intent. “The intent element of
    child molesting may be established by circumstantial evidence and may be
    inferred from the actor’s conduct and the natural and usual sequence to which
    such conduct usually points.” Bowles v. State, 
    737 N.E.2d 1150
    , 1152 (Ind.
    2000). As there was no “innocent” reason for McKinney to touch S.L.’s
    “privates,” such as helping her bathe or go to the bathroom, his intent to touch
    her in a sexual way may be inferred.
    [14]   “The balance between understanding what quite young children are telling us
    and ensuring that convictions are based on sufficient evidence is not easy to
    achieve. At least to some extent, concluding what a child is communicating is a
    matter of weighing the evidence [which] we cannot do on appeal.” Smith v.
    State, 
    779 N.E.2d 111
    , 116 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied. The evidence as a
    whole, construed in the light most favorable to the verdict, supports
    McKinney’s convictions for child molesting.
    Conclusion
    [15]   McKinney invited any error in the admission of the Child Advocacy Center
    interview by agreeing to its admission. Considering all the available evidence in
    the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude there was sufficient
    evidence to support McKinney’s two convictions of child molesting.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2573 | May 21, 2019   Page 11 of 12
    [16]   Affirmed.
    Baker, J., and Najam, J., concur.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-2573 | May 21, 2019   Page 12 of 12