Indiana High School Athletic Association, Inc. v. Gregory S. Schafer and Shane Schafer b/n/f Gregory S. Schafer ( 2013 )


Menu:
  • FOR PUBLICATION
    ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                        ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES:
    ROBERT M. BAKER III                            TIMOTHY S. SCHAFER
    Law Office of Robert M. Baker III              Schafer and Schafer
    Indianapolis, Indiana                          Merrillville, Indiana
    Dec 17 2013, 9:35 am
    IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
    INDIANA HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETIC         )
    ASSOCIATION, INC.,                   )
    )
    Appellant-Defendant,          )
    )
    vs.                    )              No. 37A03-1303-CP-86
    )
    GREGORY S. SCHAFER and SHANE SCHAFER )
    b/n/f GREGORY S. SCHAFER,            )
    )
    Appellees-Plaintiffs.         )
    APPEAL FROM THE JASPER CIRCUIT COURT
    The Honorable Daniel J. Molter, Special Judge
    Cause No. 37C01-9111-CP-236
    December 17, 2013
    OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION
    SHEPARD, Senior Judge
    A trial court may award attorney’s fees when a party continues to litigate the case
    after the party’s claims have become frivolous, unreasonable, or groundless. Here, the
    trial court ordered fees after finding that the litigation conduct by the Indiana High
    School Athletic Association in trying to prevent a student from playing for his school
    demonstrated all three of these.
    We conclude that, at the least, the trial court was within its discretion to hold that
    the course of conduct by IHSAA was “unreasonable” and that it could consider the
    multiple rulings adverse to IHSAA in reaching that decision.
    We thus affirm the imposition of fees.
    FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
    During the 1990-91 school year, Shane Schafer was a junior at Andrean High
    School in Merrillville, Indiana. He played on the basketball team. Shane withdrew from
    school during the spring semester, suffering from a severe, chronic sinus infection for
    several months. It required several surgeries to correct. Shane’s medical condition had
    hampered his academic performance during the fall and spring semesters. Andrean did
    not give Shane grades for his spring classes and permitted him to repeat his junior year in
    the 1991-92 school year.
    In June 1991, Shane asked IHSAA to rule that the 1990-91 school year would not
    count against his eligibility to play interscholastic basketball. IHSAA did not dispute that
    Shane’s medical condition was genuine and had caused his academic difficulties. It
    nevertheless denied Shane’s request, citing IHSAA Rule 12. Assistant Commissioner
    2
    Ray Craft advised Andrean officials that any administrative appeal would be “fruitless”
    because IHSAA’s Executive Committee, which would consider the appeal, lacked
    authority to set aside the rule. Appellees’ App. p. 48.
    Nevertheless, Shane and his parents appealed through IHSAA’s process. After
    Shane and his parents filed the appeal, IHSAA officials informed them that IHSAA Rule
    18 also barred Shane from participating in athletics for the fall 1991 semester.
    On October 18, 1991, IHSAA’s Executive Committee upheld the decision of the
    commissioner that, under Rule 12, the 1990-91 school year would count against Shane’s
    eligibility to play high school basketball.
    On November 12, 1991, Shane, by his father Gregory Schafer, filed suit in the
    Lake Superior Court, seeking review of IHSAA’s rulings, injunctive relief, and damages.
    The next day, the trial court issued an ex parte temporary restraining order allowing
    Shane to play basketball during the fall semester. On November 15, 1991, IHSAA’s
    Executive Committee affirmed the commissioner’s ruling that Rule 18 was a second
    reason Shane was ineligible during the fall 1991 semester. Shane did not play basketball
    at Andrean that fall.
    On November 19, 1991, after a hearing attended by both parties, the court
    dissolved the TRO. It declined to enter a temporary injunction, determining that Shane
    “appears to be entitled to take part in athletic competition beginning in the second
    semester at Andrean in January of 1992; but there exists no emergency for the granting of
    3
    a temporary restraining order or temporary injunction at this time.” Appellant’s App. p.
    71.
    Next, the case was venued to the Jasper Circuit Court at IHSAA’s request. Special
    Judge Raymond Kickbush held a hearing and, in a January 9, 1992 order, determined that
    IHSAA’s rules, as applied to Shane, were “arbitrary and capricious” and had resulted in
    an “absurdity.” Id. at 93. Consequently, the court enjoined IHSAA from barring Shane’s
    participation in interscholastic athletics. It withheld action on the Schafers’ claim for
    damages.
    The court certified its order for interlocutory appeal, at IHSAA’s request. The
    Court of Appeals accepted the appeal. While the appeal was pending, the trial court and
    the Court of Appeals both denied IHSAA motions to stay the trial court’s injunction.
    IHSAA also moved the trial court to modify or stay its injunction to prevent Shane from
    playing sports during the fall 1992 semester. The court denied IHSAA’s request on
    August 14, 1992.
    This Court issued a decision on August 24, 1992, largely affirming the trial court’s
    grant of injunctive relief. Ind. High Sch. Athletic Ass’n v. Schafer (Schafer I), 
    598 N.E.2d 540
     (Ind. Ct. App. 1992), trans. denied. Our panel held that the trial court properly
    concluded that IHSAA Rule 18 was arbitrary and capricious as applied to Shane.
    However, the Court also concluded that the injunction was overly broad and remanded
    for issuance of a more narrowly tailored injunction, including “an endpoint for [Shane’s]
    eligibility.” 
    Id. at 558
    .
    4
    During this remand, IHSAA again moved to amend the injunction, asserting that
    Shane had exhausted his eligibility and could not play in the 1992-93 year. In response
    to the Court of Appeals’ opinion and IHSAA’s motion, the trial court enjoined IHSAA
    from barring Shane during the 1992-93 year and from taking any action against Andrean
    as a result of Shane’s participation in basketball.
    On December 16, 1992, the Indiana Supreme Court denied IHSAA’s petition for
    transfer in Schafer I, ending that appeal.
    The trial court subsequently held a jury trial on the Schafers’ claims for damages,
    and IHSAA prevailed on those claims.
    The Schafers then requested a hearing on their request for attorney’s fees, relying
    1
    on Indiana Code section 34-52-1-1 (1998) and separately on IHSAA’s alleged abuse of
    process in opposing injunctive relief. The court heard the fee matter in November 1996.
    The case was subsequently transferred among several different judges, ultimately arriving
    before Special Judge Daniel J. Molter. In 2003, Judge Molter awarded the Schafers fees
    of $86,231.25. The award covered legal work performed during about thirteen months in
    1991-1992, from the Lake Superior Court’s denial of the Schafers’ request for a
    preliminary injunction through the Supreme Court’s denial of transfer in Schafer I. The
    court’s award was based entirely on Indiana Code section 34-52-1-1.
    The fee award did not become final until 2008, when the Schafers dismissed their
    allegation of abuse of process. IHSAA appealed the fee award, and a panel of this Court
    1
    At that time, the statute was codified as Indiana Code section 34-1-32-1.
    5
    reversed. Ind. High Sch. Athletic Ass’n v. Schafer (Schafer II), 
    913 N.E.2d 789
     (Ind. Ct.
    App. 2009). The panel concluded that the trial court had not made sufficient findings of
    fact to support the fee award. Rather than reverse outright, the panel remanded for
    further proceedings, determining “the findings in this case are currently insufficient to
    support the judgment, but . . . it appears the evidence in the record might.” 
    Id. at 798
    .
    Subsequently, the trial court issued a new order, again awarding $86,231.25. This appeal
    followed.
    ISSUE
    IHSAA now challenges both the trial court’s findings of fact and its determination
    that IHSAA’s approach to defending against the request for injunctive relief had been
    unreasonable.
    DISCUSSION AND DECISION
    Indiana adheres to the American rule that a party must generally pay his or her
    own attorney’s fees absent an agreement between the parties, a statute, or other rule to the
    contrary. R.L. Turner Corp. v. Town of Brownsburg, 
    963 N.E.2d 453
    , 458 (Ind. 2012).
    Indiana Code section 34-52-1-1(b) provides an exception:
    In any civil action, the court may award attorney’s fees as part of the cost to
    the prevailing party, if the court finds that either party:
    (1) brought the action or defense on a claim or defense that is
    frivolous, unreasonable, or groundless;
    (2) continued to litigate the action or defense after the party’s claim
    or defense clearly became frivolous, unreasonable, or groundless; or
    6
    (3) litigated the action in bad faith.
    The trial court cited subsection (b)(2) of the rule in awarding fees, determining that
    IHSAA continued to attempt to bar Shane from playing basketball after its defenses
    clearly became frivolous, unreasonable, or groundless.
    IHSAA had asked the trial court to issue special findings and conclusions pursuant
    to Indiana Trial Rule 52(A). Our standard of review for special findings awarding
    attorney’s fees under Indiana Code section 34-52-1-1 is as follows:
    We first review the trial court’s findings under a clearly erroneous standard.
    In reviewing the findings of fact, we neither reweigh the evidence nor judge
    witness credibility, but rather we review only the evidence and reasonable
    inferences drawn therefrom that support the trial court’s findings and
    decision. In reviewing under the clearly erroneous standard, we will not
    reverse unless we are left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake
    has been made. The second step is to review de novo the trial court’s legal
    conclusions. And finally, the third step of our appellate review is to review
    the trial court’s decision to award fees and the amount thereof under an
    abuse of discretion standard.
    Neu v. Gibson, 
    968 N.E.2d 262
    , 278 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (citations and quotation
    omitted), trans. denied.
    Challenges to the Findings
    IHSAA argues that the trial court’s special findings are unsupported by the
    evidence. We address the most viable contentions.
    “Litany of Adverse Rulings.”        IHSAA challenges the court’s statements that
    “various appeals and requests for stays have been resolved in favor of Shane” and that
    7
    there were “a litany of adverse court rulings against the IHSAA.” Appellant’s App. pp.
    14, 16.
    The trial court did indeed cite the numerous rulings the Schafers won against
    IHSAA. The record establishes: (1) the Lake Superior Court granted the Schafers an ex
    parte TRO ordering IHSAA not to bar Shane from playing; (2) the same court later
    declined to issue temporary injunctive relief, but only because it deemed such relief
    unnecessary at that time, inasmuch as Shane “appears to be entitled to take part in athletic
    competition beginning in the second semester at Andrean in January of 1992,” id. at 72;
    (3) the Jasper Circuit Court granted the Schafers injunctive relief, determining IHSAA’s
    rules, as applied to Shane, were “arbitrary and capricious” and produced an “absurdity,”
    id. at 94; (4) the trial court and the Court of Appeals both declined to grant a stay pending
    IHSAA’s appeal in Schafer I; (5) while the appeal was pending, the trial court denied
    IHSAA’s request to modify the injunction to bar Shane from playing sports during the
    fall 1992 semester; (6) the Court of Appeals largely upheld the trial court’s injunction,
    determining that IHSAA’s application of Rule 18 was arbitrary and capricious; and (7)
    after the Court of Appeals remanded with instructions to establish an endpoint for the
    injunction, but while transfer was still pending, the trial court rejected a new IHSAA
    argument that Shane had exhausted his eligibility for the 1992-93 year.
    This evidence supports the trial court’s findings that the Schafers consistently
    prevailed at the trial court and on appeal during the period for which fees have been
    ordered. Many of these were not simple adverse rulings, but rather judicial declarations
    8
    so striking as to support a conclusion that IHSAA’s course of defense was
    “unreasonable.”
    “IHSAA on Notice.” IHSAA challenges the court’s finding that it had previously
    “been made aware of potential inequities or concerns with the interpretation and/or
    application of Rule 18.5,” and had been told in another case that “Rule 18.5 in its present
    form does not promote wholesome amateur athletics.” Id. at 15.
    Finding that IHSAA was aware of prior inequalities arising out of application of
    Rule 18, the trial court cited a federal case, Anderson v. Indiana High School Athletic
    Association, 
    699 F. Supp. 719
     (S.D. Ind. 1988). IHSAA correctly notes that Rule 18 was
    not at issue in that case and that the student did not prevail on her constitutional claim for
    injunctive relief (because the court determined that IHSAA’s decision was not state
    action). Still, Anderson stands for the proposition that IHSAA must consider and avoid
    potentially unconstitutional applications of its rules. In that case, the student transferred
    from one school to another and sought to play volleyball. It was undisputed that the
    transfer was not undertaken for athletic reasons and was not academically improper.
    Nevertheless, IHSAA suspended Anderson from interscholastic competition for 365 days
    pursuant to its Rule 19.
    The federal district court noted that the rule in question provided no exceptions
    and concluded that the rule was arbitrary and capricious because “all students are covered
    by a blanket classification which has no relationship to whether a particular student’s
    reasons for changing schools are athletic.” 
    Id. at 730
    . It further stated that in the absence
    9
    of an opportunity for an individual applicant “to demonstrate the harmless effect of its
    request,” the rule “is unfair, lacks sensitivity” and lacks “provision for the application of
    common sense and reasonableness.” 
    Id. at 731
    . The court concluded that applying the
    rule in those circumstances did not promote healthy amateur athletics.
    The Anderson decision notified IHSAA that where it applies its rules to bar a
    student from competition regardless of whether the student is acting in good faith, and
    without providing an opportunity to demonstrate the harmlessness of a requested
    exemption, IHSAA risks having its decisions deemed unconstitutionally arbitrary and
    capricious. We conclude the Anderson decision supports the trial court’s finding that
    IHSAA was on notice as to the implications of its eligibility decisions.
    “Absurd and Devoid.”       IHSAA also challenges the court’s findings that
    “evidentiary hearings and subsequent rulings clearly illustrated the ‘absurdity’ of the
    position undertaken,” and that IHSAA’s positions “were found to be devoid of good logic
    and did not promote the true intended purpose of the rules in place.” Appellant’s App. at
    16-17.
    IHSAA has never disputed that Shane suffered from a serious medical condition
    that hampered his academic performance in the 1990-91 year and caused him to
    withdraw from school. Likewise, IHSAA has never disputed that Shane had sufficiently
    recovered from his medical condition to both fulfill his academic requirements and play
    basketball during 1991-92. IHSAA Commissioner Eugene Cato testified that, if he
    10
    considered Shane as an individual, he “would declare him eligible.” Appellees’ App. p.
    57.
    Nevertheless, IHSAA persisted in attempting to strip Shane of a year of eligibility
    and prevent him from playing basketball not only in the 1991-92 year, but in the
    following year as well. After declaring ahead of time that any appeal of its determination
    under Rule 12 would be “fruitless,” IHSAA invoked Rule 18 in attempting to bar Shane
    from playing. As for causing delay when time was of the essence in obtaining judicial
    review of IHSAA’s decisions, IHSAA delayed a determination of the Schafers’ claims by
    seeking a change of venue during an injunctive matter and unsuccessfully requesting to
    postpone a hearing on injunctive relief. Finally, after the trial court and the Schafer I
    court clearly declared that IHSAA’s attempts to limit Shane’s eligibility were arbitrary
    and capricious, IHSAA again asked the trial court to determine that Shane had exhausted
    his eligibility and could not play interscholastic basketball during the 1992-93 school
    year. While some of these actions standing alone might not support the trial court’s
    findings, they did not happen alone. The pattern of activities supports the trial court.
    “Vindictiveness.” IHSAA challenges the trial court’s finding that it acted with
    vindictive purpose, which the court deemed demonstrated when Commissioner Cato
    testified “I don’t know” when asked why IHSAA appealed Judge Kickbush’s grant of
    injunctive relief. Id. at 17.
    After the Schafers prevailed in the trial court, Commissioner Cato decided to
    appeal. Later asked why he decided to appeal, the commissioner answered, “I don’t
    11
    know.” Appellees’ App. p. 116. To be sure, this answer is hardly a smoking gun proving
    vindictiveness, but we do think a reasonable finder of fact could infer that IHSAA
    intended to defeat the Schafers by drawing out the litigation process and possibly
    mooting the question of Shane’s eligibility.
    We conclude that the evidence supports the trial court’s special findings.
    Abuse of Discretion
    Next, IHSAA contends that the trial court’s decision to award fees was an abuse of
    2
    discretion.       Noting that the court’s award relied on Indiana Code section 34-52-1-
    1(b)(2), which addresses continued litigation by a party after the party’s claim or defense
    clearly became frivolous, unreasonable, or groundless, IHSAA claims that events
    occurring before the Schafers filed this lawsuit are irrelevant.
    Subsection (b)(2) contemplates an examination of the legal and factual basis of a
    claim and the arguments advanced in support thereof. Kahn v. Cundiff, 
    533 N.E.2d 164
    ,
    171 (Ind. Ct. App. 1989), aff’d, 
    543 N.E.2d 627
     (Ind. 1989). Events occurring before a
    lawsuit are part of the legal and factual basis for a claim, and we see no reason to exclude
    such events when considering a fee award. While the panel in Schafer II opined that
    various judicial conclusions (like the “absurdity of the application of this rule” to Shane),
    when declared without reference to particular facts, could not support the fee award, the
    underlying facts surrounding the course of litigation must surely be relevant.
    2
    IHSAA does not challenge the amount of the award.
    12
    Here, IHSAA had no reason to believe that Shane was faking his medical
    condition. It was also on notice, per the Anderson decision, that its decisions as to
    eligibility could be found arbitrary and capricious where it did not allow students to seek
    good-faith exceptions. Nevertheless, IHSAA officials told Andrean officials that any
    appeal of the decision under Rule 12 would be “fruitless” and, when the Schafers
    appealed, lifted up Rule 18 to further bar Shane’s participation in athletics.
    IHSAA also argues that the record merely shows that it lost its case, and
    unfavorable rulings alone are insufficient proof of a frivolous, unreasonable, or
    groundless defense. It shows more than that.
    A claim or defense is “groundless” if no facts exist which support the legal claim
    presented by the losing party. Alaska Seaboard Partners, Ltd. v. Hood, 
    949 N.E.2d 1247
    ,
    1256 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). The Commissioner’s inability to describe any reason for
    appealing the trial court’s grant of the injunction does suggest “groundlessness.”
    Furthermore, a claim or defense is “unreasonable” if, based on the totality of the
    circumstances, including the law and the facts known at the time of filing, no reasonable
    attorney would consider that the claim or defense was worthy of litigation. 
    Id. at 1255
    .
    Here, IHSAA continued to argue for barring Shane even after both the trial court and this
    Court had rejected its effort to do so. We cannot say that the trial court erred by
    identifying IHSAA’s continuing litigation as unreasonable.
    As if to provide an additional illustration of this pattern, IHSAA in this third
    appeal challenges the validity of the decision in Schafer I, noting that Schafer I cited to
    13
    Sturrup v. Mahan, 
    261 Ind. 463
    , 
    305 N.E.2d 877
     (1974), subsequently overruled by
    Indiana High School Athletic Association v. Carlberg, 
    694 N.E.2d 222
    , 239 (Ind. 1997).
    In considering whether IHSAA continued to litigate after its defense clearly became
    frivolous, unreasonable, or groundless, we think it sound to consider the facts and
    precedent that were in effect when IHSAA made its decision, not changes in the law that
    occurred years later.
    Finally, we are not the first appellate court to take notice of IHSAA’s arbitrary and
    capricious decision-making toward the Schafers. Such decision-making can result in
    substantial harm to the individual student-athletes the rules are intended to serve. The
    Schafer I court pointed out the absurdity resulting from IHSAA’s positions in this case as
    follows:
    The trial court found this case to present a student who decided, after
    consulting with his parents and school officials, to repeat his junior year in
    high school because a chronic but undiagnosed illness may have hampered
    his academic performance in college preparatory courses. All the evidence
    on the point showed the decision reflected a judgment that repeating was in
    the student’s best interest academically. There was no evidence that
    repeating was intended to circumvent Rule 18 by allowing the student an
    easy ride in repeated courses so that he could turn his full attention to
    developing his basketball prowess. Yet, IHSAA deprived the student of
    eligibility for athletics on the basis of a rule that purportedly seeks to
    “upgrade student academic performance.” That Schafer ended up repeating
    his junior year coursework flowed more from his illness than from any
    attempt to gain an advantage in sports competition.
    
    598 N.E.2d at 554
    . Similarly, the Schafer II panel stated its disapproval of IHSAA’s
    tactics, quoting a prior decision that turned on a fee award due to IHSAA litigation
    tactics:
    14
    We share the trial court’s concern that the IHSAA may have been
    motivated to run up fees and expenses during the course of this litigation.
    We further fear that the IHSAA might wish to send a message to parents
    and student athletes in Indiana about the great risk and expense involved in
    challenging a ruling, and thus discourage them from appealing a denial of
    eligibility.
    
    913 N.E.2d at 796-97
     (quoting Ind. High Sch. Athletic Ass’n v. Vasario, 
    726 N.E.2d 325
    ,
    335 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000), trans. denied). Such were the views of the appellate judges in
    Vasario who granted IHSAA partial relief and ordered a remand. The judge who thought
    the award should have been affirmed without further proceedings put it differently:
    The importance of this case, for me, lies in the fact that students learn at the
    hands of the IHSAA some of their early lessons about what constitutes fair
    play in decision making. Unfortunately, students acquainted with the
    IHSAA’s conduct in this case might reasonably conclude that winning at all
    costs is more important than fair play.
    Vasario, 
    726 N.E.2d at 335-36
     (Baker, J., dissenting).
    We associate ourselves with these observations without adding to them. The trial
    court did not abuse its discretion by awarding attorney’s fees to the Schafers.
    CONCLUSION
    For the reasons stated above, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
    Affirmed.
    VAIDIK, J., and BRADFORD, J., concur.
    15