Ryan Sheckles v. State of Indiana ( 2012 )


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  •                                                                 FILED
    Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this
    Memorandum Decision shall not be
    regarded as precedent or cited before any
    May 29 2012, 9:44 am
    court except for the purpose of
    establishing the defense of res judicata,
    collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.                         CLERK
    of the supreme court,
    court of appeals and
    tax court
    ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                         ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
    MARY SPEARS                                     GREGORY F. ZOELLER
    Gilroy Kammen Maryan & Moudy                    Attorney General of Indiana
    Indianapolis, Indiana
    NICOLE M. SCHUSTER
    Deputy Attorney General
    Indianapolis, Indiana
    IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
    RYAN SHECKLES,                                  )
    )
    Appellant-Defendant,                     )
    )
    vs.                               )      No. 10A04-1108-CR-423
    )
    STATE OF INDIANA,                               )
    )
    Appellee-Plaintiff.                      )
    APPEAL FROM THE CLARK CIRCUIT COURT
    The Honorable Daniel E. Moore, Judge
    Cause No. 10C01-1007-MR-600
    May 29, 2012
    MEMORANDUM DECISION – NOT FOR PUBLICATION
    BAKER, Judge
    Appellant-defendant Ryan Sheckles appeals his convictions and sentence on two
    counts of Murder,1 a felony.       Sheckles makes numerous arguments challenging his
    convictions, including that the evidence was insufficient and that the trial court erred in
    its response to the jury’s question regarding accomplice liability.
    Sheckles also challenges his convictions based on prosecutorial misconduct. More
    particularly, Sheckles asserts that the prosecutor portrayed the jury as an arm of law
    enforcement, urging that its duty was to convict. Furthermore, Sheckles contends that the
    prosecutor denigrated defense counsel, inappropriately invoked sympathy for the victims,
    and requested that the jury convict based on facts not in evidence.
    Moreover, Sheckles claims that his convictions must be set aside because
    fundamental error resulted from the admission of opinion testimony that Sheckles was the
    shooter from a non-eyewitness. Sheckles also maintains that fundamental error occurred
    when the jury was permitted to make an inference about his negative character based
    upon the disruptive behavior of his cousin, Robert, when the trial court failed to instruct
    the jury to disregard it. Sheckles’s final attack on his convictions is that they must be set
    aside because the trial court refused to permit the defense to cross-examine a State’s
    witness on her arrest for giving false information, contending that this was an improper
    restriction of his right to confrontation under the United States and Indiana Constitutions.
    Sheckles also challenges the 120-year sentence that was imposed following his
    convictions. Essentially, Sheckles argues that the trial court abused its discretion by
    1
    Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1.
    2
    failing to consider his below-average intelligence as evidenced by his IQ score as a
    mitigating circumstance. Finding no error, we affirm the decision of the trial court.
    FACTS2
    On August 25, 2009, Robert Sheckles, Sheckles’s cousin, called his girlfriend,
    Laisha Smith, and asked if she could drive him and Sheckles so that Sheckles could sell
    drugs. Smith had done this many times before and would drive the pair to different
    places, and Sheckles and Robert would deal cocaine to various clients. Sheckles and
    Robert would reimburse Smith by paying for fuel and giving her $40 to spend on
    painkillers, which she had been addicted to after having three surgeries her junior year in
    high school.
    At about 8:00 p.m. on August 25, Smith picked up Sheckles and Robert at the
    Evergreen Apartments in Clarksville in her father’s dark green Ford pickup truck.
    Sheckles sat beside Smith in the front passenger seat, while Robert sat in the middle of
    the backseat. They stopped at Robert Fanning’s home, where Sheckles either sold him
    cocaine or marijuana. Eventually, Sheckles directed Smith to drive to another place in
    Jeffersonville, where she had never been before. As they drove, Sheckles received
    several calls from Larry Morrow, who was using his ex-wife’s, Shannon Morrow’s, cell
    phone.
    2
    We heard oral argument on April 10, 2012, in the courtroom of the Indiana Supreme Court. We would
    like to thank counsel for their presentations and the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of
    Law students who attended the argument for their presence and respectful demeanor. Additionally, we
    want to express our appreciation to the administration, technology support, and staff of the Indiana
    Supreme Court for their assistance.
    3
    Following Sheckles’s instructions, Smith stopped the vehicle, and as soon as she
    put the vehicle in park, Larry ran to the side of the truck where Sheckles was sitting in the
    front passenger seat. Larry asked why it took so long for them to arrive. Smith pulled
    out her cell phone to check her text messages. Sheckles and Larry began arguing about
    how much money Larry had and how much cocaine Sheckles would give him. Shannon
    approached as the two of them argued. At some point Larry placed money in Sheckles’s
    lap. The argument escalated and Sheckles pulled a gun from his waistband and shot
    Larry in the face, killing him. Sheckles then shot Shannon as she turned and fled.
    Shannon had a broken foot and could not move easily. Yet, despite Shannon’s
    injury and the fact that Sheckles shot her three times from the rear as she fled, she
    managed to get back inside the house. Shannon called her father, Connison Howard, to
    tell him that she had been shot. Howard drove the four blocks from his home to where
    Shannon was located. There, Howard discovered Larry lying dead on the street in front
    of the house and Shannon bleeding in the kitchen. Howard called 911 and stayed with
    Shannon until help arrived. Shannon was transported to the hospital where she died of
    her injuries in early September 2009.
    Sheckles and Robert told Smith to drive, and she put the truck in gear and drove.
    Smith ran over Larry as she pulled away. When Smith stopped at an intersection,
    Sheckles put his gun out the window and shot up into the air, yelling a gang slogan.
    Sheckles remarked that if he had not killed Shannon right there, he would have to find a
    way into the hospital to kill her so that she could not be a witness to what had happened.
    4
    Sheckles told Smith to keep driving, but before they went far, Robert told Smith to pull
    over and let him out, which she did. Robert fled between two houses, and Sheckles told
    Smith to drive to Louisville and reminded her to turn on her lights, which she had
    forgotten to do.
    As Smith pulled away, two of Larry’s neighbors, Tausha Johnson and Eugenia
    Tharp, saw a dark vehicle with its lights off come down the street and turn. The women
    initially thought the gun shots were firecrackers, but as emergency vehicles began to
    arrive, they went to investigate.
    Smith drove Sheckles to a McDonald’s restaurant in Louisville where he stepped
    out of the truck and began looking for casings. Sheckles received a phone call from
    Robert, and Sheckles told Smith to drive back to Jeffersonville to pick up Robert. After
    picking up Robert, Smith drove back to Louisville to pick up Sheckles. Sheckles stated
    that he had disposed of the gun in a dumpster and had Smith drive them to a Motel 6 in
    Lousiville.
    When they arrived at the motel, two of Sheckles’s and Robert’s friends were there
    trying to obtain a room. After they checked in, the five of them went up to the room.
    Smith was in the back bedroom area of the suite talking to Robert about what had
    happened. Sheckles joined them and told Smith not to say anything about what happened
    because, “we don’t want anything like this to happen to you.” Tr. p. 804. Smith
    promised not to say anything. Smith left to go home as her father needed his truck for
    work.
    5
    The next day, Smith drove Sheckles and Robert to Fanning’s home and dropped
    off some gun clips. Robert gave Fanning the gun clips to hide in exchange for some
    marijuana. Sheckles and Robert also wanted Smith to go to Tennessee to change the tires
    on her father’s truck. Sheckles thought that Smith might have run over Larry’s foot,
    leaving evidence on the tires. Smith picked up Sheckles and Robert and an older friend
    of the pair, a man referred to as “Sixty-Eight.” Tr. p. 808. Sixty-Eight drove the four to
    Tennessee and took them to a bar where his family was already located, and they all went
    into the bar. Sixty-Eight and Sheckles began drinking, but Smith and Robert went back
    to the truck to talk. Smith eventually drove the men home without changing the tires on
    the truck.
    The next day, August 27, Fanning’s wife discovered the gun clips that Fanning
    had hidden in the refrigerator. After Fanning’s wife was told to remove the gun clips
    from their home, she called Sheckles and Robert to come pick them up. Upon arrival,
    Sheckles refused to take the gun clips, but Robert took them from Fanning.
    On August 30, 2009, Smith was incarcerated for an unrelated offense for
    approximately three and one-half months. Smith spoke to Robert on the telephone from
    jail multiple times, but she let her relationship with Robert lapse after she was released.
    However, Smith had a conversation with Sheckles following her release during which he
    asked how she was doing and for her telephone number. Later, Smith encountered
    Sheckles in jail when she visited a friend, and Sheckles told her that law enforcement had
    questioned him about the Morrow murders and that he knew how to talk to law
    6
    enforcement officers so that they would not think one of them was involved. Sheckles
    advised Smith that, if questioned by law enforcement, she should say nothing and act like
    she did not know what the officers were talking about.
    Several police officers questioned Sheckles after tracing Larry’s last phone calls
    made on Shannon’s phone to Megan Tomlinson who led them to Sheckles. Eventually,
    an anonymous tip led law enforcement officers to Smith in July 2010. Detective Brian
    Mitchell was able to identify the Motel 6 that Smith was at with Sheckles and Robert and
    the two friends. Detective Mitchell identified the renter of the motel room as T. Harris,
    who Smith identified as one of Sheckles’s friends who she knew as “Magic” and the one
    who rented the room. Tr. p. 896-900. Detective Mitchell was also able to identify
    “Sixty-Eight” as Dwayne Moore, and Moore confirmed the Tennessee trip. 
    Id. at 901-02.
    Smith’s statement led police officers to investigate Sheckles and Robert as
    suspects. Investigators discovered a corner of a plastic baggie at the crime scene that led
    them to suspect that drugs were involved in the killings because such corners are used to
    package illegal drugs. Eventually, after obtaining DNA samples from the victims and
    suspects, investigators were able to identify Sheckles’s DNA as the major contributor in a
    mixed DNA profile discovered on a Newport cigarette – Sheckles’s favored brand –
    found at the scene. Larry, Smith, and Robert were excluded as contributors to the mixed
    DNA profile on the cigarette. On a second cigarette found at the scene that bore a mixed
    DNA profile, Larry was the major DNA contributor, but Sheckles could not be excluded
    as a contributor, but Smith and Robert were excluded.
    7
    On July 30, 2010, the State charged Sheckles with two counts of murder.
    Sheckles’s jury trial commenced at May 31, 2011. Smith and Robert were part of the
    State’s case-in-chief, insofar as they were to testify against Sheckles pursuant to plea
    agreements with the State. Smith’s agreement was for immunity in exchange for her
    testimony. Smith testified regarding the terms of her agreement. She also admitted that
    she had a prior conviction for shoplifting or conversion3 and that she had a pending case
    in Clark County for class D felony possession of a controlled substance and a
    misdemeanor battery charge.
    The defense wanted to inquire about Smith’s prior arrest for resisting law
    enforcement, assisting a criminal, and providing false information, arguing that because
    the false informing charge was only dismissed pursuant to a plea agreement, it was still
    available for impeachment purposes.                 The trial court did not permit the inquiry,
    determining that the Rules of Evidence did not permit inquiry into charged crimes not
    reduced to conviction or other bad acts generally, and did not wish to “speculate behind
    the plea agreement” as to why the false informing charge had been dismissed. Tr. p. 762-
    64.
    Robert testified regarding his plea agreement that would allow him to plead guilty
    to class D felony assisting a criminal. However, Robert decided not to testify and
    emphasized his decision to the trial court using vulgar language. Robert did not testify
    and out of the jury’s presence, Robert’s proposed plea was withdrawn and he was
    3
    The record is unclear whether Smith’s prior conviction was for conversion or shoplifting.
    8
    dismissed. The trial court explained to the jury, “The prior witness Robert Sheckles has
    been discharged and won’t be available for any further questioning by either side.” Tr. p.
    765.
    The State also presented testimony from Robert Fanning who stated that on
    August 26th, he received a call from Sheckles asking him to hold something in exchange
    for marijuana.   Smith, Sheckles, and Robert arrived at Fanning’s house in Smith’s
    father’s truck with Sheckles in the backseat. Robert handed Fanning some gun clips.
    Howard, Shannon’s father, also testified for the State. When asked how he felt
    about the other two people involved in murder receiving immunity in exchange for their
    testimony, he responded, “I really don’t give a d*mn.” Tr. p. 546. When the defense
    objected on relevance grounds, the State conceded the answer was probably irrelevant but
    that eliciting such testimony was “the right thing to do.” 
    Id. at 547.
    The trial court
    permitted Howard to continue: “The only thing I’m worried about is the man that shot
    my daughter and shot [Larry]. He’s the one that I want.” 
    Id. at 548.
    During closing argument, the prosecutor referred to Robert, calling him and
    Sheckles “as tight as they can be, connected at the hip.” Tr. p. 943. Nevertheless, the
    prosecutor pointed out that Robert had not told the jury that Sheckles was not guilty
    despite have “every opportunity” to exculpate Sheckles, noting that “what he didn’t say is
    just as important, or more important as what he did say.” 
    Id. at 943-44.
    Later, in his rebuttal, the prosecutor informed the jury that defense attorneys will
    do “three things[:] Confuse, conceal, and create.” 
    Id. at 990.
    Elaborating, the prosecutor
    9
    told the jury “[i]f both the law and the facts are against you, you throw up smoke and
    mirrors. You just saw an academy award appearance of [Sheckles’s attorney] showing
    you smoke and mirrors and you are smarter than that.” 
    Id. at 1001-02.
    The prosecutor
    also opined that “[i]t’s going to take courage from you to convict this man. Not because
    we didn’t prove the case. This is a scary situation.” 
    Id. at 999-1000.
    Finally, the
    prosecutor asked the jury to put their loved ones in the place of Shannon and to imagine
    that it was one of their loved ones dying a death such as hers.
    The jury received the case on the afternoon of June 6, 2011. Around lunchtime on
    the second day of deliberations, the jury sent out a note with a question. In the presence
    of the attorneys, the trial court read the note aloud, which stated, “[D]oes Ryan Sheckles
    need or have to have the gun in his hand to be guilty as stated in the charges, or according
    to Indiana state law is a person guilty if he participates? We are not lawyers and don’t
    know how to interpret certain instructions.” Tr. p. 1019-20.
    The State and the defense argued back and forth as to how to answer the jury’s
    question. Ultimately, without objection from either party, the trial court returned to the
    jury a note, which read, “A person may be found guilty of murder if he [knowingly or
    intentionally] commits, aids, induces or causes the murder.” 
    Id. at 1037.
    On June 7, 2011, one hour after the trial court sent the jury the above note, the jury
    found Sheckles guilty of two counts of murder – one count for Larry and one count for
    Shannon. On July 21, 2011, the trial court held a sentencing hearing where Sheckles
    argued that his IQ of only 56 should be a mitigating factor. The trial court rejected this
    10
    and found no mitigating factors. In aggravation, the trial court observed that by the age
    of twenty-four, Sheckles had a significant history of delinquent and criminal behavior; he
    had committed a crime of violence, he had been on probation at the time of the murders;
    Shannon was physically infirm at the time of the crime; Sheckles’s behavior after the
    crime, shooting the gun in the air, the disposal of the weapon, and threatening Smith; and
    Sheckles committed the murders in the course of committing the crime of dealing in
    cocaine. The trial court sentenced Sheckles to sixty years imprisonment on each count to
    run consecutively to each other, for an aggregate term of 120 years. Sheckles now
    appeals.
    DISCUSSION AND DECISION
    I. Sufficiency of the Evidence
    Sheckles argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his murder
    convictions either as a principle or as an accomplice and invokes the incredible dubiosity
    rule, contending that Smith’s testimony “was inherently improbable and internally
    contradictory.” Appellant’s Br. p. 13. The standard of review for sufficiency claims is
    well settled; this Court will neither reweigh the evidence nor judge the credibility of
    witnesses. Jackson v. State, 
    925 N.E.2d 369
    , 375 (Ind. 2010), reh’g denied. Rather, we
    will consider only the evidence favorable to the trial court’s verdict and all reasonable
    inferences therefrom. Alvies v. State, 
    905 N.E.2d 57
    , 61 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). We will
    not reverse for insufficient evidence unless no rational fact finder could have found the
    11
    defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Clark v. State, 
    728 N.E.2d 880
    , 887 (Ind.
    Ct. App. 2000).
    Notwithstanding these general principles, the doctrine of incredible dubiosity
    allows a reviewing court to reevaluate the credibility of a witness when “a sole witness
    presents inherently improbable testimony and there is a complete lack of circumstantial
    evidence.” Fajardo v. State, 
    859 N.E.2d 1201
    , 1208 (Ind. 2007). The “[a]pplication of
    this rule is rare and the standard to be applied is whether the testimony is so incredibly
    dubious or inherently improbable that no reasonable person could believe it.” 
    Id. A defendant
    cannot appeal to this exception by merely showing some
    inconsistency or irregularity in a witness’s testimony. Cowan v. State, 
    783 N.E.2d 1270
    ,
    1278 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). Rather, a defendant must show that the witness’s testimony
    “runs counter to human experience” such that no reasonable person could believe it.
    Campbell v. State, 
    732 N.E.2d 197
    , 207 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000). Moreover, the rule does
    not apply when testimony is corroborated by additional witnesses or circumstantial
    evidence. Thompson v. State, 
    765 N.E.2d 1273
    , 1274 (Ind. 2002).
    Sheckles directs us to Sisson v. State, 
    710 N.E.2d 203
    (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), in
    support of his assertion that his convictions should be reversed because Smith’s
    testimony was incredibly dubious. In Sisson, the State’s chief witness testified that
    Sisson was with him and burglarized three 
    homes. 710 N.E.2d at 206
    . On cross-
    examination, however, the witness changed his testimony, stating that Sisson was not
    12
    with him while he burglarized two of the homes. 
    Id. The witness
    also stated that Sisson
    never entered the home but was only present while the third home was burglarized. 
    Id. On appeal,
    a panel of this Court quickly disposed of the State’s argument that the
    incredible dubiosity rule did not apply because the witness’s testimony was not coerced,
    opining, “it applies to inherently contradictory testimony that is either coerced or
    equivocal.” 
    Id. at 207
    (emphases in original). The panel went on to conclude that the
    witness’s testimony was both contradictory and equivocal and that the circumstantial
    evidence, consisting of a footprint, was inconclusive.       
    Id. Consequently, the
    panel
    reversed Sisson’s conviction. 
    Id. at 208.
    In this case, although Smith may have been unsure about some of the details
    surrounding the murders, she was sure that Sheckles shot Larry and in the direction of
    Shannon. Tr. p. 795-96. In addition, there is circumstantial evidence in the instant case
    that was not present in Sisson, namely, portions of Smith’s testimony was corroborated
    by the police investigation, tr. p. 896-902, and Fanning’s testimony regarding Sheckles’s
    desire to get rid of the ammunition.        
    Id. at 724-30.
      Additionally, there was DNA
    evidence that placed Sheckles at the murder scene. 
    Id. at 611.
    This circumstantial
    evidence makes Sheckles’s reliance on the incredible dubiosity rule misplaced. See
    Majors v. State, 
    748 N.E.2d 365
    , 367 (Ind. 2001) (opining “[b]ecause circumstantial
    evidence of Majors’ guilt exists, her reliance on the incredible dubiosity rule is
    misplaced”).
    13
    Notwithstanding the above, Sheckles, in a related argument, maintains that,
    apparently, the jury did not believe Smith’s testimony in light of a note it sent to the trial
    court asking “does Ryan Sheckles need or have to have the gun in his hand to be guilty as
    stated in the charges, or according to Indiana State law is a person guilty if he
    participates?” Tr. p. 1019-20. The State responds that:
    the basis for the jury’s determination of guilt is hidden from examination by
    the fact that the jury was instructed on two basis [sic] of liability. Absent
    any evidence as to the jury’s reasoning, which evidence is never
    admissible, this note is indicative merely that the jury fully engaged in the
    deliberative process.
    Appellee’s Br. p. 15.
    Because Indiana law does not distinguish between a principal and one who aids in
    the commission of an offense, the jury could have convicted Sheckles on proof that he
    aided or was the principal. McNeill v. State, 
    936 N.E.2d 358
    , 360 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010).
    Accordingly, to convict Sheckles of murder, the State was required to show that he
    knowingly or intentionally killed another human being or that he caused Robert to
    knowingly or intentionally kill another human being. Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1(1).
    This Court considers four factors when determining whether the defendant aided
    another in the commission of a crime: (1) defendant’s presence at the scene of the crime;
    (2) his companionship with another engaged in criminal activity; (3) his failure to oppose
    the crime; and (4) his conduct before, during, and after the occurrence of the crime.
    
    McNeill, 936 N.E.2d at 360
    .
    14
    Assuming solely for argument’s sake that the jury believed only a portion of
    Smith’s testimony in light of her apparent confusion, at times, between Sheckles and
    Robert, there was still sufficient evidence to convict Sheckles. Specifically, Sheckles
    was present at the scene of the crime, Sheckles and Robert were together frequently to
    engage in drug dealing, the evidence indicates that Sheckles did not oppose the murders,
    and indeed, there is evidence that he helped to conceal them. Consequently, the evidence
    was sufficient to convict Sheckles under accomplice liability, and this argument fails.
    II. Jury Instruction
    Still focusing on accomplice liability, Sheckles argues that the trial court
    committed fundamental error by giving the jury an additional instruction regarding
    accomplice liability and that the instruction had the effect of instructing the jury that it
    could convict based on conduct that did not constitute proof of guilt. As stated above,
    after the jury began deliberations, it sent a note to the trial court asking “does Ryan
    Sheckles need or have to have the gun in his hand to be guilty as stated in the charges, or
    according to Indiana State law is a person guilty if he participates?” Tr. p. 1019-20.
    The trial court interpreted the question as one of law and determined that an
    additional instruction was necessary, but decided that any instruction that was added
    would be read to the jury in conjunction with all the instructions.         However, after
    extensive discussion with counsel from both parties, the trial court proposed: “Why don’t
    we just send an answer back that says, according to Indiana State Law a person is guilty
    or can be found guilty if he participates in the commission of murder.” Tr. p. 1035. Both
    15
    parties agreed after the answer was reformulated to read: “A person may be found guilty
    of murder if he [knowingly or intentionally] commits, aids, induces or causes the
    murder.” 
    Id. at 1037.
    The jury was given this additional instruction.
    Sheckles directs this Court to Graves v. State, 
    714 N.E.2d 724
    , 727 (Ind. Ct. App.
    1999), where a panel of this Court held that it was error for a trial court to give an
    additional instruction to a jury. In Graves, the trial court was faced with a jury question
    regarding accomplice liability. 
    Id. at 725-26.
    Under Indiana Code section 34-36-1-6 and
    applicable case law, the trial court determined that the jury’s question was a question of
    law that required an additional instruction. 
    Id. at 726.
    Over the defendant’s objection
    and a request that all the jury instructions be reread along with the additional instructions,
    the trial court only read the additional instruction on accomplice liability. 
    Id. Conversely, in
    Downs v. State, 
    656 N.E.2d 849
    , 851 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995), where
    the “[t]he trial court did not reread all of the instructions at the time, by agreement of the
    parties,” this Court held that no error had occurred. 
    Id. at 853.
    In contrasting the two
    cases, in Graves, this Court held that the facts there differed from those in Downs in
    pertinent part, noting that
    the State overlooks the fact that in Downs, the parties agreed that the trial
    court did not have to re-read all of the instructions. The facts in the present
    case are obviously very different where the defendant strenuously objected
    to the court providing any additional instructions to the jury, as well as to
    providing an additional instruction without re-reading the entire set of final
    instructions. We find that Downs is distinguishable from the case at bar
    and therefore not controlling.
    
    Graves, 714 N.E.2d at 726
    .
    16
    Here, both parties agreed with the trial court that the jury needed an additional
    instruction and that neither party objected to the trial court’s proposed solution of simply
    sending back a brief additional instruction. As such, Sheckles has waived any claim of
    error. See Godby v. State, 
    736 N.E.2d 252
    , 257 (Ind. 2000) (holding that since the
    defendant agreed to how the trial court responded to the jury’s questions during
    deliberations, he cannot claim error on appeal).
    Nevertheless, Sheckles claims that the trial court committed fundamental error,
    inasmuch as it failed to define “participation.” More particularly, Sheckles points out
    that the trial court failed to sufficiently inform the jury that passive conduct did not
    constitute “participation” and, therefore, could not have resulted in a conviction.
    Even assuming solely for argument’s sake that the trial court erred by failing to
    define “participation,” the error was harmless. An error is harmless if the error did not
    affect the substantial rights of the defendant. Gantt v. State, 
    825 N.E.2d 874
    , 879 (Ind.
    Ct. App. 2005). Here, the jury did not understand the accomplice liability instruction,
    and the trial court responded, addressing only their claimed point of confusion. The trial
    court’s response was specific to their question and did not bring an undue emphasis to the
    instruction. It is also noteworthy that the jury had access to all the instructions and could
    read them during deliberations. Tr. p. 1002 (trial court sent four copies of the final
    instructions into the jury room during deliberations). In other words, the jury was not
    dependent upon the trial court to reread the instructions.        Therefore any error was
    harmless, and this argument fails.
    17
    III. Prosecutorial Misconduct
    Sheckles argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct during closing
    argument by: (1) recruiting the jury as an arm of law enforcement and urging it to
    perform its job by convicting Sheckles; (2) tainting the jury’s view of defense counsel;
    (3) telling the jury to imagine that their loved ones were the victims of the crime; (4)
    urging the jury to convict on facts not in evidence.
    In reviewing a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, this Court employs a two-step
    analysis. Reynolds v. State, 
    797 N.E.2d 864
    , 868 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). First, we
    consider whether the prosecutor engaged in misconduct. 
    Id. If so,
    then we consider
    whether, in light of all the circumstances, the misconduct placed the defendant in a
    position of grave peril to which he should not have been subjected. Surber v. State, 
    884 N.E.2d 856
    , 865 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). “The gravity of peril is measured by the probable
    persuasive effect of the misconduct on the jury’s decision rather than the degree of
    impropriety of the conduct.” 
    Id. Because Sheckles
    failed to object to any of the prosecutor’s comments, he has
    waived his claims on appeal. See Lainhart v. State, 
    916 N.E.2d 924
    , 931 (Ind. Ct. App.
    2009) (stating that to preserve a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, a defendant must not
    only contemporaneously object, but also request an admonishment and if the
    admonishment is insufficient, then he must request a mistrial).
    Waiver notwithstanding, Sheckles proceeds on a theory of fundamental error.
    Fundamental error is an extremely narrow exception that permits a defendant to avoid
    18
    waiver of an issue; for prosecutorial conduct to amount to fundamental error, it must have
    been so prejudicial to the rights of the defendant as to make a fair trial impossible.
    Cowan v. State, 
    783 N.E.2d 1270
    , 1277 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). “A review of the totality of
    the circumstances and a determination whether the error had a substantial influence upon
    the outcome are required.” 
    Id. Moreover, Sheckles’s
    arguments are based on statements made during closing
    argument. During a closing argument, an attorney may argue any reasonable inference or
    logical conclusion that may be drawn from the admitted evidence. Cooper v. State, 
    854 N.E.2d 831
    , 835-37 (Ind. 2006). Additionally, attorneys may argue for any logical or
    reasonable conclusion consistent with the attorney’s theory of the case and may suggest
    conclusions with regard to the opposing party’s theory of the case. Bennett v. State, 
    423 N.E.2d 588
    , 592 (Ind. 1981).
    Here, during closing argument, the prosecutor stated: “It’s going to take courage
    from you to convict this man. Not because we didn’t prove the case. This is a scary
    situation.” Tr. p. 999-1000. The prosecutor urged the jury to have the courage to convict
    Sheckles, a “dog” of a human being who committed two murders. 
    Id. at 999,
    1001.
    Sheckles contends that these statements had the effect of putting the jury on the
    prosecutorial team.
    Additionally, the prosecutor argued that the defense sought only to “[c]onfuse,
    conceal, and create,” which amounted to an “academy award” performance of “smoke
    19
    and mirrors.” Tr. p. 990; 1001. Sheckles asserts that this improperly denigrated defense
    counsel.
    Discussing in detail what the victim, Shannon Morrow, must have suffered after
    being shot, the prosecutor stated:
    She made it to the house. She calls, and this one I have to agree with Ms.
    Culotta, can you imagine something like this or anything happened to your
    children or your grandchildren, your loved one and you get sent to
    Louisville and they don’t know who you are or where you are, and the
    clock’s ticking, she’s packing three rounds of exit wounds. She has been
    shot through and through. She is bleeding and she will eventually die one
    of the most horrendous deaths you can imagine and we don’t even have or
    we can’t even give an autopsy picture for you.
    Tr. p. 998. Sheckles maintains that this improperly invoked sympathy for the victim.
    Sheckles’s final claim of prosecutorial misconduct focuses on the prosecutor’s
    argument that because Robert did not testify that Sheckles did not commit the murders,
    he must have knowledge that he did commit them.
    While the State acknowledges that some of the prosecutor’s comments were
    inappropriate, namely, the comments denigrating defense counsel, it maintains that they
    did not amount to fundamental error. We agree with the State on both points. Indeed,
    although we are quite disappointed in the prosecutor’s tenor, the comments did not
    amount to reversible error, inasmuch as Sheckles was not denied a fair trial. See 
    Cowan, 783 N.E.2d at 1277
    (holding that for prosecutorial misconduct to amount to fundamental
    error, it must have been so prejudicial to the rights of the defendant to make a fair trial
    impossible). Accordingly, this argument fails.
    20
    IV. Admission of Evidence
    Sheckles argues that fundamental error resulted from the admission of non-
    eyewitness opinion testimony that Sheckles was the shooter and the trial court’s failure to
    exert adequate control over Robert Sheckles. The State counters that the trial court
    properly admitted relevant evidence.
    Trial courts are given broad discretion in determining whether to admit or exclude
    evidence, and we review evidentiary determinations only for an abuse of that discretion.
    Conrad v. State, 
    938 N.E.2d 852
    , 855 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). An abuse of discretion
    occurs when a trial court’s ruling is clearly against the facts and circumstances before it.
    Oatts v. State, 
    899 N.E.2d 714
    , 719 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). Furthermore, an evidentiary
    error may not support reversal of a conviction unless the error affected the defendant’s
    substantial rights. 
    Id. Insofar as
    Sheckles concedes that he did not object to the admission of the
    evidence on the grounds he now claims was error, he argues that its admission was
    fundamental error. As stated above, fundamental error is a very narrow doctrine and is
    defined as error so prejudicial that the defendant is denied fundamental due process.
    Mathews v. State, 
    849 N.E.2d 578
    , 587 (Ind. 2006).
    A. Connison Howard’s Testimony
    As discussed above, Howard, Shannon’s father, was asked at trial how he felt
    about Smith and Robert, who were given immunity in exchange for their testimony.
    Sheckles objected on relevancy grounds, but the trial court permitted Howard to answer:
    21
    “I really don’t give a d*mn about the other two people that you all give immunity to. The
    only thing I’m worried about is the man that shot my daughter and shot [Larry]. He’s the
    one that I want.” Tr. p. 548.
    Sheckles challenges this statement as improper opinion evidence, inasmuch as
    Howard was not an eyewitness to the murders. Sheckles emphasizes that the light in
    which to view Howard’s statements is that he did not care about Smith and Robert, to
    whom immunity had been granted. Rather, Howard was concerned only with the shooter,
    who was on trial. Sheckles further explains that this “can only mean that he was telling
    the jury that [Sheckles] was guilty, and to convict [Sheckles] and give him what he
    deserved.” Appellant’s Br. p. 35.
    Here, Howard’s statements were improper opinion testimony, insofar as there was
    no foundation to support a finding that Howard had personal knowledge regarding the
    identity of the shooter. See Ind. Rules of Evid. 602 & 701 (providing that evidence must
    be introduced that the witness has personal knowledge of the matter and that lay
    witnesses may only give opinion testimony that is rationally based on the perception of
    the witness). Nevertheless, “[t]he improper admission of evidence is harmless error when
    the conviction is supported by such substantial independent evidence of guilt as to satisfy
    the reviewing court that there is no substantial likelihood that the questioned evidence
    contributed to the conviction.” Lafayette v. State, 
    917 N.E.2d 660
    , 666 (Ind. 2009).
    Here, Smith testified that Sheckles was the shooter. Tr. p. 795-96. Additionally,
    Sheckles’s DNA was found at the murder scene, and he engaged in corroborating acts
    22
    after the murders had been committed. 
    Id. at 611;
    724-30. Consequently, the admission
    of Howard’s testimony did not amount to fundamental error.
    B. Robert’s Conduct
    As stated above, at trial, the State put Robert on the stand, believing that he would
    testify pursuant to a plea agreement and a grant of immunity. Robert took the stand and
    testified that he had a plea agreement and would testify truthfully. However, Robert
    unexpectedly refused to testify; and, with a myriad of profanities, declared that he would
    not testify, that he was forced to sign a statement, and that did not recognize his plea
    agreement. Robert attempted to leave the courtroom several times before the trial court
    sent the jury out of the courtroom.
    Sheckles argues that fundamental error resulted when the trial court failed to
    “remove the jury promptly upon the first sign of trouble” and to admonish the jury after
    afterwards. Appellant’s Br. p. 35. Sheckles claims that this error was compounded when
    the prosecutor linked Robert and Sheckles during closing argument by stating that they
    were “as tight as they can be.” Tr. p. 943.
    Sheckles directs this Court to Illinois v. Allen, 
    397 U.S. 337
    (1970), in support of
    his argument that Robert’s disregard of courtroom decorum deprived him of a fair trial.
    The Allen Court held that when faced with an unruly defendant, there are at least three
    constitutionally permissible ways to handle the situation and still preserve a defendant’s
    right to be present at his own trial: (1) bind and gag him, thereby keeping him present;
    23
    (2) cite him for contempt; (3) take him out of the courtroom until he promises to conduct
    himself properly. 
    Id. at 344-45.
    Here, unlike in Allen, it was a witness, rather than the defendant, who was unruly;
    and the trial court attempted to calm him down and restore order, but finally removed the
    jury from the courtroom when he could not be persuaded to act with decorum. Because
    Robert was to be a witness for the State, his sudden refusal to testify was a setback for the
    State. Accordingly, this case is unlike Allen, and no fundamental error occurred on this
    basis.
    As for the prosecutor’s statements during closing argument, fair comment on the
    evidence is acceptable during closing argument. Coleman v. State, 
    946 N.E.2d 1160
    ,
    1167 (Ind. 2011). In this case, the prosecutor’s statements are supported by Smith’s
    testimony that she hardly ever saw Robert without seeing Sheckles.              Tr. p. 773.
    Consequently, this also argument fails.
    V. Failure to Allow Impeachment
    Sheckles argues that the trial court’s failure to allow him to cross-examine Smith
    on her arrest for giving false information was an improper restriction on his right to
    confrontation under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I,
    Section 13 of the Indiana Constitution. As stated above, trial courts are given broad
    discretion in determining whether to admit or exclude evidence, and appellate courts
    review evidentiary determinations by trial courts only for an abuse of discretion. 
    Conrad, 938 N.E.2d at 855
    .
    24
    A “criminal history [] offered as general impeachment of character” is not
    permitted under the Rules of Evidence unless the criminal history consists of certain
    crimes reduced to convictions. Hatchett v. State, 
    503 N.E.2d 398
    , 404 (Ind. 1987).
    Nevertheless, disallowing evidence of bias or motive to lie on the part of a witness can
    deprive a defendant of his Sixth Amendment right to confrontation. Hendricks v. State,
    
    554 N.E.2d 1140
    , 1143 (Ind. Ct. App. 1990), aff’d in pertinent part, 
    562 N.E.2d 725
    , 729
    (Ind. 1990).
    Notwithstanding a criminal defendant’s general right to cross-examine the
    witnesses against him, The Confrontation Clause guarantees an opportunity for effective
    cross-examination rather than to cross-examination that is effective as the defense defines
    it. 
    Oatts, 899 N.E.2d at 722
    . Additionally, violations of the right to cross-examine are
    subject to harmless error analysis. Smith v. State, 
    721 N.E.2d 213
    , 219 (Ind. 1999).
    Here, Smith’s credibility was impeached by her other conviction for shoplifting or
    conversion, her pending charges of battery and possession of a controlled substance, and
    the plea agreement under which she was testifying. Therefore, any error in the trial
    court’s refusal to permit the defense to cross-examine Smith on her arrest for giving false
    information was harmless error.
    VI. Sentence
    Sheckles challenges the 120-year sentence that was imposed following his
    convictions. Although Sheckles frames his argument as a Rule 7(B) challenge, the
    25
    substance of his argument is that the trial court abused its discretion for failing to find his
    below-average intelligence as evidenced by his low IQ of 56 as a mitigating factor.
    Sentencing decisions rest within the trial court’s sound discretion and are reviewed
    on appeal only for an abuse of that discretion. Anglemyer v. State, 
    868 N.E.2d 482
    , 490
    (Ind. 2007), clarified on reh’g, 
    875 N.E.2d 218
    (2007). Trial courts are required to enter
    sentencing statements whenever imposing a sentence for a felony 
    offense. 868 N.E.2d at 490
    . The statement must include a reasonably detailed recitation of the trial court’s
    reasons for imposing a particular sentence. 
    Id. If the
    recitation includes the finding of
    aggravating or mitigating circumstances, then the statement must identify all significant
    mitigating and aggravating factors and explain why each circumstance has been
    determined to be mitigating or aggravating. 
    Id. A trial
    court may abuse its discretion by
    entering a sentencing statement that includes reasons for imposing a sentence not
    supported by the record, omits reasons clearly supported by the record, or includes
    reasons that are improper as a matter of law. 
    Id. at 490-91.
    Sheckles directs this Court to Young v. State, 
    696 N.E.2d 386
    (Ind. 1998), in
    support of his argument that the trial court abused its discretion when it failed to consider
    his intellectual capacity when it sentenced him. In Young, our Supreme Court noted that
    the trial court had determined that the defendant could not be sentenced to life in prison
    without the possibility of parole because he functioned with the mental capacity of a
    child. 
    Id. at 391.
    Nevertheless, the trial court had sentenced the defendant to 195 years,
    which our Supreme Court opined “virtually imposed life without parole anyway.” 
    Id. at 26
    392. Moreover, the Young Court stated that “the trial court should have given this
    mitigator some weight in the sentence.” 
    Id. In response,
    the State directs this Court to Jimmerson v. State, 
    751 N.E.2d 719
    (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), where a panel of this Court compared a claim of alleged limited
    intellectual capacity as a mitigating circumstance to a claim of mental illness. 
    Id. at 725.
    The panel then reiterated the considerations that bear on the weight that should be given
    to mental illness, and by comparison, limited intellectual capacity, in sentencing
    including: (1) the extent of the defendant’s inability to control his behavior due to the
    disorder or impairment; (2) overall limitations on functioning; (3) the duration of the
    mental illness; and (4) the extent of any nexus between the disorder or impairment and
    the commission of the crime. 
    Id. Moreover, “a
    court does not err in failing to find
    mitigation when a mitigation claim is ‘highly disputable in nature, weight, or
    significance.’” 
    Id. (quoting Smith
    v. State, 
    670 N.E.2d 7
    , 8 (Ind. 1996)).
    This case can be distinguished from Young.         In Young, our Supreme Court
    pointed out that Young functioned with the mental capacity of a child, and even more
    compelling, the trial court determined that Young was mentally retarded pursuant to
    Indiana Code section 
    35-36-9-2. 696 N.E.2d at 391
    .
    By contrast, the only evidence that Sheckles was mentally challenged was an IQ
    test that he took at the age of thirteen when his school behavior was “characterized by
    acting out/aggressive type behaviors.” PSI Supp. p. 7. Moreover, there is no indication
    in the record that Sheckles’s lowered IQ has rendered him incapable of normal
    27
    functioning. Accordingly, Sheckles has failed to establish a nexus between his alleged
    diminished intellectual capacity and his crime. Consequently, the trial court did not err
    by not considering Sheckles’s lowered IQ a mitigating circumstance, and we affirm the
    decision of the trial court.
    The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
    DARDEN, J., and KIRSCH, J., concur.
    28