Victoria v. Arrowood v. State of Indiana ( 2020 )

FILED
Aug 18 2020, 9:15 am
CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Cara Schaefer Wieneke Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Wieneke Law Office, LLC Attorney General of Indiana
Brooklyn, Indiana Samuel J. Dayton
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Victoria V. Arrowood, August 18, 2020
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
20A-CR-667
v. Appeal from the Shelby Superior
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable David N. Riggins,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
73D02-1905-F6-252
Mathias, Judge.
[1] Victoria Arrowood (“Arrowood”) pleaded guilty in Shelby Superior Court to
Level 6 felony possession of methamphetamine, and the court sentenced her to
545 days in community corrections, to be served on home detention. The State
subsequently filed a petition to revoke Arrowood’s placement in community
corrections. Following a hearing on the State’s petition, the trial court revoked
Arrowood’s placement in community corrections and ordered her to serve the
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remainder of her sentence in incarceration. Arrowood appeals and presents one
issue, which we restate as whether her counsel’s performance at the revocation
hearing effectively denied her the right to counsel as guaranteed by Article 1,
Section 13 of the Indiana Constitution. Because the revocation of probation or
placement in community corrections is civil, not criminal, in nature, Article 1,
Section 13 is inapplicable. Accordingly, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] Arrowood was a passenger in a vehicle that was stopped for a traffic infraction
in Shelby County. During the traffic stop, law enforcement found her in
possession of methamphetamine and two syringes.1 The State charged
Arrowood on May 30, 2019 with Level 6 felony unlawful possession of a
syringe and Level 6 felony possession of methamphetamine. On June 12, 2019,
Arrowood agreed to plead guilty to the charge of possession of
methamphetamine in exchange for the State dismissing the other count. The
trial court accepted the plea agreement on September 16, 2019, and sentenced
Arrowood to 545 days in community corrections, to be served on home
detention.
[3] On January 27, 2020, the State filed a petition to revoke Arrowood’s placement
in community corrections, alleging that she had violated the terms of her
1
At the time of the traffic stop, Arrowood faced pending charges of possession of methamphetamine in
nearby Henry County.
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placement by testing positive for methamphetamine, morphine, fentanyl, and
cannabinoids. The trial court held a hearing on the State’s revocation petition
on February 27, 2020. Arrowood failed to appear in person but was represented
by counsel.2
[4] At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court revoked Arrowood’s placement
in community corrections and ordered her to serve the balance of her sentence
in incarceration. Arrowood now appeals.
Standard of Review
[5] Arrowood argues that, pursuant to Article 1, Section 13 of the Indiana
Constitution, she had a right to the effective assistance of counsel at the
revocation hearing. This is a question of law that we review de novo. State v.
Neff, 117 N.E.3d 1263, 1267 (Ind. 2019) (noting that a question involving the
meaning of the Indiana Constitution is a question of law that appellate courts
review de novo).
Discussion and Decision
[6] We first note that, under the Sixth Amendment to the United States
Constitution, a probationer does not have a right to counsel at a probation
revocation hearing. Jordan v. State, 60 N.E.3d 1062, 1068 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016)
2
After the hearing finished, Arrowood appeared in person at the trial court. She and the court engaged in a
brief discussion, which revealed that Arrowood had telephoned the court and stated that her car had broken
down. The court acknowledged this and stated that it had delayed the hearing by over a half hour but went
ahead with the hearing when Arrowood did not appear after a reasonable delay.
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(citing Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778, 781–82 (1973)). By extension, this
would also hold true in proceedings for revocation of placement in community
corrections. See Cox v. State, 706 N.E.2d 547, 549 n.6 (Ind. 1999) (holding that
“appellate review procedures, due process requirements, and evidentiary rules
for probation revocation and community corrections placement revocation
hearings are the same.”). Recognizing this, Arrowood makes no argument that
the Sixth Amendment right to counsel applies at placement revocation
hearings.
[7] Although a probationer has no Sixth Amendment right to counsel at a
revocation hearing, Indiana Code § 35-38-2-3(f) provides that a probationer in a
revocation hearing is entitled to representation by counsel. See Jordan, 60
N.E.3d at 1068. In reviewing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel at a
revocation hearing, we apply a less-rigorous “due process” standard: “If counsel
appeared and represented the petitioner in a procedurally fair setting which
resulted in judgment of the court, it is not necessary to judge his performance by
rigorous standards.” Id. (citing Childers v. State, 656 N.E.2d 514, 517 (Ind. Ct.
App. 1995), trans. denied; Baum v. State, 533 N.E.2d 1200, 1201 (Ind.1989)).
[8] To avoid application of this less-rigorous standard, Arrowood argues the right
to counsel guaranteed by Article 1, Section 13 applies at revocation hearings,
noting that the Indiana Constitution provides a broader guarantee than the
Sixth Amendment. She also argues that the two-part Strickland test should apply
to claims of ineffective assistance of counsel under Article 1, Section 13 and
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that, under this test, her revocation counsel was constitutionally ineffective.3
We are unpersuaded.
[9] We agree with Arrowood that the right to counsel guaranteed by Article 1,
Section 13 is broader than that provided by the Sixth Amendment. For
example, the Sixth Amendment requires the assistance of counsel only at all
critical stages of the prosecution. Barnett v. State, 83 N.E.3d 93, 104 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2017) (citing Hopper v. State, 957 N.E.2d 613, 616 (Ind. 2011)), trans.
denied. In contrast, Article 1, Section 13 applies to “every stage of [a criminal]
proceeding[].” Batchelor v. State, 189 Ind. 69, 125 N.E.2d 773, 776 (1920). Thus,
“Indiana’s constitutional right—contrary to the Sixth Amendment—can attach
‘prior to the filing of formal charges against the defendant[.]’” Jewell v. State, 957
N.E.2d 625, 634 (Ind. 2011) (quoting Hall v. State, 870 N.E.2d 449, 460 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied). But this does not mean that Article 1, Section 13
applies in revocation proceedings.
[10] Indeed, the language of Article 1, Section 13 of the Indiana Constitution
provides that “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the right . . . to
be heard by himself and counsel[.]” (emphasis added). It is well settled that
proceedings to revoke either probation or placement in community corrections
are civil proceedings, not criminal prosecutions. See McQueen v. State, 862
3
When addressing claims of ineffective assistance of counsel under either the Sixth Amendment or Article 1,
Section 13, our courts have applied the two-part test set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).
See, e.g., Shaw v. State, 898 N.E.2d 465, 467–68 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (applying Strickland test to claim of
ineffective assistance brought under both the Sixth Amendment and Article 1, Section 13), trans. denied.
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N.E.2d 1237, 1242 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (citing Cox, 706 N.E.2d at 551) (noting
civil nature of community correction revocation proceedings); Jordan, 60
N.E.3d at 1068 (noting civil nature of probation revocation proceedings). Thus,
“‘probationers do not receive the same constitutional rights that defendants
receive at trial.’” Jordan, 60 N.E.3d at 1068 (quoting Reyes v. State, 868 N.E.2d
438, 440 (Ind. 2007)). Because revocation hearings are civil in nature, the right
to counsel in criminal proceedings guaranteed by Article 1, Section 13 of the
Indiana Constitution simply does not apply.
[11] We find support for our conclusion in Baum, 533 N.E.2d at 1201, in which our
supreme court held that the right to counsel guaranteed by Article 1, Section 13
does not apply in post-conviction proceedings, which, like revocation
proceedings, are civil in nature. We read Baum as holding that Article 1,
Section 13 simply does not apply to non-criminal proceedings, whether they be
post-conviction proceedings or revocation proceedings.
[12] Arrowood, nevertheless claims that Article 1, Section 13 does provide a right to
counsel at revocation hearings, citing Vicory v. State, 802 N.E.2d 426 (Ind.
2004). In that case, our supreme court held that a probationer has a right to
allocution at a probation revocation hearing. Id. at 429. Our supreme court’s
decision in Vicory was, as the court later put it, “informed by Article 1, Section
13 of the Indiana Constitution,” which guarantees the right to be heard “‘by
himself and counsel.’” Biddinger v. State, 868 N.E.2d 407, 412 (Ind. 2007)
(quoting Ind. Const., art. 1, § 13). Essentially, Arrowood argues that, if the right
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to allocution is extended to probation revocation proceedings, then so should
the right to counsel.
[13] We do not read Vicory as holding that Article 1, Section 13 extends to
revocation hearings. Had the Vicory court intended to make such a profound
statement, we believe it would have done so clearly, not by mere implication.
Indeed, the supreme court later noted that its holding in Vicory was merely
“informed” by the right to be heard by oneself under Article 1, Section 13; it did
not hold that the right to allocution was guaranteed by Article 1, Section 13.
Biddinger, 868 N.E.2d at 412. It certainly did not hold that the right to counsel
extended to revocation hearings.
[14] Accordingly, we decline to hold that the right to counsel at all criminal
prosecutions, as guaranteed by Article 1, Section 13, extends to revocation
hearings, which are civil, not criminal, in nature. Instead, revocation
proceedings, like post-conviction proceedings, are governed by principles of due
process. See Baum, 533 N.E.2d at 1201 (“We therefore apply a lesser standard
responsive more to the due course of law or due process of law principles which
are at the heart of the civil post-conviction remedy.”); see also A.M. v. State, 134
N.E.3d 361, 366–67 (Ind. 2019) (holding that Sixth Amendment Strickland
standard did not apply in juvenile disposition-modification hearings).
Conclusion
[15] Under the more lenient due-process standard set forth in Jordan and Baum, it is
apparent that Arrowood was not denied her right to counsel, as “counsel
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appeared and represented the [probationer] in a procedurally fair setting which
resulted in judgment of the court[.]” 60 N.E.3d at 1069 (quoting Childers, 656
N.E.2d at 517) (citing Baum, 533 N.E.2d at 1201).
[16] For all these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
[17] Affirmed.
Bradford, C.J., and Najam, J., concur.
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