Gregory Johnson v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.) ( 2019 )

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Jul 31 2019, 12:03 pm
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
APPELLANT PRO SE ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Gregory Johnson Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Correctional Industrial Facility Attorney General of Indiana
Pendleton, Indiana
J.T. Whitehead
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Gregory Johnson, July 31, 2019
Appellant-Petitioner, Court of Appeals Case No.
19A-PC-277
v. Appeal from the Marion Superior
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Shatrese M.
Appellee-Respondent Flowers, Judge
The Honorable James K. Snyder,
Commissioner
Trial Court Cause No.
49G20-1104-PC-27007
Crone, Judge.
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Case Summary
[1] Gregory Johnson, pro se, appeals the denial of his petition for post-conviction
relief (“PCR”). We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] In April 2011, police officers conducting a narcotics investigation in an
Indianapolis parking lot approached a vehicle driven by Johnson. A passenger
exited the vehicle, began to walk away, and tossed a suspected package of heroin
to the ground. Officers stopped the passenger and ordered Johnson out of the
vehicle. An officer handcuffed and patted down Johnson, advised him of his
Miranda rights, and asked for permission to search the vehicle. Johnson refused.
A police dog alerted to the scent of contraband in the vehicle. Police found $550
in cash on Johnson’s person and in his car, as well as four packages of drugs in
the car containing 16.9234 grams of cocaine, 7.4716 grams of cocaine, 2.5452
grams of cocaine, and 4.0186 grams of heroin. The package that Johnson’s
passenger tossed to the ground contained 0.4048 grams of heroin.
[3] The State charged Johnson with class A felony dealing in cocaine, two counts of
class A felony dealing in a narcotic drug, class C felony possession of cocaine,
and class C felony possession of a narcotic drug. After a bench trial, the court
found Johnson guilty of all but one count of class A felony dealing in a narcotic
drug, entered judgment on the remaining class A felony counts, and sentenced
him to concurrent thirty-year terms. On direct appeal, Johnson challenged the
admissibility of the drug evidence on constitutional grounds. Another panel of
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this Court affirmed his convictions. Johnson v. State, No. 49A02-1209-CR-709,
2013 WL 2146536 (Ind. Ct. App. May 16, 2013), trans. denied.
[4] Johnson filed a pro se petition for PCR, which he later amended. After a hearing,
the post-conviction court denied the petition. This appeal ensued.
Discussion and Decision
[5] “A PCR petitioner must establish grounds for relief by a preponderance of the
evidence.” Ross v. State, 877 N.E.2d 829, 832 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied
(2008). “When a post-conviction court denies relief, the petitioner appeals from
a negative judgment and must demonstrate on appeal that the evidence
unerringly and unmistakably leads to a conclusion opposite that reached by the
court.” Id. “We may reverse the post-conviction court’s decision only if the
evidence is without conflict and leads to the conclusion opposite that reached
by the court.” Id.[6] “Post-conviction proceedings are not intended to be a ‘super-appeal’; rather,
they provide a narrow remedy for collateral challenges to convictions that must
be based on grounds enumerated in the post-conviction rules.” Id. “In post-
conviction proceedings, complaints that something went awry at trial are
generally cognizable only when they show deprivation of the right to effective
counsel or issues demonstrably unavailable at the time of trial or direct appeal.”
Id. at 833 (quoting Sanders v. State, 765 N.E.2d 591, 592 (Ind. 2002)). “Claims
of regular or fundamental trial error are not reviewable in a post-conviction
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proceeding.” Id.1 Although Johnson “is proceeding pro se and lacks legal
training, such litigants are held to the same standard as trained counsel and are
required to follow procedural rules.” Id.[7] The only cognizable claims raised by Johnson in his brief are ineffective
assistance of counsel claims related to the following principle:
When a defendant is charged with a drug offense that is
determined by the weight of the substance involved, the State
must prove that the scale used to weigh the substance was tested
before and after its use. The burden of producing evidence to
disprove the accuracy of the scale then shifts to the defendant.
Wattley v. State, 721 N.E.2d 353, 355-56 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999) (citing Robinson v.
State, 634 N.E.2d 1367, 1374 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994)). When Johnson committed
his crimes in 2011, dealing in cocaine or a narcotic drug, pure or adulterated,
was a class B felony; the crime was a class A felony if the amount of the drug
involved weighed three grams or more. Ind. Code § 35-48-4-1 (2011). It is the
total weight of the substance and not its pure component that is to be
considered.2 Clark v. State, 539 N.E.2d 9, 12 (Ind. 1989). Johnson asserts that
his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to question the State’s lab technician
1
Johnson argues, “[I]t was fundamental error that the State had the burden to prove (before any other
progression in the trial court forward), experts calibrated the weighing scales before and after weighing of the
drugs.” Appellant’s Br. at 9. This freestanding fundamental error claim is not reviewable in a post-
conviction proceeding. Ross, 877 N.E.2d at 833. Johnson also purports to raise a “fatal variance” argument
that is incomprehensible. Appellant’s Br. at 8, 11.
2
Johnson’s assertion to the contrary is erroneous.
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regarding the calibration of the scale that was used to weigh the drugs and that
his appellate counsel was ineffective in failing to raise the calibration issue on
appeal.
[8] An ineffective assistance of counsel claim
requires the defendant to show by a preponderance of the
evidence that (1) counsel’s performance was below the objective
standard of reasonableness based on prevailing professional
norms and (2) the defendant was prejudiced by counsel’s
substandard performance, i.e. there is a reasonable probability
that, but for counsel’s errors or omissions, the outcome of the
trial would have been different.
Ross, 877 N.E.2d at 833. “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome.” Morales v. State, 19 N.E.3d 292, 297
(Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694
(1984)), trans. denied (2015). The two parts of this test are separate and
independent inquiries, and if it is easier to dispose of an ineffectiveness claim
based on lack of sufficient prejudice, that course should be followed. Id.[9] Contrary to Johnson’s insinuation, “the State was not required to prove exact
dates or that the scale was checked immediately before and after the [drugs
were] weighed.” McKnight v. State, 1 N.E.3d 193, 203 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013)
(citing Smith v. State, 829 N.E.2d 64, 77 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005)). “Indeed, the
scale’s accuracy is foundational evidence, not an element of the crime.” Id.“Although the defense may rebut the State’s evidence regarding accuracy, the
question of accuracy is ultimately a question for the trier of fact.” Id. “Thus,
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an objection to the accuracy of the scales would have gone to the weight of the
evidence, not to its admissibility.” Id.[10] Simply put, Johnson has failed to establish by a preponderance of the evidence
that if trial counsel had questioned the lab technician about the calibration of
the scale, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of his trial would
have been different.3 The same holds true for appellate counsel’s failure to raise
the calibration issue on appeal. Therefore, we affirm the denial of Johnson’s
PCR petition.
[11] Affirmed.
Baker, J., and Kirsch, J., concur.
3
At the post-conviction hearing, Johnson’s trial counsel testified,
My trial strategy was that the weight was sufficient weight over the amount needed to obtain a
conviction. And I didn’t have any reason to believe that the equipment was not functioning or
would have been so far off. And my recollection is that I felt it would be detrimental to the
outcome of the case to have them go through all of those steps when I didn’t have reason to
believe that there was a malfunction with the scales.
Tr. Vol. 2 at 10. “We will not second-guess trial counsel’s strategy and tactics unless they are so
unreasonable that they fall outside objective standards.” Burnell v. State, 110 N.E.3d 1167, 1170 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2018). Trial counsel’s strategy strikes us as eminently reasonable under the circumstances, and thus
Johnson’s ineffectiveness claim would fail on this basis as well.
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