Kevin Perry v. State of Indiana ( 2012 )

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not
be regarded as precedent or cited
before any court except for the
purpose of establishing the defense of
res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the
law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
MARY SPEARS GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Gilroy Kammen Maryan & Moudy Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
BRIAN REITZ
Deputy Attorney General
FILED
Indianapolis, Indiana
Nov 13 2012, 9:38 am
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA CLERK
of the supreme court,
court of appeals and
tax court
KEVIN PERRY, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 49A02-1204-CR-265
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Stanley Kroh, Commissioner
Cause No. 49G03-1107-FB-048074
November 13, 2012
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
ROBB, Chief Judge
Case Summary and Issues
Kevin Perry was convicted of robbery and unlawful possession of a firearm by a
serious violent felon, both Class B felonies, and escape, a Class C felony. He raises three
issues for our review, which we restate as: 1) whether Detective Perkins’s opinion that
Perry possessed a two-shot Derringer was properly admitted into evidence; 2) whether
the evidence is sufficient to support his convictions for robbery and unlawful possession
of a firearm by a serious violent felon; and 3) whether the State’s closing argument
created fundamental error. Concluding Detective Perkins’s opinion was properly
admitted as that of a skilled witness, the evidence is sufficient to support Perry’s
convictions, and the State’s closing argument did not create fundamental error, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
A few days after Brenai Baxter met a man named Calvin, Calvin called her and
invited her to a barbeque on the Fourth of July at his sister’s house. Baxter accepted, and
she and her son, who was five years old, picked up Calvin in Baxter’s vehicle and
proceeded to where Calvin said his sister lived. While en route, Calvin commented on
Baxter’s son’s sandals and asked if he could purchase them, and Baxter said that he
could. When they arrived at their destination, Calvin got out and went inside the home
while Baxter and her son stayed in her vehicle. Calvin returned with another man, Perry.
Perry walked to the driver’s side door and asked Baxter if he could see her son’s sandals.
After reaching into the backseat, Baxter turned around and found Perry pointing a gun in
her face. She then saw Calvin also holding a gun and pointing it at her son. Perry
demanded Baxter give him her money, and he eventually took it from her person. Perry
and Calvin then ran away.
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After Baxter called 911, Officer Ronnie Kwiatkowski arrived and began looking
for the suspects while driving his police car. He noticed a man matching the description
given by Baxter, and as soon as the suspect saw Officer Kwiatkowski, the suspect ran and
Officer Kwiatkowski lost track of him. He then saw Perry sitting on the porch of a
house, stopped his vehicle and jumped out, and said, “Stop. Police.” Transcript at 52.
Perry began to walk inside the house, but he stopped after taking a couple steps. Officer
Kwiatkowski eventually placed him in handcuffs. Sergeant Paul McDonald arrived and
placed Perry in the back of his vehicle. The officers were waiting for a “prisoner wagon”
to transport Perry to jail, when suddenly Perry jumped out of Sergeant McDonald’s
vehicle and fled. Perry was later apprehended.
Baxter described the gun Perry used as having “two holes and a beam, like a laser,
on top of it.” Id. at 88. Detective Peter Perkins testified that based on Baxter’s
description, the gun was likely a “two-shot Derringer” because “it was small, two
barrels” and “[s]he said it was stacked on top of each other.” Id. at 169. Perry objected
and moved to strike Detective Perkins’s testimony, arguing the State did not establish
Detective Perkins as a firearms expert. The trial court overruled the objection and denied
Perry’s motion.
After the State presented its case, Perry moved for a directed verdict as to his
firearm charge, contending insufficient evidence was presented that the weapon was
actually a firearm. The trial court denied the motion. During the State’s closing
argument, while discussing Perry’s escape from the back of Sergeant McDonald’s police
vehicle, the State said:
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But the evidence on that case doesn’t just stop there. That evidence
also shows you something about the robbery. Here is the law regarding
that: A jury may infer guilt based upon attempted flight since such conduct
often shows consciousness of guilt. That’s the Indiana State Supreme
Court saying that. You can infer guilt by flight because it shows
consciousness of guilt.
What does that mean? An innocent person doesn’t try to escape
from the police. If he hasn’t done anything wrong that day, he has no
reason to run. If he has, he’s got plenty of reasons to run; right?
Id. at 251. Perry did not object to the State’s closing argument. Perry now appeals.
Additional facts will be supplied as necessary.
Discussion and Decision
I. Admission of Evidence
A. Standard of Review
The admission of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court, and we
will reverse the trial court’s decision only upon an abuse of that discretion. Rogers v.
State, 897 N.E.2d 955, 959 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (citation omitted), trans. denied. Abuse
of discretion occurs if the trial court’s decision is clearly against the logic and effect of
the facts and circumstances before the court, or if the court has misinterpreted the law.
Id. However, even if a trial court abuses its discretion by admitting evidence, we will
only reverse if the error is inconsistent with substantial justice or if a substantial right of
the party is affected. Payne v. State, 854 N.E.2d 7, 17 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006) (quotations
and citation omitted). Further, “[a]ny error caused by the admission of evidence is
harmless error for which we will not reverse a conviction if the erroneously admitted
evidence was cumulative of other evidence appropriately admitted.” Id.B. Detective Perkins’s Testimony
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Perry argues the trial court abused its discretion by admitting Detective Perkins’s
testimony regarding the type of gun Perry pointed at Baxter because the State did not
sufficiently establish that Detective Perkins is a firearms expert. The State does not
contend that it qualified Detective Perkins as an expert, but rather, that he qualified as a
skilled witness. Indiana Rule of Evidence 701 provides:
If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness’s testimony in the
form of opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences
which are (a) rationally based on the perception of the witness and (b)
helpful to a clear understanding of the witness’s testimony or the
determination of a fact in issue.
Skilled witnesses are people “with a degree of knowledge short of that sufficient to be
declared an expert under Evid. R. 702, but somewhat beyond that possessed by the
ordinary jurors.” Linton v. Davis, 887 N.E.2d 960, 975 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (quotation
omitted), trans. denied. “Skilled witnesses not only can testify about their observations,
they can also testify to opinions or inferences that are based solely on facts within their
own personal knowledge.” Id.The State argues it qualified Detective Perkins as a skilled witness by establishing
that he had been a police officer for twenty-two years and a detective for fifteen years; he
is assigned to the homicide, aggravated assault, and robbery unit; he is required to go to a
shooting range twice a year and has dealt with many firearms; and part of his training has
included being informed of different types of weapons, including revolvers, semi-
automatic weapons, and assault rifles.
We conclude Detective Perkins’s testimony was properly admitted as that of a
skilled witness. The State demonstrated Detective Perkins possessed specialized
knowledge of firearms. Based upon Detective Perkins’s perception of Baxter’s
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description of the gun, he offered his opinion as to what type of gun Baxter described,
and his testimony was helpful in determining exactly what type of weapon Perry used to
rob Baxter.
II. Sufficiency of the Evidence
A. Standard of Review
Our standard of review for sufficiency claims is well settled. When reviewing a
claim of insufficient evidence, we do not reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of
witnesses. Sewell v. State, 973 N.E.2d 96, 100 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012). We will consider
only the evidence most favorable to the judgment and the reasonable inferences drawn
therefrom. Id. We will affirm the challenged conviction if the evidence and the
reasonable inferences constitute substantial evidence of probative value to support the
conviction. Id.B. Perry’s Unlawful Possession of a Firearm and Robbery Convictions
Perry argues the evidence insufficiently demonstrates that he possessed a firearm
and used a handgun or firearm to commit robbery.1 A firearm is defined as a weapon
“capable of expelling”, ”designed to expel”, or “that may readily be converted to expel” a
projectile by means of explosion. Ind. Code § 35-47-1-5. Perry contends the State only
presented evidence “that he held a weapon that had the appearance of a gun” and “the
State did not present proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the object Mr. Perry held
1
See Ind. Code § 35-42-5-1 (Class B felony robbery occurs when someone “knowingly or intentionally
takes property from another person . . . while armed with a deadly weapon . . . .”). Perry’s charging information
specified he was charged with robbery for robbing Baxter while armed with “a handgun or guns.” Appellant’s
Appendix at 36-37. Indiana Code section 35-47-1-6 limits the definition of “handgun” to two specific types of
firearms. Thus, despite the fact that Indiana Code section 35-42-5-1 only requires a defendant use a deadly weapon
to commit robbery as a Class B felony, Perry argues it was necessary that the finder of fact conclude Perry used a
firearm because the charging information alleges he possessed “a handgun or guns,” and a handgun is, by definition,
a firearm. Because we conclude that even this higher evidentiary burden was met by the State, we need not resolve
this issue.
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actually was a firearm rather than a pellet or toy gun not capable of firing or designed to
fire items by means of explosions.” Brief of the Appellant at 12-13.
Indiana Code section 35-47-4-5 provides “[a] serious violent felon who knowingly
or intentionally possesses a firearm commits unlawful possession of a firearm by a
serious violent felon, a Class B felony.” Perry does not contend he was not a serious
violent felon, only that the evidence did not demonstrate he possessed a firearm.
However, a conviction may rest on circumstantial evidence alone, and the circumstantial
evidence need not overcome every reasonable hypothesis of innocence. Peters v. State,
959 N.E.2d 347, 355 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). It is sufficient if an inference drawn from the
circumstantial evidence reasonably tends to support the conviction. Id.Here, Baxter testified that Perry held her at gunpoint and demanded she give him
her money. This testimony could reasonably be inferred to mean that Perry possessed a
firearm and pointed it at her while demanding she give him money. Further, based upon
Baxter’s description of the gun, Detective Perkins concluded the gun was likely a two-
shot Derringer. Even if Perry had presented evidence attempting to demonstrate that the
gun was not a firearm, which he did not, it would be up to the finder of fact to weigh such
competing evidence. We will not reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of
witnesses on appeal. The testimonies of Baxter and Detective Perkins are substantial
evidence of probative value supporting a finding that Perry possessed a firearm. Thus,
the evidence is sufficient to conclude Perry possessed a firearm and used it to rob Baxter.
Perry points to Miller v. State, 616 N.E.2d 750 (Ind. Ct. App. 1993), for support of
his argument that pursuant to Indiana Code section 35-47-1-5, “the State must show that
the object fires bullets or some other projectiles; and second, it must prove that the
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propulsion of those projectiles is accomplished by a controlled explosion.” Br. of
Appellant at 14. We disagree both with his application of Miller and his interpretation of
what is required by Indiana Code section 35-47-1-5. In Miller, the defendant possessed
what the victim believed was a handgun, and he pointed it at the victim and ordered the
victim to get out of his car. When the defendant was later arrested, however, police
found the gun at the defendant’s home. It was a pellet gun, which uses a gas chamber to
create enough pressure to propel the pellet when someone pulls the trigger, rather than
using gunpowder that creates a small explosion that propels a bullet. The defendant was
convicted of confinement and criminal recklessness. However, because the evidence
“had clearly shown that the gun in question was a pellet gun, not a firearm,” 616 N.E.2d
at 755-56, we concluded the evidence was insufficient to establish the defendant was
armed with a firearm or handgun. Here, however, the gun Perry possessed when he
robbed Baxter was not discovered. The only evidence presented pertaining to the gun
was the testimony of Baxter and Detective Perkins, which support the conclusion that it
was a firearm.
To the extent Perry argues that the State did not sufficiently demonstrate that the
gun used gun powder, we disagree. Circumstantial evidence can be sufficient support for
a conviction. See Gorman v. State, 968 N.E.2d 845, 850-51 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (“[A]
victim’s testimony that he or she saw the defendant use what was believed or ‘figured’ to
be a gun is, by itself, sufficient proof of the use of a deadly weapon.”) (citation omitted),
trans. denied. The circumstantial evidence includes the testimony of Baxter that Perry
pointed a gun at her and the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom–that Baxter was
referring to “gun” in the usual sense of a weapon that uses gun powder and an explosion
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to expel bullets; and Detective Perkins’s opinion of what type of gun Baxter described.
The circumstantial evidence is sufficient to support Perry’s convictions that require
possession and/or use of a firearm.
III. Fundamental Error
A. Standard of Review
Where a defendant fails to object to prosecutorial misconduct at trial, on appeal
the defendant must also show that fundamental error occurred. Cooper v. State, 854
N.E.2d 831, 835 (Ind. 2006). If a defendant can establish this narrow exception, he can
avoid waiver of an issue. Id. Fundamental error “is error that makes a fair trial
impossible or constitutes clearly blatant violations of basic elementary principles of due
process” and presents “an undeniable and substantial potential for harm.” Id. (quotation
omitted).
B. The State’s Closing Argument
Perry argues fundamental error occurred during his trial because the State’s
closing argument misstated the law regarding evidence of escape. In Banks v. State, our
supreme court stated:
Evidence of Defendant’s flight from the scene of the altercation and his
subsequent disposition of the weapon was competent evidence of the
consciousness of guilt. Also, it is a matter, generally, for the trier of the
facts to determine what weight and value should be given to such evidence.
Nevertheless, the flight of an accused is a circumstance to be considered
against him only in connection with other evidence . . . . We have
previously held that flight alone will not support a conviction . . . .
257 Ind. 530, 538-39, 276 N.E.2d 155, 159 (1971) (citations omitted). See also Maxey v.
State, 730 N.E.2d 158, 162 (Ind. 2000) (“[E]vidence of flight is relevant as circumstantial
evidence of Defendant’s consciousness of guilt.”) (citations omitted); Justice v. State, 530
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N.E.2d 295, 297 (Ind. 1988) (“Evidence of breaking and entering, and evidence of flight
are not probative [of intent to commit a felony for the offense of burglary] unless tied to
some other evidence which is strongly corroborative of the actor’s intent.”); Coleman v.
State, 265 Ind. 357, 361, 354 N.E.2d 232, 235 (1976) (presence at the scene of a crime
and subsequent flight “in connection with other circumstances tending to show
participation in the crime may be sufficient to sustain a conviction.”) (citation omitted);
Weinberger v. Boyer, 956 N.E.2d 1095, 1107 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (“[A] sudden trip can
be characterized as flight and, although standing alone does not raise a presumption of
guilt, it is competent to show consciousness of guilt.”) (citation omitted), trans. denied;
Martin v. State, 157 Ind. App. 380, 384, 300 N.E.2d 128, 131 (1973) (“Evidence of
flight, standing alone, cannot serve as an adequate basis for conviction.”) (citation
omitted).
Perry contends the State erred in its closing argument by suggesting that the jury
could find Perry guilty of robbery and possession of a firearm based solely upon his
attempt to escape police custody. Regardless of whether the State’s closing argument
misstated the law on this issue, we conclude it was not fundamental error. Perry’s
convictions for robbery and possession of a firearm, as discussed above, were sufficiently
supported by evidence independent of his attempt to escape. Thus, even if the jury could
have misused the State’s closing argument regarding the evidence of flight, it did not
make a fair trial impossible or cause undeniable harm, and therefore any inaccuracy on
the part of the State did not create fundamental error.
Nevertheless, we point out that at a minimum, the accuracy of the State’s closing
argument pushed the envelope. On the one hand, the State began its remarks on this issue
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by saying the evidence of escape “shows you something about the robbery,” tr. at 251
(emphasis added), which could be interpreted to indicate that evidence of Perry’s
attempted escape was not conclusive as to his robbery charge. On the other hand, the
State went on to say, “[a] jury may infer guilt based upon attempted flight since such
conduct often shows consciousness of guilt. That’s the Indiana State Supreme Court
saying that. You can infer guilt by flight because it shows consciousness of guilt.” Id.As our supreme court stated in Banks, evidence of flight can add to evidence that
collectively supports a conviction, but evidence of flight alone cannot support such a
conviction. 257 Ind. at 538-39, 276 N.E.2d at 159. The State’s recitation of the law does
not include this stipulation, but instead seems to imply the opposite: that evidence of
flight alone could support a conviction of robbery. Indiana case law does not support this
implication.
Conclusion
Detective Perkins’s testimony was properly admitted, the evidence is sufficient to
support Perry’s convictions, and the State’s closing argument, even if inaccurate, did not
create fundamental error. We therefore affirm.
Affirmed.
BAKER, J. and BRADFORD, J., concur.
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