Craig E. Hardiman v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.) ( 2020 )


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  • MEMORANDUM DECISION
    Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
    this Memorandum Decision shall not be
    regarded as precedent or cited before any                                       FILED
    court except for the purpose of establishing                              Jul 13 2020, 8:53 am
    the defense of res judicata, collateral
    CLERK
    estoppel, or the law of the case.                                         Indiana Supreme Court
    Court of Appeals
    and Tax Court
    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT                                   ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
    Michael C. Keating                                        Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
    Law Offices of Steven K. Deig, LLC                        Attorney General of Indiana
    Evansville, Indiana
    Tiffany A. McCoy
    Steven L. Whitehead                                       Deputy Attorney General
    Princeton, Indiana                                        Indianapolis, Indiana
    IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
    Craig E. Hardiman,                                        July 13, 2020
    Appellant-Petitioner,                                     Court of Appeals Case No.
    19A-PC-2950
    v.                                                Appeal from the Gibson Circuit
    Court
    State of Indiana,                                         The Honorable Jeffrey F. Meade,
    Appellee-Respondent.                                      Judge
    Trial Court Cause No.
    26C01-1904-PC-395
    Bradford, Chief Judge.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-2950 | July 13, 2020                     Page 1 of 13
    Case Summary
    [1]   In 2003, Craig E. Hardiman pled guilty to Class B felony manufacturing a
    controlled substance. In 2019, Hardiman filed a petition for post-conviction
    relief (“PCR”), claiming that he had received ineffective assistance of trial
    counsel. Following an evidentiary hearing, the post-conviction court denied
    Hardiman’s PCR petition. We affirm.
    Facts and Procedural History
    [2]   On January 31, 2003, Gibson County Sheriff’s Department officer John Alley
    and several other officers went to Hardiman’s residence to investigate a report
    that Hardiman was planning to sell methamphetamine and a stolen handgun.
    Hardiman’s residence had a detached garage and an outbuilding approximately
    thirty to forty feet northeast of the house. Officers attempted to locate
    Hardiman in both the house and garage. While attempting to locate Hardiman,
    the officers detected a strong smell of ether. They also observed a large propane
    tank with greenish corrosion and numerous items used during the process of
    manufacturing methamphetamine in a burn pile, in front of the outbuilding,
    and scattered in Hardiman’s yard between the house and the outbuilding.
    [3]   The next day, officers observed two males, one identified as Hardiman, at the
    same residence. The officers observed Hardiman carrying what appeared to be
    a glass blender containing a substance similar to “pill dough” and coffee filters
    from the outbuilding to the house. Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 27. Both officers
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-2950 | July 13, 2020   Page 2 of 13
    again detected a strong odor of ether. The officers watched Hardiman and the
    other individual make three separate trips from the outbuilding to the house.
    [4]   On February 2, 2003, Officer Alley once again detected a strong smell of ether
    coming from Hardiman’s residence. Approximately fifteen minutes later,
    another officer drove by Hardiman’s residence and also smelled a strong smell
    of ether. Later that day, Officer Alley requested a search warrant for
    Hardiman’s residence. In support of his request, he averred that based on his
    training, experience, and personal observations, he believed that there was
    probable cause to establish that Hardiman was engaged in the manufacture
    and/or possession of methamphetamine. The trial judge found that there was
    probable cause and issued a search warrant. Various drug-related items were
    recovered during the subsequent search of Hardiman’s residence.
    [5]   On February 3, 2003, the State charged Hardiman with Class B felony
    manufacturing a controlled substance, Class D felony possession of a controlled
    substance, and Class D felony possession of chemical reagents or precursors
    with intent to manufacture. On May 20, 2003, Hardiman pled guilty to Class B
    felony manufacturing a controlled substance. In exchange for his guilty plea,
    the State agreed to dismiss the remaining charges. The trial court sentenced
    Hardiman to a six-year term, which was to be served consecutive to
    Hardiman’s thirty-four-year sentence in Cause Number 26C01-0210-FA-1, and
    concurrent to his sentence in Cause Number 26C01-0208-FD-67.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-2950 | July 13, 2020   Page 3 of 13
    [6]   On April 22, 2019, Hardiman filed a PCR petition, claiming that he had
    received ineffective assistance of counsel. The post-conviction court conducted
    an evidentiary hearing on Hardiman’s petition on August 29, 2019. During the
    evidentiary hearing, trial counsel acknowledged that he had not moved to
    suppress the evidence recovered during the execution of the search warrant.
    While trial counsel testified that he could not remember why he had not filed a
    motion to suppress, he indicated that it is his standard practice to review a
    criminal case file for search and seizure issues. On November 14, 2019, the
    post-conviction court denied Hardiman’s PCR petition.
    Discussion and Decision                              1
    [7]   Post-conviction procedures do not afford the petitioner with a super-appeal.
    Williams v. State, 
    706 N.E.2d 149
    , 153 (Ind. 1999). Instead, they create a
    narrow remedy for subsequent collateral challenges to convictions, challenges
    which must be based on grounds enumerated in the post-conviction rules.
    Id. A petitioner
    who has been denied post-conviction relief appeals from a negative
    judgment and as a result, faces a rigorous standard of review on appeal. Dewitt
    v. State, 
    755 N.E.2d 167
    , 169 (Ind. 2001); Colliar v. State, 
    715 N.E.2d 940
    , 942
    (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans. denied.
    1
    We note that in denying Hardiman’s PCR petition, the post-conviction court found both that the PCR
    proceedings were barred by laches and that Hardiman failed to establish that he suffered ineffective assistance
    of trial counsel. Given our preference for deciding cases on the merits, we focus our review on the merits of
    Hardiman’s ineffective-assistance claim.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-2950 | July 13, 2020                     Page 4 of 13
    [8]   Post-conviction proceedings are civil in nature. Stevens v. State, 
    770 N.E.2d 739
    ,
    745 (Ind. 2002). Therefore, in order to prevail, a petitioner must establish his
    claims by a preponderance of the evidence. Ind. Post-Conviction Rule 1(5);
    
    Stevens, 770 N.E.2d at 745
    . When appealing from the denial of a PCR petition,
    a petitioner must convince this court that the evidence, taken as a whole, “leads
    unerringly and unmistakably to a decision opposite that reached by the post-
    conviction court.” 
    Stevens, 770 N.E.2d at 745
    . “It is only where the evidence is
    without conflict and leads to but one conclusion, and the post-conviction court
    has reached the opposite conclusion, that its decision will be disturbed as
    contrary to law.” Godby v. State, 
    809 N.E.2d 480
    , 482 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004),
    trans. denied. The post-conviction court is the sole judge of the weight of the
    evidence and the credibility of the witnesses. Fisher v. State, 
    810 N.E.2d 674
    ,
    679 (Ind. 2004).
    Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
    [9]   The right to effective counsel is rooted in the Sixth Amendment to the United
    States Constitution. Taylor v. State, 
    840 N.E.2d 324
    , 331 (Ind. 2006). “‘The
    Sixth Amendment recognizes the right to the assistance of counsel because it
    envisions counsel’s playing a role that is critical to the ability of the adversarial
    system to produce just results.’”
    Id. (quoting Strickland
    v. Washington, 
    466 U.S. 668
    , 685 (1984)). “‘The benchmark for judging any claim of ineffectiveness
    must be whether counsel’s conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the
    adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied on as having produced a just
    result.’”
    Id. (quoting Strickland
    , 466 U.S. at 686). “The Strickland standard is
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-2950 | July 13, 2020   Page 5 of 13
    not limited to the trial or appellate phases in criminal proceedings, but also
    applies when defendants allege ineffective assistance during the guilty plea
    phase.” Bobadilla v. State, 
    117 N.E.3d 1272
    , 1280 (Ind. 2019).
    [10]   A successful claim for ineffective assistance of counsel must satisfy two
    components. Reed v. State, 
    866 N.E.2d 767
    , 769 (Ind. 2007). Under the first
    prong, the petitioner must establish that counsel’s performance was deficient by
    demonstrating that counsel’s representation “fell below an objective standard of
    reasonableness, committing errors so serious that the defendant did not have
    the ‘counsel’ guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment.”
    Id. We recognize
    that
    even the finest, most experienced criminal defense attorneys may not agree on
    the ideal strategy or most effective way to represent a client, and therefore,
    under this prong, we will assume that counsel performed adequately and defer
    to counsel’s strategic and tactical decisions. Smith v. State, 
    765 N.E.2d 578
    , 585
    (Ind. 2002). Isolated mistakes, poor strategy, inexperience, and instances of
    bad judgment do not necessarily render representation ineffective.
    Id. [11] Under
    the second prong, the petitioner must show that the deficient
    performance resulted in prejudice. 
    Reed, 866 N.E.2d at 769
    . A petitioner may
    show prejudice by demonstrating that there is “a reasonable probability (i.e. a
    probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome) that, but for
    counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”
    Id. A petitioner
    ’s failure to satisfy either prong will cause the ineffective assistance of
    counsel claim to fail. See 
    Williams, 706 N.E.2d at 154
    . Stated differently,
    “[a]lthough the two parts of the Strickland test are separate inquires, a claim
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-2950 | July 13, 2020   Page 6 of 13
    may be disposed of on either prong.” Grinstead v. State, 
    845 N.E.2d 1027
    , 1031
    (Ind. 2006) (citing 
    Williams, 706 N.E.2d at 154
    ).
    [12]   Hardiman contends that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by
    failing to file a motion to suppress the evidence recovered during the execution
    of the search warrant. “A petitioner alleging ineffective assistance of counsel in
    overlooking a defense leading to a guilty plea must show a reasonable
    probability that, had the defense been raised, the petitioner would not have
    pleaded guilty and would have succeeded at trial.” Helton v. State, 
    907 N.E.2d 1020
    , 1023 (Ind. 2009). Further, “‘[t]o prevail on an ineffective assistance of
    counsel claim based upon counsel’s failure to file motions on a defendant’s
    behalf, the defendant must demonstrate that such motions would have been
    successful.’” Moore v. State, 
    872 N.E.2d 617
    , 621 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (quoting
    Wales v. State, 
    768 N.E.2d 513
    , 523 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied).
    [13]   We have previously concluded that while “[i]t is certainly the case that in some
    circumstances a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel can be established by
    showing a failure to suppress evidence,” the petitioner bears the burden of proof
    at his post-conviction evidentiary hearing. 
    Helton, 907 N.E.2d at 1024
    . As
    such, it is incumbent on the petitioner—not the State—to show that “there is a
    reasonable probability of insufficient evidence if a suppression motion had been
    granted.”
    Id. at 1025.
    In Helton, the petitioner argued that without the seized
    contraband, the odds of a better result at trial “would have been much better
    than negligible” but presented “no evidence to establish [his] claim.”
    Id. Upon review,
    we concluded that
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-2950 | July 13, 2020   Page 7 of 13
    Perhaps if the evidence seized from Helton’s home had been
    excluded, the chances of a better outcome would have been
    greater. But in the absence of any showing that the State’s other
    evidence would have been insufficient, we are unable to evaluate
    the likelihood of acquittal or dismissal, and Helton has not
    shown a reasonable probability, or any probability at all, that he
    would have prevailed at trial.
    Id. [14] In
    arguing that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance, Hardiman
    asserts
    Had trial counsel filed a motion to suppress, it would have been
    granted. If one removes the observations made during the
    officer’s illegal entry from the search warrant affidavit, the
    remaining facts set out therein are woefully inadequate to
    establish probable cause to search the Petitioner’s property.
    Under the circumstances, with the evidence ultimately
    suppressed, the Petitioner obviously (and reasonably) [would]
    have opted for proceeding with his plea of not guilty and would
    not have chosen to plead guilty. Trial counsel was, therefore,
    ineffective in not filing a motion to suppress and in allowing the
    Petitioner to plead guilty.
    Appellant’s Br. pp. 19–20. We cannot agree with Hardiman that the facts set
    forth in Officer Alley’s affidavit in support of his request for a search warrant
    were “woefully inadequate to establish probable cause.” Appellant’s Br. p. 19.
    [15]   “To be valid, a warrant and its underlying affidavit must comply with the
    Fourth Amendment prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures, as well
    as Indiana constitutional and statutory law.” Gray v. State, 
    758 N.E.2d 519
    , 521
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-2950 | July 13, 2020   Page 8 of 13
    (Ind. 2001). “In order to comply with these restrictions, the [judge’s] task is
    simply to make a practical, commonsense decision whether, given all the
    circumstances set forth before him there is a fair probability that contraband or
    evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.”
    Id. (internal quote
    and
    ellipses omitted). “Probable cause to search premises is established when a
    sufficient basis of fact exists to permit a reasonably prudent person to believe
    that a search of those premises will uncover evidence of a crime.” Redden v.
    State, 
    850 N.E.2d 451
    , 461 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006) (internal quotation omitted).
    “The decision to issue the warrant should be based on the facts stated in the
    affidavit and the rational and reasonable inferences drawn therefrom.”
    Id. “When seeking
    a search warrant, the police must follow the warrant statute,
    I.C. § 35–33–5–2,[2] which specifies the minimum information necessary to
    establish probable cause.”
    Id. (internal quotation
    omitted). “As the reviewing
    court, our duty under the Fourth Amendment is to determine whether the
    [judge] issuing the warrant had a substantial basis for concluding that probable
    cause existed.” 
    Gray, 758 N.E.2d at 521
    (internal quotation omitted). “While
    2
    Indiana Code section 35-33-5-2(a) provides that
    no warrant for search or arrest shall be issued until there is filed with the judge an affidavit:
    (1) particularly describing:
    (A) the house or place to be searched and the things to
    be searched for; or
    (B) particularly describing the person to be arrested;
    (2) alleging substantially the offense in relation thereto and that the
    affiant believes and has good cause to believe that:
    (A) the things sought are concealed there; or
    (B) the person to be arrested committed the offense;
    and
    (3) setting forth the facts known to the affiant through personal
    knowledge or based on hearsay, constituting the probable cause.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-2950 | July 13, 2020                           Page 9 of 13
    significant deference is due to the [judge’s] determination, our search for
    substantial basis must focus on whether reasonable inferences drawn from the
    totality of the evidence support the determination.”
    Id. (internal quotation
    omitted).
    [16]   Officer Alley requested a warrant to search Hardiman’s property on February 2,
    2003. In support of his request, Officer Alley averred:
    1. That affiant is an officer with the Gibson County Sheriff
    Department.
    2. On January 31, 2003, this affiant and several officers went to
    the residence of Craig Hardiman, which is the third house east of
    Greer Fruit Market on the north side of SR 64 west with an
    unattached outbuilding approximately 30 to 40 feet northeast of
    the house. The purpose of the contact was to investigate a report
    that [Hardiman] was to sell methamphetamine and a stolen
    handgun at 10:00 pm at this residence. Officers went to the
    house and to the garage to locate [Hardiman] and observed a
    strong smell of ether, numerous punched starting fluid cans and
    stripped batteries in a burn pile, additional stripped batteries in
    front of the outbuilding, used coffee filters scattered between the
    house and the outbuilding in the yard area, and a large propane
    tank with greenish corrosion.
    3. On February 1, 2003, two other officers with the Gibson
    County Sheriff Department observed two males, one identified as
    [Hardiman], at this residence. [Hardiman] was observed
    carrying what appeared to be a glass blender containing a
    substance similar to “pill dough,” and coffee filters from the
    outbuilding to the residence. The officers while observing the
    residence also observed a strong odor of ether. These officers
    observed the individuals make three separate trips from the
    outbuilding to the house.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-2950 | July 13, 2020   Page 10 of 13
    4. On February 2, 2003, this affiant observed a strong smell of
    ether coming from the residence. Another officer also drove by
    the residence within approximately fifteen minutes of this
    affiant’s observation and also smelled a strong smell of ether.
    5. Based on this affiant’s training, experience and personal
    observations this affiant believes that there is evidence of
    manufacture/possession of methamphetamine, precursors, stolen
    weapons and paraphernalia within the above buildings and/or
    vehicles.
    Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 27.
    [17]   In challenging the sufficiency of the affidavit to establish probable cause,
    Hardiman asserts that the burn pile and outbuilding were located in the
    curtilage surrounding his property and were not visible from the area where a
    visitor to his property would be expected to go. “The area immediately
    surrounding one’s home is known as ‘curtilage,’ a term derived from Medieval
    Latin for court or yard.” Divello v. State, 
    782 N.E.2d 433
    , 437 (Ind. Ct. App.
    2003).
    When police enter onto private property in order to conduct an
    investigation or for another legitimate purpose and restrict their
    entry to places that other visitors would be expected to go, such
    as walkways, driveways, or porches, any observation made from
    these areas is permissible under the United States Constitution
    and the Fourth Amendment thereto. Accordingly, an individual
    does not have a reasonable expectation of privacy with regard to
    things or activities within a residence that may be observed by
    persons using their natural senses from places impliedly open to a
    visitor’s entry. In general, this means that if police utilize normal
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-2950 | July 13, 2020   Page 11 of 13
    means of access to and egress from the house for some legitimate
    purpose, such as to make inquiries of the occupant, it is not a
    Fourth Amendment search for the police to see or hear or smell
    from that vantage point what is happening inside the dwelling.
    The implied invitation, however, extends only to those with
    legitimate business, and applies only to recognized access routes
    reasonable under the circumstances.
    Id. (internal citations,
    quotations, and ellipses omitted).
    [18]   In this case, even if we were to assume that Hardiman’s description of the
    location of the burn pile and outbuilding as being located in the curtilage
    beyond the view from where a visitor is expected to go is accurate, we conclude
    that the affidavit is nonetheless sufficient to establish probable cause. The
    remaining portions of Officer Alley’s affidavit indicate that on three consecutive
    days, multiple officers smelled the strong odor of ether, and Hardiman does not
    claim that any of them were in the curtilage at the time. We have previously
    noted that the strong smell of ether is a common sign of methamphetamine
    production. See generally Holder v. State, 
    847 N.E.2d 930
    , 933 n.1 (Ind. 2006)
    (“Ether is a chemical commonly known among law enforcement to be
    employed in the manufacture of methamphetamine.”). On the second of the
    three days, Hardiman was observed entering and exiting the house carrying
    what appeared to be materials used in or produced during the manufacture of
    methamphetamine. Officers also observed a large propane tank with “greenish
    corrosion” and Hardiman makes no argument that the propane tank was
    located beyond an individual’s view from an area where a visitor is expected to
    go. In addition, officers had received a report that Hardiman was going to sell
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-2950 | July 13, 2020   Page 12 of 13
    methamphetamine and a stolen handgun from the property on at a particular
    time on a particular date. We conclude that these factors are sufficient to
    establish probable cause to believe that Hardiman was engaged in the
    manufacture of methamphetamine. Thus, similar to Helton, we conclude that
    Hardiman has failed to carry his burden of establishing a reasonable probability
    that he would have succeeded at trial if a motion to suppress had been made
    and sustained.
    [19]   The judgment of the post-conviction court is affirmed.
    Baker, J., and Pyle, J., concur.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-PC-2950 | July 13, 2020   Page 13 of 13