Robert Lee Laird v. State of Indiana , 103 N.E.3d 1171 ( 2018 )

FILED
Jun 15 2018, 11:07 am
CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Leanna Weissmann Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Lawrenceburg, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Ellen H. Meilaender
Supervising Deputy Attorney
General
Andrew Kobe
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Robert Lee Laird, June 15, 2018
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
69A05-1707-CR-1709
v. Appeal from the Ripley Circuit
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Ryan J. King,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
69C01-1601-F4-2
Mathias, Judge.
[1] Robert Lee Laird (“Laird”) was convicted in Ripley Circuit Court of Level 4
felony child molesting and sentenced to ten years of incarceration. Laird
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appeals and presents one issue, which we restate as whether the trial court erred
by admitting evidence regarding the search history found on Laird’s computer.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] On December 25, 2015, twelve-year-old C.L. went to spend the latter part of
Christmas Day with his father, having spent the earlier part of the holiday with
his mother. Laird is C.L.’s uncle, the twin brother of C.L.’s father, and was also
at C.L.’s father’s house that evening. C.L. had received a new iPad as a gift that
day and sat on the couch close to his uncle Laird while they both played a game
on the iPad. As they sat on the couch, Laird rubbed his pinky finger on C.L.’s
penis over his clothing. C.L. initially thought Laird had done this accidentally,
but when Laird kept touching him, he knew that it was improper. C.L. told his
older sister about the incident but did not tell his father at that time.
[4] Later that evening, Laird invited C.L. to sleep in a twin bed with him. When
C.L. lay down with his uncle, Laird put his arms around the boy and slowly
moved his hands down until he touched C.L.’s penis over his clothes. C.L.
repositioned himself to get away from Laird’s hand. Laird then took C.L.’s
hand and placed it under his clothes and on his penis. C.L. stated that he
needed to get a drink of water and got up and left the bed. But instead of getting
a drink, he again told his older sister, who told him that they needed to tell their
father about what had happened. C.L. told his father, who then ordered his
brother to leave the house. C.L. also sent a text message to his mother, telling
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her that she needed to contact him. C.L.’s mother eventually came and got her
son and took him back to her home. C.L.’s parents called the police to report
the incident.
[5] During the course of the investigation, the police interviewed Laird twice. At
the first interview, Laird claimed that C.L. was not innocent, stating that the
boy had been playing with a toy lightsaber and pretending it was an erect penis.
He also stated that C.L. had attempted to embarrass his sister while she was on
the phone by eating a banana and being “provocative” with the banana. Tr.
Vol. 3. pp. 44–45. Although Laird admitted that he rubbed C.L.’s belly while
they were in bed, he denied having ever touched C.L.’s penis or making C.L.
touch his penis. During a second interview, Laird again denied having touched
C.L. improperly or having C.L. touch him improperly. He did state, however,
that if he did touch C.L. inappropriately, it would have been accidental. During
the police interview, Laird admitted that he was attracted to younger males, or
as he put it, “younger dudes.” Tr. Vol. 3, p. 89. He also responded positively
when asked if he found “young teens sexually attractive.” Id. at 90. But he later
backtracked and claimed to be attracted only to “of age teens.” Id. at 92.
[6] The police searched Laird’s computer. On a password-protected account with
Laird’s name, the police found an internet search history that included searches
for “naked twelve year old boy,” “nude twelve year old boy,” “young boy
giving his first handjob,” “young boy giving a handjob,” and “boys first
handjob fast cum,” in addition to other searches for naked young boys’ penises,
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father-son sex acts, and sex acts between men and boys. Appellant’s App. Vol.
2, pp. 75–103.
[7] On January 28, 2016, the State charged Laird with one count of Level 4 felony
child molesting. Prior to trial, the State filed a notice of intent to introduce
evidence under Evidence Rule 404(b) regarding the following: (1) Laird’s
internet search history from December 12, 2015 showing that Laird searched
for the terms “naked twelve year old boy” and “nude twelve year old boy”; (2)
Laird’s internet search history from December 22, 2015 showing that Laird
searched for the terms “young boy giving his first handjob,” “young boy giving
a handjob,” and “boys first handjob fast cum”; (3) Laird’s 2016 conviction for
dissemination of matter harmful to minors in which the victim was his
underage niece; and (4) an incident in 1999 in which a nine-year-old boy
alleged that Laird placed touched the child’s genitals while in a hotel hot tub.
[8] Laird filed a motion seeking to exclude this evidence. The trial court held a
hearing on these evidentiary matters on April 15, 2017. At the conclusion of the
hearing, the trial court ruled that only the evidence of the searches on
December 22, 2015, which was only three days before the incident with C.L.,
would be admissible; the court ruled that evidence regarding the other internet
searches and prior incidents would be inadmissible.
[9] A jury trial was held on April 18–20, 2017. During the State’s opening
statement, the prosecuting attorney mentioned Laird’s internet searches on
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December 22, 2015. Laird’s counsel objected, and the following exchange
between the trial court and defense counsel took place:
[Defense]: Just objecting for the record, that I don’t think the
evidence is going to show this and that it’s inappropriate for
Opening Statement, just objecting for the record.
THE COURT: Well, the record will reflect that and I think it’s
already been ruled upon in preliminary, I haven’t heard any
reason to be contrary to that ruling.
Tr. Vol. 2, p. 94.
[10] Indiana State Police Detective Sergeant Christopher Cecil testified that he
searched Laird’s computer and found the search history that included searches
for the terms “young boy giving his first handjob,” “young boy giving a
handjob,” and “boy’s first handjob fast cum,” all on December 22, 2015. Id. at
132–33. Laird made no objection to this testimony. See id.
[11] Immediately prior to the State’s closing argument, Laird’s counsel informed the
trial court, “I just want the record to reflect the continuing objection to the three
google search terms that I objected to in [the prosecuting attorney]’s opening
statement so that I’m not interrupting in, during his closing argument.” Id. at
156. The prosecuting attorney responded, “And I think for the record, Judge,
[defense counsel] has objected throughout the preliminary proceedings in
regards to the use of those, he objected in opening and I certainly understood
his intentions for that objection and they continue throughout the trial.” Id.
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[12] The jury found Laird guilty as charged. At a sentencing hearing held on June
28, 2017, the trial court sentenced Laird to ten years of incarceration. Laird
now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
[13] Laird’s sole argument on appeal is that the trial court erred in admitting the
evidence regarding the internet search history found on his computer. Decisions
regarding the admission of evidence are left to the sound discretion of the trial
court. Harrison v. State, 32 N.E.3d 240, 250 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied.
On appeal, we review the trial court’s decision only for an abuse of that
discretion, and the court abuses its discretion only if its decision regarding the
admission of evidence is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and
circumstances before it, or if the court has misinterpreted the law. Id.
[14] To preserve a claim of evidentiary error for purposes of appeal, a defendant
must make a contemporaneous objection at the time the evidence is introduced.
Brown v. State, 929 N.E.2d 204, 207 (Ind. 2010) (citing Jackson v. State, 735
N.E.2d 1146, 1152 (Ind. 2000)). This is true regardless of whether the appellant
filed a pre-trial motion seeking to exclude the evidence in question. Id. “The
purpose of this rule is to allow the trial judge to consider the issue in light of any
fresh developments and also to correct any errors.” Id.
[15] Here, Laird filed a pre-trial motion in limine to exclude reference to his internet
search history; he also objected when the prosecutor referenced the internet
search evidence in the State’s opening statement. However, Laird did not object
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at the time the evidence was introduced at trial.1 He therefore failed to preserve
the issue for appeal.2 See id. Our conclusion is not altered by the fact that Laird
made a “continuing” objection prior to the State’s closing argument. At that
point, the evidence in question had already been presented to the jury, and it
was too late to make a continuing objection. See id. (concluding that appellant
failed to preserve evidentiary issue where his attempt to lodge a continuing
objection was made only after the jury was presented with all of the evidence in
question).
[16] A claim that has been forfeited by a defendant’s failure to make a timely
objection can still be reviewed on appeal if the court determines that a
fundamental error occurred. Id. However, the fundamental error exception to
the contemporaneous-objection requirement applies only “‘when the error
constitutes a blatant violation of basic principles, the harm or potential for harm
is substantial, and the resulting error denies the defendant fundamental due
process.’” Id. (quoting Mathews v. State, 849 N.E.2d 578, 587 (Ind. 2006)). The
alleged error must either make a fair trial impossible or constitute clearly blatant
1
For the same reason, we think Evidence Rule 103(b) is inapplicable. This rule provides that “Once the court
rules definitively on the record at trial a party need not renew an objection or offer of proof to preserve a
claim of error for appeal.” Here, the court did not rule definitively on the record at trial because Laird failed
to make an objection at trial when the evidence was offered. Had he done so, and the trial court overruled his
objection, then Evidence Rule 103(b) would have acted to preserve a claim of error even if Laird did not
continue to object after the trial court’s initial evidentiary ruling. See K.G. v. State, 81 N.E.3d 1078, 1080 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2017) (noting that the defendant preserved his claim of evidentiary error by renewing his pre-trial
objection at the time the evidence was admitted, giving the trial court the opportunity to definitively rule on
the record per Evidence Rule 103(b)).
2
The State does not argue that Laird failed to preserve his claim of evidentiary error. The State acknowledges
that Laird did not object at the time the evidence was admitted but argues that the result is the same
regardless of whether we view the issue was one of preserved error or fundamental error.
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violations of basic and elementary principles of due process. Id. (citing Clark v.
State, 915 N.E.2d 126, 131 (Ind. 2009)). The fundamental error exception is
“extremely narrow” and reaches only those errors that are so blatant that the
trial judge should have taken action sua sponte. Knapp v. State, 9 N.E.3d 1274,
1281 (Ind. 2014) (citing Brewington v. State, 7 N.E.3d 946, 974 (Ind. 2014). “In
sum, fundamental error is a daunting standard that applies ‘only in egregious
circumstances.’” Id. (quoting Brown v. State, 799 N.E.2d 1064, 1068 (Ind.
2003)).
[17] Laird contends that the evidence regarding his internet search history was
inadmissible under Indiana Evidence Rule 404(b). This rule provides:
(b) Crimes, Wrongs, or Other Acts.
(1) Prohibited Uses. Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act
is not admissible to prove a person’s character in order to
show that on a particular occasion the person acted in
accordance with the character.
(2) Permitted Uses; Notice in a Criminal Case. This evidence
may be admissible for another purpose, such as proving
motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,
identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident. On request
by a defendant in a criminal case, the prosecutor must:
(A) provide reasonable notice of the general nature of
any such evidence that the prosecutor intends to offer at
trial; and
(B) do so before trial--or during trial if the court, for
good cause, excuses lack of pretrial notice.
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[18] Evidence Rule 404(b) is designed to prevent the jury from making the
“forbidden inference” that prior wrongful conduct suggests present guilt.
Halliburton v. State, 1 N.E.3d 670, 681 (Ind. 2013) (citing Byers v. State, 709
N.E.2d 1024, 1026–27 (Ind. 1999)). Or, as stated in Bassett v. State, 795 N.E.2d
1050, 1053 (Ind. 2003), the purpose behind Evidence Rule 404(b) is to
“prevent[] the State from punishing people for their character, and evidence of
extrinsic offenses poses the danger that the jury will convict the defendant
because . . . he has a tendency to commit other crimes.” (internal quotation
omitted). In assessing the admissibility of evidence under Evidence Rule 404(b),
the trial court must first determine that the evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or
acts is relevant to a matter at issue other than the defendant’s propensity to
commit the charged act, and then balance the probative value of the evidence
against its prejudicial effect pursuant to Evidence Rule 403. Halliburton, 1
N.E.3d at 681–82 (citing Wilson v. State, 765 N.E.2d 1265, 1270 (Ind. 2002)).
The effect of Rule 404(b) is that evidence is excluded only when it is introduced
to prove the forbidden inference of demonstrating the defendant’s propensity to
commit the charged crime. Rogers v. State, 897 N.E.2d 955, 960 (Ind. Ct. App.
2008), trans. denied.
[19] Here, the State argues that the evidence regarding Laird’s internet search
history was admissible under Evidence Rule 404(b)(2) to prove his
“preparation” or “plan” to molest C.L.
[20] In support of its argument, the State relies on Remy v. State, 17 N.E.3d 396 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied. In that case, the defendant was convicted of
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several counts of child molesting and one count of performing sexual conduct
in the presence of a minor. The conduct of the defendant towards his victim, his
girlfriend’s eleven-year-old son, reads like a parade of horrors. Included in
Remy’s depraved behavior was wrapping the boy’s nude body in plastic wrap
and then performing oral sex on him. During the trial, the State introduced
several explicit pornographic images that had been found in the defendant’s
home. Among these images was one of a man wrapped in plastic wrap
engaging in oral sex with another man.
[21] On appeal, Remy argued inter alia that the trial court erred by admitting the
explicit pornographic images because they were irrelevant, unduly prejudicial,
and inadmissible under Evidence Rule 404(b). The State argued that the images
were properly admitted to prove the defendant’s plan to commit the charged
crimes and that he was “clearly grooming” the victim. Id. at 399. The court
cautioned that:
[w]e believe this case presents an example of how a real danger
exists that rationales such as “plan” and “grooming” are
becoming all-purpose excuses to admit prejudicial evidence in
child molestation cases. We must take care to ensure that Rule
404(b)’s exceptions do not swallow the rule.
Remy, 17 N.E.3d at 399–400 (footnote omitted). The Remy court concluded that
the admission of the images did implicate Evidence Rule 404(b) because some
of the pornographic images appeared to include children and because showing
the pornography to the victim might itself constitute the crime of dissemination
of materials harmful to a minor. Id. Ultimately, the court held:
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Because the danger of unfair prejudice accompanying the
admission of these pornographic images substantially outweighs
their probative value, we conclude the trial court erred by
admitting the vast majority of these images. Given our standard
of review, the fact that Remy showed the image involving saran wrap
and oral sex to [the victim], and the image’s strong parallel to one of the
charged acts, we would conclude the trial court did not abuse its
discretion by admitting [the image involving plastic wrap and oral sex].
However, the remainder of the challenged images should not
have been admitted at trial.
Id. at 401 (emphasis added).
[22] In the present case, the evidence regarding Laird’s internet search history is
similar to the pornographic image involving plastic wrap in Remy. That is, the
evidence of Laird’s internet search history is admissible under the “plan”
exception in Rule 404(b)(2) because the searches were close in time to when
Laird committed the acts against C.L. and because Laird searched the internet
for behavior to what he did to C.L.—young boys manipulating men’s penises.
[23] We also note that the trial court did not permit the State to introduce other
evidence found on Laird’s computer and only permitted the State to introduce
evidence of Laird’s internet search history that was both close in time and very
similar to his actions against C.L. Given these facts and circumstances, the trial
court did not err in admitting the evidence of Laird’s internet search history
under the “plan” exception to Evidence Rule 404(b). See Remy 17 N.E.3d at
401. This is true regardless of whether we view Laird’s claim under the abuse of
discretion standard or the fundamental error standard.
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[24] The State also argues that the evidence of Laird’s internet search history was
admissible under the “intent” exception. The intent exception is available only
“when a defendant goes beyond merely denying the charged culpability and
affirmatively presents a claim of particular contrary intent.” Goldsberry v. State,
821 N.E.2d 447, 455 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005). Laird argues that he denied
committing the acts against his nephew and did not place his intent at issue.
Although Laird did not assert a contrary intent at trial, he did state in his pre-
trial statements to the police that, if he touched nephew in an inappropriate
manner, it was accidental. This is sufficient to place his intent at issue. See Iqbal
v. State, 805 N.E.2d 401, 408 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (defendant’s pre-trial
statement to the police that a firearm went accidentally was sufficient to place
his intent at issue and therefore permit state to introduce evidence of a prior
incident in which defendant threatened defendant), trans. denied. Accordingly,
the evidence regarding Laird’s internet search history was also admissible under
the “intent” exception found in Evidence Rule 404(b)(2).
[25] Lastly, we are of the opinion that any error in the admission of Laird’s internet
search history was harmless. We will not reverse a conviction due to
evidentiary error unless this error affects the substantial rights of the defendant.
Teague v. State, 978 N.E.2d 1183, 1189 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012). An error is
harmless if there is substantial independent evidence of guilt and we are
satisfied that there is no substantial likelihood the challenged evidence
contributed to the conviction. Id.
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[26] The evidence against Laird consisted mostly of the testimony of the victim.
C.L.’s testimony was consistent and unequivocal. He also informed his sister of
the touching immediately after they occurred and thereafter told his father, all
on the same night that the touching occurred. Moreover, although Laird denied
touching C.L. in his pre-trial statements to the police, he admitted to being
sexually attracted to younger males. Given the strength of the evidence against
Laird, the contested admitted evidence was merely cumulative. Accordingly,
we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
[27] Affirmed.
Riley, J., concurs.
May, J., concurs in result with a separate opinion.
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IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Robert Lee Laird, Court of Appeals Case No.
69A05-1707-CR-1709
Appellant-Defendant,
v.
State of Indiana,
Appellee-Plaintiff.
May, Judge, concurring in result.
[28] I agree with the majority that the trial court did not err when it admitted
evidence of Laird’s internet search history from three days before the charged
crime. However, I disagree with the majority’s holding that Laird waived this
issue because defense counsel did not properly object at trial to the admission of
the contested evidence. Therefore, I concur in result.
[29] The majority holds Laird failed to preserve this matter for appeal because he did
not object when the evidence was admitted. The majority holds that for the
objection to preserve error for appeal, the trial court must have ruled “at trial . . .
when the evidence was offered.” Slip op. at ¶15 n.1. Historically, motions in
limine did not preserve issues for appeal, Tyra v. State, 506 N.E.2d 1100, 1102
(Ind. 1987), because a trial court needed to be given the opportunity to rule on
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the admissibility of evidence in the context of the other evidence and arguments
presented during trial. Id. at 1103. Once the trial court had so ruled, parties
could request a “continuing objection” to “avoid the futility and waste of time
inherent in requiring repetition of the same unsuccessful objection each time
evidence of a given character is offered.” Hayworth v. State, 904 N.E.2d 684,
692 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009).
[30] However, in 2014, Evidence Rule 103 was edited such that it now provides:
“Once the court rules definitively on the record at trial a party need not renew
an objection or offer of proof to preserve a claim of error for appeal.” Ind.
Evid. Rule 103(b). Thus, the modified Rule has eliminated the need for parties
to request a continuing objection or to object repeatedly to the same class of
evidence after the court has ruled once at trial.
[31] Here, the trial court had ruled on the admissibility prior to trial, denying the
admission of much of the evidence the State sought to admit, but admitting
evidence of three internet searches conducted on December 22, 2015. At trial,
Laird did not wait to object when the State offered the December 22 internet
search evidence; rather, he objected during the State’s opening argument when
the State mentioned the evidence collected from the search:
[State]: . . . and the evidence will show that this was planned.
Just three days prior, the Defendant’s laptop Google
search shows that he made three separate searches.
*****
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[Defense Counsel]: Just objecting for the record, that I don’t
think the evidence is going to show this and that it’s
inappropriate for Opening Statement, just objecting for
the record.
The Court: Well, the record will reflect that and I think it’s
already been ruled upon in preliminary, I haven’t heard
any reason to be contrary to that ruling.
(Tr. Vol. II at 93-94.)
[32] Laird renewed that objection prior to closing argument in anticipation of the
State mentioning the evidence again: “I just want the record to reflect the
continuing objection to the three google search terms that I objected to in [the
State’s] opening statement so that I’m not interrupting in, during his closing
argument.” (Tr. Vol. III at 156.) The State indicated it “certainly understood
[Laird’s] intentions for that objection and they continue throughout the trial.”
(Id.)
[33] On appeal, the State acknowledges in its brief that, although Laird did not
object when the evidence was admitted,
the prosecutor explicitly stated his understanding that Defendant
had intended for his objection to this evidence to continue
throughout the trial and there was no difference between the
evidence as discussed prior to trial and the evidence as admitted
at the trial such that the court might have viewed the issue
differently had Defendant explicitly asked the court to revisit its
ruling in the context of the trial.
(Appellee’s Br. at 9 n.2)
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[34] While the best practice would still be to object contemporaneously with the
admission of any disputed evidence, Evidence Rule 103 was amended to allow
parties to rely on the existence of a continuing objection after a trial court has
ruled definitively at trial. This rule does not limit the definition of “at trial” to
when the evidence is offered during witnesses’ testimony; as a result, because
an opening argument occurs “at trial,” Laird’s objection should be viewed as
sufficient. The trial court rejected Laird’s objection during opening arguments,
and the parties agree the trial court’s ruling would not have changed if Laird
had reasserted it when the evidence was offered. Under these circumstances, I
believe a party has presented adequate objection to preserve an evidentiary issue
for appeal.
[35] Nevertheless, as I agree with the final result reached by the majority, I
respectfully concur in result.
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