Ray O. Crowell, Jr. v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.) ( 2020 )

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
Jan 02 2020, 8:45 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
APPELLANT PRO SE ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Ray O. Crowell, Jr. Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
New Castle, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Matthew B. MacKenzie
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Ray O. Crowell, Jr., January 2, 2020
Appellant-Petitioner, Court of Appeals Case No.
19A-PC-1360
v. Appeal from the Allen Superior
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable David Zent, Judge
Appellee-Respondent. Trial Court Cause No.
02D05-1702-PC-15
Tavitas, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-1360 | January 2, 2020 Page 1 of 14
Case Summary
[1] Ray O. Crowell, Jr., pro se, appeals the post-conviction court’s (“PC Court”)
denial of his petition for post-conviction relief (“PCR”). We affirm.
Issues
[2] Crowell raises four issues on appeal, which we consolidate and restate as
follows:
I. Whether the PC Court erred in finding that Crowell did
not receive ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
II. Whether Crowell’s trial counsel had a conflict of interest.
III. Whether the PC Court erred in declining to conduct an
evidentiary hearing on Crowell’s petition for PCR.
Facts
[3] On September 28, 2015, the State charged Crowell with Counts I-IV, child
molesting, Class A felonies; Counts V-VIII, sexual misconduct with a minor,
Class B felonies; Counts IX-XI, incest, Class C felonies; Count XII, child
molesting, a Class C felony; and Count XIII, sexual misconduct with a minor, a
Class C felony. 1 Attorney Quinton Ellis served as Crowell’s trial counsel.
1
On February 18, 2015, the State amended Count XI to incest, a Level 5 felony.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-1360 | January 2, 2020 Page 2 of 14
[4] At a hearing on miscellaneous motions on February 16, 2016, Crowell moved
to terminate his court-appointed lawyer, Attorney Ellis. Crowell asserted that
Attorney Ellis misled Crowell by indicating that Crowell’s family members
intended to cooperate with the State; and, thereby, improperly sought to
“sway” Crowell “to take a plea.” Crowell’s App. Vol. II p. 19. The trial court
questioned Attorney Ellis on the record and denied Crowell’s motion.
[5] On February 22, 2016, Crowell pleaded guilty to Counts I, V, and IX. He was
sentenced to: Count I, thirty years, with twenty-four years executed in the
Department of Correction (“DOC”) and six years suspended; Count V, twenty
years executed; and Count IX, eight years executed, 2 with Counts V and IX to
be served concurrently with Count I. Crowell did not appeal his sentence.
[6] On February 3, 2017, Crowell, pro se, 3 filed a petition for PCR in which he
alleged that Attorney Ellis rendered ineffective assistance of trial counsel. On
June 11, 2018, the State moved to require Crowell to submit his PCR case by
affidavit pursuant to Indiana Post-Conviction Rule 1(9)(b). The PC Court
granted the motion the following day. Crowell unsuccessfully moved for an
evidentiary hearing on his petition for PCR on June 25, 2018.
2
In exchange for Crowell’s plea, the State agreed to dismiss Counts II-IV, VI-VIII, and X-XIII.
3
Crowell was briefly represented by counsel after he filed his petition for PCR; however, counsel withdrew
on May 25, 2018.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-1360 | January 2, 2020 Page 3 of 14
[7] On August 28, 2018, Crowell requested a hearing regarding the alleged conflict
of interest. On August 31, 2018, Crowell, pro se, amended his petition for PCR
and alleged further that: (1) a conflict of interest existed between himself and
Attorney Ellis; (2) Attorney Ellis failed to fully investigate witnesses and
evidence; and (3) Attorney Ellis failed to recognize that Counts V-VIII and XII-
XIII were time-barred pursuant to the then-applicable statute of limitations.
[8] On September 4, 2018, Crowell submitted his PCR case upon affidavit and
requested the issuance of subpoenas to his ex-wife, son, and Attorney Ellis. On
October 1, 2018, the PC Court denied Crowell’s motion to set a hearing
regarding the alleged conflict of interest. On December 7, 2018, the State filed
its response to Crowell’s PCR submission by affidavit. On May 30, 2019, the
PC Court issued findings of fact and conclusions of law and denied Crowell’s
petition for PCR. Crowell now appeals.
Analysis
[9] Crowell appeals the denial of his petition for PCR. Post-conviction proceedings
are civil proceedings in which a petitioner may present limited collateral
challenges to a conviction and sentence. Gibson v. State, 133 N.E.3d 673, 681
(Ind. 2019); Ind. Post-Conviction Rule 1(1)(b). The petitioner bears the burden
of establishing his claims by a preponderance of the evidence. Gibson, 133
N.E.3d at 681; P-C.R. 1(5). When, as here, the petitioner appeals from a
negative judgment denying post-conviction relief, he “must establish that the
evidence, as a whole, unmistakably and unerringly points to a conclusion
contrary to the post-conviction court’s decision.” Gibson, 133 N.E.3d at 681.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-1360 | January 2, 2020 Page 4 of 14
When a petitioner fails to meet this “rigorous standard of review,” we will
affirm the post-conviction court’s denial of relief. Id. Under this standard of
review, “[we] will disturb a post-conviction court’s decision as being contrary to
law only where the evidence is without conflict and leads to but one conclusion,
and the post-conviction court has reached the opposite conclusion.” Pruitt v.
State, 903 N.E.2d 899, 905 (Ind. 2009).
I. Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel
[10] Crowell argues that Attorney Ellis rendered ineffective assistance of trial
counsel. To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner
must demonstrate both that: (1) his or her counsel’s performance was deficient,
and (2) the petitioner was prejudiced by the deficient performance. Ben-Yisrayl
v. State, 729 N.E.2d 102, 106 (Ind. 2000) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466
U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064 (1984), reh’g denied, cert. denied, 534 U.S.
830, 122 S. Ct. 73 (2001).
[11] An attorney’s performance is deficient if it falls below an objective standard of
reasonableness based on prevailing professional norms. Woodson v. State, 961
N.E.2d 1035, 1041 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans denied. A strong presumption
arises that counsel rendered adequate assistance and made all significant
decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional judgment. McCullough v.
State, 973 N.E.2d 62, 74 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans. denied. “[A] defendant
must offer strong and convincing evidence to overcome this presumption.” Id.
Isolated poor strategy, inexperience, or bad tactics does not necessarily
constitute ineffective assistance of counsel. Id.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-1360 | January 2, 2020 Page 5 of 14
[12] In analyzing prejudice in the context of a guilty plea, we review such ineffective
assistance of counsel claims under Bobadilla v. State, 117 N.E.3d 1272, 1287
(Ind. 2019). “[T]he prejudice inquiry is a subjective test, turning upon whether
that particular defendant’s special circumstances support his claim that, had he
been properly advised, he would have rejected the plea and insisted on going to
trial.” Bobadilla, 117 N.E.3d at 1287. “[T]he ultimate result at trial (conviction
versus acquittal) is not the determinative factor in these prejudice inquiries . . .
.” Id.
[13] Crowell argues that Attorney Ellis rendered ineffective assistance by failing to
assert a statute of limitations defense regarding the time-barred offenses brought
by the State. Crowell argues that Attorney Ellis, thus, negotiated from a
position of diminished power and prejudiced Crowell by allowing Crowell to
execute an unnecessarily harsh plea agreement.
[14] Here, the PC Court made the following pertinent findings:
6. . . . Mr. Crowell has identified a genuine illusory threat in the
form of the filing of Counts 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, and 13, which were
time-barred. It appears that these counts may have been
considered to be timely filed in September 2015 pursuant to the
version of IC 35-41-4-2 in effect at the time of filing, which
provided that a prosecution for a sex offense against a child such
as those charged in those counts “is barred unless commenced
within ten (10) years after the commission of the offense, or
within four (4) years after the person ceases to be a dependent of
the person alleged to have committed the offense, whichever
occurs later.” IC 35-41-4-2(m) (2015). However, the offenses
charged in those counts (i.e., sexual misconduct with a minor as
Class B and C felonies, and child molesting as a Class C felony)
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-1360 | January 2, 2020 Page 6 of 14
were alleged to have occurred no later than 2007 [Findings of
Fact, ¶ 5], and IC 35-41-4-2(m) was not enacted until 2013. In
2007, the statutory limitation period for filing those charges was
five (5) years [IC 35-41-4-2(a)], not extended by any other
provision of IC 35-41-4-2. By the time of filing of those charges,
therefore, the statute of limitations that was in effect at the time
of the offenses had run. Pursuant to the United States Supreme
Court’s ruling in Stogner v. California, 539 U.S. 607, 609 (2003), as
the prosecution of those charges had already become time-barred
before the enactment of IC 35-41-4-2(m), the later enactment of
that statute could not resurrect the State’s ability to prosecute
them.
7. Nevertheless, Mr. Crowell presents no argument to the effect that he
would seriously have decided to go to trial and risk receiving an extremely
long aggregate sentence on Counts 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, and 11, rather than
accept the plea agreement which provided for a much shorter aggregate
sentence—and no credible argument to that effect can be imagined. Mr.
Crowell was charged with Class A felonies in Counts 1, 2, 3, and
4; a Class C felony in Count 9; and Level 5 felonies in Counts 10
and 11. Under the law in effect at the time of the offenses, a
Class A felony was punishable by imprisonment of 20 to 50
years, with the presumptive or advisory sentence being 30 years.
IC 35-50-24 (1995, 2005, 2014). A Class C felony was
punishable by imprisonment of 2 to 8 years, with the advisory
sentence being 4 years. 1C 35-50-2-6 (2005). A Level 5 felony
was punishable by imprisonment of 1 to 6 years, with the
advisory sentence being 3 years. IC 35-50-2-6(b) (2014). Mr.
Crowell thus faced a maximum aggregate sentence of two hundred twenty
(220) years on Counts 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, and 11; consecutive presumptive
or advisory sentences on those counts would have amounted to one
hundred thirty (130) years; and even consecutive minimum sentences
would have amounted to eighty-six (86) years. Assuming day-for-day
good-time credit under the credit-time law in effect as to Counts
1, 2, 3, 4, and 9 (and disregarding any minor increase in actual
time resulting from the revised credit-time law applicable to
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-1360 | January 2, 2020 Page 7 of 14
Counts 10 and 11), Mr. Crowell’s sentencing exposure in terms of
actual time was from forty-three (43) to one hundred ten (110) actual
years, compared to the executed portion of only twelve (12) years of actual
time that would result from the plea agreement. In view of the great
length and severity of Mr. Crowell’s course of abusive conduct as
described by the victim at sentencing, it cannot be imagined that
concurrent sentences would have been found appropriate in any event.
The plea agreement thus saved Mr. Crowell at least 31 years, and
possibly up to 98 years, of actual time, even with maximum good-time
credit. This benefit is significantly greater than the saving of 23 to
24 years found to be a “very substantial benefit” in Suarez [v.
State], 967 N.E.2d [552] at 557 [(Ind. Ct. App. 2012)]. Like
petitioner Suarez in that case, Mr. Crowell has shown no obvious
weaknesses in the State’s case; unlike Suarez, Mr. Crowell has
shown no special circumstances that would have affected a
reasonable person’s decision to plead guilty. The Court cannot
conclude that Mr. Crowell’s decision to plead guilty would have
been affected by the knowledge that he faced a maximum
sentence of no more than 220 years in the absence of a plea
agreement providing for an executed portion of 24 years. Like
Suarez, Mr. Crowell has not shown that he was prejudiced by his
attorney’s failure to give him accurate advice, and he is not
entitled to post-conviction relief on this basis.
Crowell’s App. Vol. II pp. 23-25 (citations omitted) (emphasis added).
[15] Although Crowell states that he would have rejected the plea agreement and
proceeded to trial, Crowell has advanced no special circumstances to support
his claim that, had Attorney Ellis advised him differently, Crowell would have
rejected the plea agreement as to the non-time-barred counts, which presented a
potential aggregate sentence of 220 years. In light of the foregoing, the PC
Court did not err in denying Crowell’s claim of ineffective assistance of trial
counsel.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-1360 | January 2, 2020 Page 8 of 14
II. Conflict of Interest
[16] Next, we address the PC Court’s rejection of Crowell’s claim that a conflict of
interest existed between Crowell and trial counsel. Specifically, Crowell
maintains that Attorney Ellis “tried to lead Crowell to believe” that Crowell’s
ex-wife and son intended to cooperate with the State, “while [Attorney Ellis]
push[ed] for Crowell to enter the plea.” Crowell’s Br. p. 12.
[17] The constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel includes
representation free from conflicts of interests. Gibson v. State, 133 N.E.3d 673,
698 (Ind. 2019) (citing Wood v. Georgia, 450 U.S. 261, 271, 101 S. Ct.
1097, 1103 (1981). To prevail on a claim of conflict of interest, the defendant
must demonstrate to the PC Court that trial counsel had an
actual conflict of interest and that the conflict adversely affected counsel’s
performance. Shepherd v. State, 924 N.E.2d 1274, 1287 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2010), trans. denied.
An adverse effect on performance caused by counsel’s failure to
act requires a showing of (1) a plausible strategy or tactic that was
not followed but might have been pursued; and (2) an
inconsistency between that strategy or tactic and counsel’s other
loyalties, or that the alternate strategy or tactic was not
undertaken due to the conflict.
Id.
[18] Crowell has presented no evidence that Attorney Ellis had an actual conflict of
interest or that the alleged conflict adversely affected Attorney Ellis’
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-1360 | January 2, 2020 Page 9 of 14
performance. Under questioning of the trial court below, Attorney Ellis denied
any conflict of interest and stated that he merely recounted to Crowell
information that Attorney Ellis gleaned from discussions with the State. Even
assuming arguendo that a conflict of interest existed—and we find no such
support in the record—it remains Crowell’s burden to: (1) identify a plausible
strategy (or tactic) that Attorney Ellis neglected in Attorney Ellis’ representation
of Crowell; and (2) demonstrate either an inconsistency between the plausible
strategy (or tactic) and Attorney Ellis’ purported loyalties to the State or that
Attorney Ellis eschewed certain acts in his representation of Crowell because of
Attorney Ellis’ purported loyalties to the State. Crowell has presented no such
argument and, accordingly, his claim must fail. 4
[19] Moreover, even if a petitioner demonstrates an actual conflict that adversely
affected counsel’s performance, we must still determine whether prejudice
exists. In Gibson, our Supreme Court considered whether the defendant is
required to show prejudice in a conflict-of-interest claim or whether such
prejudice is presumed. See Gibson, 133 N.E.3d at 698-99 (comparing the
presumption of prejudice standard in Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335, 349-50,
100 S. Ct. 1708, 1719 (1980), with the prejudice standard in Strickland). The
Court noted that conflict-of-interest claims typically arise where counsel
represented multiple defendants in the same case, “because of counsel’s
4
We need not reach Crowell’s claim that the PC Court erred in failing to conduct an evidentiary hearing on
the alleged conflict of interest, as Crowell has failed to meet his threshold burden of establishing that any
conflict of interest existed.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-1360 | January 2, 2020 Page 10 of 14
representation of a hostile witness, because of counsel’s personal legal
problems, or because of counsel’s previous role as judge pro tempore in the
same case.” Id. at 699.
Not all conflicts of interest, however, present the same concerns.
Unlike the high risk of harm imposed on at least one client in
multiple-representation cases, a conflict implicating counsel’s
personal interests only (e.g., media rights or future referrals) need
not compromise the duty of loyalty—that is, counsel may still act
in the client’s best interest even if detrimental to counsel’s best
interest. So, the question is whether a particular conflict-of-
interest claim warrants application of the lower burden
under Cuyler or the traditional prejudice standard
under Strickland.
Id. The Court concluded that Gibson’s conflict of interest argument fell under
the standard Strickland analysis for prejudice. Id.
[20] Like Gibson, who argued that his trial counsel proceeded under a conflict of
interest, Crowell maintains that Attorney Ellis’ loyalties were divided and
aligned with the State’s interests. We conclude that Crowell’s conflict of
interest argument falls under the standard Strickland analysis for prejudice.
Crowell has failed to identify any prejudice that resulted from the
alleged conflict of interest. The PC Court’s denial of this claim is not clearly
erroneous.
III. Failure to Conduct PCR Hearing
[21] Crowell argues further that the PC Court abused its discretion when it did not
conduct an evidentiary hearing on his PCR claims and, instead, ordered the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-1360 | January 2, 2020 Page 11 of 14
parties to submit their respective cases by affidavit. We review a PC Court’s
decision to forgo an evidentiary hearing for an abuse of discretion. Smith v.
State, 822 N.E.2d 193, 201 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. denied. “An abuse of
discretion occurs if the decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts
and circumstances before the court, or the reasonable, probable, or actual
deductions to be drawn therefrom.” McElfresh v. State, 51 N.E.3d 103, 107 (Ind.
2016).
[22] Post-Conviction Rule 1(9)(b) provides, in part:
In the event petitioner elects to proceed pro se, the court at its
discretion may order the cause submitted upon affidavit. It need
not order the personal presence of the petitioner unless his
presence is required for a full and fair determination of the issues
raised at an evidentiary hearing.
Post-Conviction Rule 1(9), thus, “[provides a] distinct way for a PCR court to
rule on a petition without an evidentiary hearing.” Smith, 822 N.E.2d at 201.
. . . [W]here the PCR court orders the parties to proceed by
affidavit under Rule 1(9)(b), the court may also determine that
the petitioner’s personal presence at an evidentiary hearing is
required. But we hold that the decision whether to hold an
evidentiary hearing for a ‘full and fair determination of the issues
raised,’ like the decision to proceed by affidavit, is best left to the
PCR court’s discretion.
Id.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-1360 | January 2, 2020 Page 12 of 14
[23] In Smith, Smith filed a pro se petition for PCR, and the PC Court ordered that
the PCR case should be submitted upon affidavit. Smith unsuccessfully moved
for an evidentiary hearing, which was denied. Smith also filed an affidavit in
support of his petition for PCR. In appealing the denial of his petition for PCR,
Smith argued on appeal the PC Court erred in declining to conduct the
evidentiary hearing. We affirmed on appeal and found:
[O]ther than claiming that the affidavits he and the State
submitted raised issues of fact, Smith has failed to show how an
evidentiary hearing could have aided him. Rather, he had made
general assertions that he was denied an opportunity to present
unidentified witnesses in support of his ineffective assistance of
counsel claim. If Smith believed that there were witnesses to
support his claims, he could have either submitted affidavits from
those witnesses or followed the procedure set forth under Rule
1(9)(b) and requested that such witnesses be subpoenaed. We
therefore conclude that the PCR court did not abuse its discretion
when it did not hold an evidentiary hearing on Smith’s petition.
Id. at 201-02.
[24] Here, Crowell filed his pro se petition for PCR, and the State moved for
submission of the PCR case by affidavit, which the PC Court granted. Crowell
subsequently moved for an evidentiary hearing on his petition for PCR to elicit
testimony from his ex-wife, his son, and Attorney Ellis regarding the alleged
conflict of interest; however, the PC Court denied the motion without hearing.
On September 4, 2018, Crowell submitted his PCR case by affidavit; requested
the issuance of subpoenas to his ex-wife and son; and moved for an evidentiary
hearing. The PC Court declined to issue Crowell’s requested subpoenas.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-1360 | January 2, 2020 Page 13 of 14
Despite his longstanding contention that his ex-wife and son were vital
witnesses, Crowell did not include affidavits from his ex-wife and son in his
submission of his PCR case.
[25] As in Smith, Crowell has not demonstrated that an evidentiary hearing would
have aided him. Although Rule 1(9)(b) allowed Crowell to submit affidavits of
his desired witnesses, Crowell failed to do so. See id. at 201 (“If Smith believed
that there were witnesses to support his claims, he could have [ ] submitted
affidavits from those witnesses . . . .”). Crowell has not demonstrated that the
PC Court improperly deviated from the procedure enumerated in Post-
Conviction Rule 1(9)(b).
[26] Based on the foregoing, Crowell cannot demonstrate that the PC Court abused
its discretion when it declined—after it ordered the PCR case to be submitted
upon affidavit—to conduct an evidentiary hearing. The evidence before us is
not clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the
PC Court; accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion.
Conclusion
[27] The PC Court’s denial of Crowell’s petition for PCR is not clearly erroneous.
We affirm.
[28] Affirmed.
Brown, J., and Altice, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-1360 | January 2, 2020 Page 14 of 14