Fort Wayne Community Schools and Jacalyn Butler v. Steffanie Haney, for next friend and minor daughter, M.H. ( 2018 )

FILED
Feb 05 2018, 5:43 am
CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
Matthew J. Elliott David W. Frank
Taylor A. Beaty Christopher C. Myers & Associates
Beckman Lawson, LLP Fort Wayne, Indiana
Fort Wayne, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Fort Wayne Community Schools February 5, 2018
and Jacalyn Butler, Court of Appeals Case No.
Appellants-Defendants, 02A03-1708-CT-1829
Appeal from the Allen Superior
v. Court
The Honorable David J. Avery,
Steffanie Haney, for next friend Judge.
and minor daughter, M.H., Trial Court Cause No.
Appellee-Plaintiff. 02D09-1605-CT-270
Mathias, Judge.
[1] Fort Wayne Community Schools and its employee Jacalyn Butler (collectively
“FWCS”) bring this interlocutory appeal from the Allen Superior Court’s
partial denial of summary judgment on Steffanie Haney’s (“Haney”) complaint
alleging battery against her daughter M.H. and a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 violation of
M.H.’s Fourth Amendment rights.
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[2] We reverse and remand.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] In the fall of 2015, Jacalyn Butler (“Butler”) was a first-grade teacher at Forest
Park Elementary School in Fort Wayne, Indiana.1 M.H. was a student in
Butler’s classroom. On November 12, 2015, the students were taking a spelling
test. While Butler was monitoring the classroom, she noticed M.H. dropping
erasers and other items onto the floor. As M.H. leaned down to pick up the
items, she placed her head under the desk which caused her posterior to rise up.
On one of these occasions, it is undisputed that Butler walked by and touched
M.H.’s posterior to induce M.H. to sit back down into her seat.
[4] The parties disagree on the level of force Butler exerted on M.H. Butler
maintains that “she patted M.H.’s rear end with the tips of three fingers,
attempting to re-direct her into her seat.” Appellants’ App. p. 93. M.H. agreed
with Butler’s account during deposition testimony. Id. at 88–89.2 Steffanie
Haney (“Haney”), M.H.’s mother, asserts that Butler spanked or smacked
M.H.’s behind. Id. at 133–34.
[5] The school corporation investigated the incident, and although it could not
substantiate the allegation of spanking, Butler was suspended for one day
1
Forest Park Elementary is within the Fort Wayne Community School Corporation, and Butler was a school
corporation employee at the relevant time.
2
We also note that M.H. testified during her deposition that Haney told M.H. to testify that Butler hit her,
and that she would be in trouble with her parents if she testified otherwise. Appellants’ App. pp. 77–78.
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without pay for inappropriate and unprofessional behavior in violation of the
school corporation’s board policy and code of ethics.3 Id. at 132. Haney filed a
complaint on May 25, 2016, which brought state law battery tort claims against
Butler and the school corporation, and federal § 1983 claims against Butler and
the school corporation alleging a violation of M.H.’s Fourth Amendment
rights.4
[6] FWCS filed a motion for summary judgment on March 24, 2017. On July 12,
2017, the trial court granted the motion in part and denied it in part. The trial
court denied summary judgment on Haney’s state law tort claim against the
school corporation and the § 1983 claim against Butler.5 FWCS filed a motion
to certify the order for interlocutory appeal on August 9 which the trial court
granted on August 22. We accepted jurisdiction of the appeal under Appellate
Rule 14(B) on November 1, 2017.
3
The applicable board policy states, “The physical striking or touching of a student with the intent to
produce bodily pain by a school employee or other adult representing the school shall not be permitted as an
option in disciplining students. Alternative practices shall be utilized.” Appellants’ App. p. 132. And the
applicable code of ethics section instructs personnel to “[m]ake the well-being of students the fundamental
value in all decision-making actions.” Id.
4
The complaint also originally argued that Indiana Code section 20-33-8-8(b) is unconstitutional; however,
Haney later dropped this claim.
5
The trial court held that Butler was entitled to summary judgment on the state law claim because she was
acting within the scope of her employment and thus could not be sued individually under Indiana’s Tort
Claims Act. Ind. Code § 34-13-3-5(b). Appellants’ App. p. 18. The court also found that the school
corporation was entitled to summary judgment on the § 1983 claim because it did not have a custom, policy,
or practice of constitutional violations. See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978).
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Discussion and Decision
[7] FWCS contends that the trial court erred in granting, in part, Haney’s motion
for summary judgment. We review a summary judgment de novo, applying the
same standard as the trial court and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor
of the nonmoving party. Hughley v. State, 15 N.E.3d 1000, 1003 (Ind. 2014). In
conducting our review, we consider only those matters that were designated at
the summary judgment stage. Haegert v. McMullan, 953 N.E.2d 1223, 1229 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2011). Summary judgment is appropriate if the designated evidence
shows that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving
party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Hughley, 15 N.E.3d at 1003;
Ind. Trial Rule 56(C).
I. State Law Battery Claim against FWCS
[8] FWCS argues that the state law claims against it are barred because Butler’s
actions were permissible and protected by qualified immunity under Indiana
Code section 20-33-8-8.
[9] Section 20-33-8-8 states:
(a) Student supervision and the desirable behavior of students
in carrying out school purposes is the responsibility of:
(1) a school corporation; and
(2) the students of a school corporation.
(b) In all matters relating to the discipline and conduct of
students, school corporation personnel:
(1) stand in the relation of parents to the students of the
school corporation;
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(2) have the right to take any disciplinary action
necessary to promote student conduct that conforms
with an orderly and effective educational system,
subject to this chapter; and
(3) have qualified immunity with respect to a
disciplinary action taken to promote student
conduct under subdivision (2) if the action is taken
in good faith and is reasonable.
A teacher may also “take any action that is reasonably necessary to carry out or
to prevent an interference with an educational function that the individual
supervises.” Ind. Code § 20-33-8-9(b). FWCS points to three cases from our
court to support its argument that Butler’s alleged battery of M.H. is protected
by section 20-33-8-8(b)(3)’s qualified immunity as a matter of law. We agree.
[10] In State v. Fettig, 884 N.E.2d 341, 342 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), a student in a high
school gym class went over to check on her friend who had appeared to injure
her ankle. Fettig, the gym teacher, approached the two students and allegedly
slapped the assisting student on the face with an open hand and told her to go
play. Fettig was charged with misdemeanor battery and filed a motion to
dismiss the charge which the trial court granted stating:
Here we have a classroom disturbance wherein the teacher uses
some measure of touching to restore order and redirect the focus
of the class. No weapons; no closed fist[;] no repeated blows; no
verbal abuse; just an open handed touching to the face of a
[fifteen-year-old] student which caused her face to sting.
Id. at 345. The State appealed, arguing in part that because the justification for
teachers to corporally punish students under Indiana Code section 20-33-8-8(b)
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is limited by notions of reasonableness, then the issue should have been
presented to a jury. A panel of this court disagreed explaining, “this is the very
issue which our appellate courts have removed from the discretion of the jury
by reversing verdicts finding battery by teachers who have hit students to inflict
punishment.” Id. Thus, we concluded that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion when it dismissed the information charging Fettig with battery. Id. at
346.
[11] In Barocas v. State, 949 N.E.2d 1256, 1257 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), Barocas, a
special education teacher, flicked the tongue of a ten-year-old Down syndrome
student after twice telling the student to put her tongue back in her mouth. The
student proceeded to let out a wail and began crying. Barocas was convicted of
misdemeanor battery during a bench trial. On appeal, a panel of this court
reversed Barocas’s conviction because the State failed to negate her claim of
parental privilege under section 20-33-8-8. Id. at 1261. Our court also explained,
“in addition to the presumption of innocence shared by all criminal defendants,
we presume teachers do their duty when punishing a student.” Id. at 1258.
[12] And in Littleton v. State, 954 N.E.2d 1070 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), a sixth-grade
student who was diagnosed with autism and other disorders had to be
physically restrained in a Rifton chair6 after he began striking himself with his
6
“A Rifton chair is designed for children with orthopedic disorders . . . . [It] is made of wood, has arms and a
curved back and seat, and may be used with an orthopedic belt around a child’s waist to prevent the child
from falling from the chair. The chair may also be used to [confine] a student in a particular location.”
Littleton v. State, 954 N.E.2d 1070, 1072 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011).
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hands. Littleton, the student’s special education teacher, directed one of her
aides to restrain the student in the Rifton chair. The student’s legs were
strapped to the chair, a belt was wrapped around his waist, and the chair was
tipped back so that its back lay flat on the ground with the student’s legs up in
the air. Littleton was charged with felony criminal confinement, felony neglect
of a dependent, and misdemeanor battery. The trial court denied Littleton’s
motion to dismiss, and she appealed arguing that her acts were entitled to
qualified immunity under § 20-33-8-8(b).
[13] We reversed the trial court’s denial of Littleton’s motion to dismiss holding “it
is apparent to us that Littleton’s conduct comes within the scope of her
statutory qualified immunity as a teacher managing a classroom[.]” Littleton,
954 N.E.2d at 1080. The Littleton panel also noted “what is educationally
appropriate and what is reasonable under the circumstances are not one and the
same.” Id.
[14] Here, the trial court acknowledged that section 20-33-8-8(b) provides for
qualified immunity of a teacher if the discipline is undertaken in good faith and
is reasonable; but, the court determined that what constitutes “good faith” and
what form of discipline is “reasonable” is a question of fact, making summary
judgment improper. Appellants’ App. pp. 17–18. However, our court in Fettig
addressed this exact argument and found otherwise. 884 N.E.2d at 345. Most
importantly however, the prior cases interpreting section 20-33-8-8 make it clear
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that, even if we assume that Butler smacked or spanked M.H., her actions are
protected by the statute.7
[15] It is undisputed that the physical contact occurred when the first-grade students
were taking a test, and it is undisputed that M.H. was dropping items on the
ground and reaching under her desk to pick them up, causing her posterior to
rise into the air. Taking action to require that M.H. remain in her seat while the
class is taking part in an educational activity falls squarely within section 20-33-
8-8(b)(2)’s grant of a teacher’s right “to take any disciplinary action necessary to
promote student conduct that conforms with an orderly and effective
educational system.” Further, Butler’s alleged conduct here is far less egregious
than the alleged behavior of the teachers in Fettig, Barocas, and Littleton. Indeed,
these cases show Butler’s actions were taken in good faith and were reasonable,
as a matter of law.
[16] Moreover, section 20-33-8-8(b)(1) states that with respect to school matters,
teachers “stand in relation of parents to the student of the school corporation.”
7
Haney’s allegation that M.H. was smacked or spanked is not credible. M.H. testified under oath that Haney
told her to say that Butler hit her, conduct on Haney’s part that might amount to subornation of perjury.
Appellants’ App. p. 77. Additionally, M.H. testified that Butler touched M.H.’s behind with three fingers,
that she was embarrassed, and that she did not cry. Id. at 88–90. We acknowledge that Haney produced a
handwritten document stating that Butler “spanked [M.H.’s] butt” and “made her cry.” Id. at 133. Typed
investigation notes also indicate that Butler smacked M.H. on her butt with a hard hit that made her cry. Id.
at 134. However, the same investigation notes show that another student in the class said that M.H. did not
cry. Id. Additionally, Haney’s proffered exhibit from the school corporation’s head of human resources notes
that “the allegation of spanking is unsubstantiated.” Id. at 132. Although FWCS moved to strike these
exhibits on the basis that each constituted inadmissible hearsay, the trial court declined to rule on the motion.
Id. at 18. Thus, while we think Haney’s description of the incident is, at best, dubious, and most likely a lie,
in light of the designated evidence and the sworn deposition testimony, we are aware of the summary
judgment standard, and we will proceed as if Butler did in fact “spank” or “smack” M.H. on the behind.
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Therefore, if Butler were allowed to be held civilly liable for allegedly spanking
a student at school, then Haney could be held civilly liable for spanking M.H. at
home, an action she does frequently. Appellants’ App. pp. 71–74, 79–82. As
FWCS points out, “this would represent a rather dramatic shift in Indiana law.”
Reply Br. at 16. Our supreme court explained in Indiana State Personnel Board v.
Jackson, 244 Ind. 321, 192 N.E.2d 740, 743–44 (1963):
[T]he law of Indiana clearly accords to the public school teacher
in proper cases the same right over a child in his or her school as
is possessed by the parent, and this includes the right to
administer corporal punishment when it is appropriate. The law
is well settled in this state that the teacher stands in loco parentis
to the child, and his authority in this respect is no more subject to
question than is the authority of the parent. The teacher’s
authority and the kind and quantum of punishment employed to
meet a given offense is measured by the same rules, standards
and requirements as fixed and established for parents.
[17] Thus, viewing the facts most favorable to Haney, we find that Butler’s conduct
here fell well within the range of permissible conduct by parents, and hence
teachers, under section 20-33-8-8(b). Because Butler’s conduct comes within the
scope of her statutory qualified immunity as a teacher managing a classroom,
FWCS was entitled to summary judgment on the state law battery claim.8
8
Haney also argues that the qualified immunity conferred by Indiana Code section 20-33-8-8(b)(3) only
serves as a defense in a criminal prosecution. Appellee’s Br. at 19–21. We disagree. Nothing in the statute
itself or the case law interpreting it imposes or has implied such a limitation. And further, qualified immunity
is traditionally understood to be a civil law concept. See Taylor v. Barkes, 135 S. Ct. 2042, 2044 (2015)
(explaining that qualified immunity exists to shield government officials from civil damages); Cantrell v.
Morris, 849 N.E.2d 488, 494 (Ind. 2006); Earles v. Perkins, 788 N.E.2d 1260, 1267 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003).
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II. Section 1983 Claim against Butler
[18] FWCS also argues that it is entitled to summary judgment on Haney’s § 1983
claim against it because the alleged constitutional violation of M.H.’s Fourth
Amendment rights was not clearly established. The Fourth Amendment
protects “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons . . . against
unreasonable . . . seizures.” It does not create a private right of action. When a
person believes her Fourth Amendment rights have been violated, the proper
claim is brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 which “creates a species of tort liability
. . . for the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the
Constitution.” Manuel v. City of Joliet, Ill., 137 S. Ct. 911, 916 (2017) (citation
and quotation marks omitted). Haney asserts that the contact applied to M.H.
by Butler “was unreasonable, unnecessary, and inappropriate,” Appellee’s Br.
at 15, and therefore violated M.H.’s Fourth Amendment right to be free from
an unreasonable seizure.
[19] Before reaching the merits of Haney’s § 1983 claim, “the trial court must
exercise its discretion in a way that protects the substance of the qualified
immunity defense. It must exercise its discretion so that officials are not subject
to unnecessary and burdensome discovery or trial proceedings.” Crawford-El v.
Britton, 523 U.S. 574, 597–98 (1998). “Whether a government official is entitled
to qualified immunity is a legal question for resolution by the court, not a jury.”
Therefore, the qualified immunity provision in section 20-33-8-8(b)(3) applies equally to civil cases as it does
in criminal prosecutions.
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Purtell v. Mason, 527 F.3d 615, 621 (7th Cir. 2008). The Supreme Court has held
that when making a decision on qualified immunity, “the court must determine
whether, assuming the truth of the plaintiff’s allegations, the official’s conduct
violated clearly established law.” Crawford-El, 523 U.S. at 598. If the relevant
facts of a case show that there is no violation of clearly established law, then
there is no constitutional violation. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236
(2009).
[20] This well-established inquiry asks whether in light of the pre-existing law the
unlawfulness of the alleged inappropriate conduct was apparent. Purtell, 527
F.3d at 621. And the burden is on the plaintiff to demonstrate the violation of a
clearly established right. Id. To meet this burden, Haney “may point to closely
analogous cases demonstrating that the conduct is unlawful or demonstrate that
the violation is so obvious that a reasonable state actor would know that what
he is doing violates the Constitution.” Green v. Butler, 420 F.3d 689, 700 (7th
Cir. 2005).
[21] Haney cites to four cases when she asserts that Butler had “reasonable notice
that in November 2015 [M.H.] clearly had the right to be free from
unreasonable, inappropriate, unnecessary, excessive force in public school.”
Appellee’s Br. at 17. However, three of the cases that Haney cites in support are
quite different than the case before us, and clearly distinguishable. See Safford
Unified School Dist. No. 1 v. Redding, 557 U.S. 364, 378–79 (2009) (finding that a
strip search of a thirteen-year-old girl was unreasonable under the Fourth
Amendment, but three school officials were protected from liability through
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qualified immunity); New Jersey v. T.L.O., 469 U.S. 325, 347–348 (1985) (finding
no Fourth Amendment violation where school officials searched a fourteen-
year-old student’s purse); Michael C. v. Gresbach, 526 F.3d 1008, 1017–18 (7th
Cir. 2008) (holding that child caseworkers in a private school who conducted
under-the-clothes examinations of children’s bodies violated the children’s
Fourth Amendment rights and were not entitled to qualified immunity because
there were clearly established doctrines at the time as to what actions a
caseworker must take when conducting an investigation).
[22] We find the fourth case that Haney cites, Wallace by Wallace v. Batavia School
Dist. 101, 68 F.3d 1010 (7th Cir. 1995), instructive. In that case, teacher James
Cliffe (“Cliffe”) returned to his classroom to find two sixteen-year-old female
students screaming at each other. Cliffe attempted to diffuse the situation,
ultimately instructing one of the students, Wallace, to take her books and leave
the classroom. Wallace was slow to gather her things, so Cliffe grabbed her by
the left wrist and then the right elbow to hasten her exit. Wallace claimed Cliffe
caused injury to her elbow, and through her mother, she sued Cliffe and the
school corporation under § 1983 for violating her Fourth Amendment rights.
The district court granted Cliffe’s and the school district’s motion for summary
judgment, and Wallace appealed.
[23] On appeal, the Seventh Circuit upheld the trial court’s grant of summary
judgment and explained, “in seeking to maintain order and discipline, a teacher
or administrator is simply constrained to taking reasonable action to achieve
those goals. Depending on the circumstances, reasonable action may certainly
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include the seizure of a student in the face of provocative or disruptive
behavior.” Id. at 1014. And in the context of an alleged Fourth Amendment
violation, “[the standard] does not ask what the teacher’s intentions were, and it
does not ask if the particular student thought the conduct was out of bounds. It
asks, at bottom, whether under the circumstances presented and known the
seizure was objectively unreasonable.” Id. at 1015. The court affirmed summary
judgment because it found that Cliffe was merely attempting to quell the
disruption caused by the yelling, obscenities, and invitation to fight; and
therefore, his conduct could not be seen as unreasonable. Id. at 1016.
[24] In the case before us, M.H. was causing a disruption in class while students
were taking a test. Moreover, similar to the actions of the teacher in Wallace,
Butler used reasonable force to induce M.H. to sit back down in her seat in an
effort to manage and maintain order over her classroom. The court in Wallace
noted, “Public school teachers and administrators must have considerable
latitude in performing their educational responsibilities, including maintaining
order and discipline by reasonably restraining the liberty of students.” Id.
[25] Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Haney, she has failed to
establish that Butler violated clearly established law when she spanked or
smacked M.H.’s posterior to require her to sit back down in her seat. See Phillips
v. Community Ins. Corp., 678 F.3d 513, 520 (7th Cir. 2012) (“Objective
reasonableness of force is a legal determination rather than a pure question of
fact for the jury to decide.”). In fact, because Indiana has authorized the use of
moderate corporal punishment by teachers in schools, Butler’s conduct clearly
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falls within the range of what our legislature has deemed permissible. Cole by
Cole v. Greenfield-Central Community Schools, 657 F. Supp. 56, 59 (S.D. Ind.
1986). As the Seventh Circuit aptly stated in Wallace, “the only thing
unreasonable in this scenario is that Wallace has made a federal case out of a
routine school disciplinary matter.” 68 F.3d at 1015. This is what has happened
here, as well. Under the facts and circumstances in the case before us, as well as
all applicable law, FWCS was entitled to summary judgment on the § 1983
claim.
Conclusion
[26] Based on the facts and circumstances before us, FWCS was entitled to
summary judgment on the state law battery tort claim because as a matter of
law, Butler’s alleged conduct falls within the scope of her statutory qualified
immunity as a teacher managing a classroom. Additionally, FWCS was entitled
to summary judgment on the § 1983 claim because, as a matter of law, Haney
failed to show that Butler’s conduct could have violated a clearly established
right. Accordingly, we reverse and remand.
Barnes, J., and Pyle, J., concur.
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