Damonta Lamont Jarrett v. State of Indiana ( 2020 )

FILED
Nov 30 2020, 9:42 am
CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Mark A. Bates Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Office of Lake County Public Defender Attorney General of Indiana
Crown Point, Indiana Courtney Staton
Deputy Public Defender
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Damonta Lamont Jarrett, November 30, 2020
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
20A-CR-59
v. Appeal from the Lake Superior
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Diane Ross
Appellee-Plaintiff. Boswell, Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
45G03-1611-MR-7
Pyle, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CR-59 | November 30, 2020 Page 1 of 27
Statement of the Case
[1] Damonta Lamont Jarrett (“Jarrett”) appeals his convictions, following a jury
trial, of murder1 and Level 5 felony attempted robbery2 and the sentence
imposed thereon. He argues that: (1) his convictions for murder and Level 5
felony attempted robbery violate Indiana’s prohibition against double jeopardy;
(2) the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his two separate motions
for mistrials; and (3) the trial court erred in sentencing him. Finding no double
jeopardy violation, no abuse of the trial court’s discretion, and no sentencing
error, we affirm Jarrett’s convictions and sentence.
[2] We affirm.
Issues
1. Whether Jarrett’s convictions for murder and Level 5
felony attempted robbery violate Indiana’s prohibition
against double jeopardy.
2. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it
denied Jarrett’s two separate motions for mistrial.
3. Whether the trial court erred in sentencing Jarrett.
1
IND. CODE § 35-42-1-1.
2
I C. §§ 35-42-5-1 and 35-41-5-1.
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Facts
[3] In October 2016, forty-year-old Steven Marquand (“Marquand”) lived in a rented
room in Gary, Indiana, with his fiancée, Kelly Worley (“Worley”). On October
18, Worley spent the day cleaning a friend’s house. The friend paid Worley with a
can of change. That evening, Marquand and Worley cashed in the coins at a local
currency exchange. After paying fees, Marquand and Worley received $283 in
cash, which included two one-hundred-dollar bills. Marquand folded the cash and
placed it in his pocket.
[4] Marquand and Worley then purchased a carry-out dinner and drove to a nearby
gas station convenience store. Marquand went into the store to purchase drinks
and ice and paid for the items with the cash. Twenty-three-year-old Jarrett, who
was in the convenience store when Marquand paid for the drinks and ice,
apparently saw Marquand pull the cash out of his pocket.
[5] Marquand left the convenience store, and Jarrett followed him. As Marquand was
getting into his car, Jarrett approached him with a gun and told Marquand “to give
[him] the money or [he would] shoot.” (Tr. Vol. 3 at 157). When Marquand, who
was sitting in the driver’s seat of his car by this point, responded, “no[,]” Jarrett
shot Marquand in the chest. (Tr. Vol. 3 at 158).
[6] Marquand drove the car out of the gas station, looked at Worley, and said,
“[b]aby, I’m shot, I’m shot.” (Tr. Vol. 3 at 161). Marquand’s eyes rolled back,
and Worley, who had been sitting in the passenger seat, jumped into Marquand’s
lap and attempted to gain control of the car. Worley side-swiped a fence, which
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slowed the car down, and she was subsequently able to stop it. Marquand died as
a result of the gunshot wound.
[7] In November 2016, the State charged Jarrett with both murder and felony murder
(murder while attempting to commit a robbery). Jarrett was taken into custody in
May 2017. In September 2019, the State amended the charging information to
include a charge for Level 5 felony attempted robbery and a firearm enhancement
for each of the three counts.
[8] At the four-day trial in October and November 2019, forensic pathologist Dr. Zhuo
Wang (“Dr. Wang”) testified that a bullet had entered Marquand’s chest and
passed through his heart, lung, and esophagus before exiting through his back.
According to Dr. Wang, the cause of Marquand’s death was the gunshot wound to
the chest, and the manner of Marquand’s death was a homicide.
[9] Gary Police Department Homicide Investigator George Dickerson (“Investigator
Dickerson”) also testified at the trial. According to Investigator Dickerson, “the
earliest date that [he] could have submitted anything for DNA testing” of Jarrett
was in May 2017, which was “the first time that the Gary Police Department [had
been] able to make contact with [Jarrett].” (Tr. Vol. 4 at 154). Jarrett’s trial
counsel asked to approach the bench and told the trial court that Investigator
Dickerson’s testimony “suggest[ed] that they couldn’t find [Jarrett] because he
wasn’t around.” (Tr. Vol. 4 at 154). Trial counsel further told the trial court that
he did not “want any inference made that w[ould] inflame - -” (Tr. Vol. 4 at 154).
The prosecutor responded that he “ha[d] no evidence of flight, just that they
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couldn’t test anything until they found him.” (Tr. Vol. 4 at 154). According to the
prosecutor, trial counsel had made “a preemptive objection.” (Tr. Vol. 4 at 155).
That was the end of the discussion at the bench.
[10] Thereafter, Investigator Dickerson testified that by May 2017, the police “had
already positively identified [Jarrett][.]” (Tr. Vol. 4 at 155). Investigator
Dickerson further agreed with the prosecutor that “with a positive identification
that had been corroborated . . . a dozen times over, [Investigator Dickerson] did
[not] . . . feel the need to submit anything for DNA testing to identify the
individual at the gas station.” (Tr. Vol. 4 at 157). When asked if he had “ma[d]e
the call not to do that[,]” Investigator Dickerson responded that “from protocol,
we can’t do that until he’s actually taken into custody.” (Tr. Vol. 4 at 157).
[11] Jarrett’s trial counsel again asked to approach the bench and moved for a mistrial
“based on the fact that [Investigator Dickerson had] stated that [Jarrett] would
have been brought into custody and we have a [seven-month] delay from the time
of the incident to when he [was] taken into custody, which again, asserts the
flight.”3 (Tr. Vol. 4 at 157-58). The trial court denied the motion, and trial counsel
did not ask for a limiting instruction.
3
Trial counsel argued at trial that there was “a year and a half delay from the time of the incident to when he
[was] taken into custody[.]” (Tr. Vol. 4 at 157-58). However, the murder occurred in October 2016, and
Jarrett was taken into custody in May 2017. There was therefore a seven-month delay from the time of the
murder to when Jarrett was taken into custody. Trial counsel’s confusion may have been based on
Investigator Dickerson’s initial testimony that Jarrett had been taken into custody in May 2018. (Tr. Vol. 4
at 153). However, Investigator Dickerson immediately apologized and testified that Jarrett had been taken
into custody in May 2017. (Tr. Vol. 4 at 154). In addition, the trial court’s Chronological Case Summary
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[12] After the State had finished questioning Investigator Dickerson, the trial court
judge advised the parties that there would be a fifteen-minute recess. Following the
recess, the trial court judge asked the prosecutor and trial counsel to approach the
bench. The trial court judge told the attorneys that while she was in the courtroom
during the recess, Jarrett had told her, “[y]our birthday’s coming up, and I just
wanted to wish you a happy birthday.” (Tr. Vol. 4 at 161). The trial court judge
further told the attorneys that she had asked Jarrett how he knew when her
birthday was, and Jarrett had responded that “everybody’s birthday is coming up,
whether it’s past or in the future, somebody is going to have a birthday.” (Tr. Vol.
4 at 162). The trial court judge explained that the comment had made her
uncomfortable, and she was “not sure what to do about it.” (Tr. Vol. 4 at 162).
The trial court judge further explained that she had asked Jarrett when her birthday
was, and the bailiff had heard Jarrett say that the trial court judge’s birthday was
“in a couple of months.” (Tr. Vol. 4 at 163). The trial court judge told the
attorneys that her birthday was in January, which, at the time of the trial, was two
months away.
[13] Based upon Jarrett’s comments and the trial court judge’s discomfort, trial counsel
asked the trial court judge to declare a mistrial. The prosecutor asked the trial
court judge “in what way d[id] that impact [Jarrett’s] ability to have a fair trial”
and if she could “still listen to this case fairly, adjudge the law fairly[,] and sentence
states that Jarrett was taken into custody on May 19, 2017 and that his initial hearing was held that same
day.
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fairly.” (Tr. Vol. 4 at 165). The trial court judge responded that she certainly
could but that she wanted to “take a few more minutes while we give 15 and think
about it.” (Tr. Vol. 4 at 165). The trial court judge further explained that she was
not concerned about “over-sentencing him or doing anything like that because he
[had] made that comment.” (Tr. Vol. 4 at 166). Rather, her concern was her
safety and why Jarrett “f[elt] it necessary to say that to [her].” (Tr. Vol. 4 at 166).
[14] Twenty minutes later, Jarrett returned to the courtroom, and the trial court judge
stated that she had discussed his comments about her birthday with the prosecutor
and his trial counsel. The trial court judge further told Jarrett that “[t]he question
was posed to [her] whether or not [she] thought [she] could still be fair and
impartial based on [her] concern about the comment.” (Tr. Vol. 4 at 169). The
trial court judge stated that she could still be fair and impartial and that Jarrett’s
comments would not affect any ruling that she had to make in the case or any
sentence should he be convicted. The trial court judge further told Jarrett that
“when [he had] information like that, [he] need[ed] to keep it to [him]self[,]” and
denied his motion for a mistrial. (Tr. Vol. 4 at 169). The jury was not present for
any of the discussion regarding Jarrett’s birthday remarks to the trial court judge.
[15] At the end of the four-day trial, Jarrett’s trial counsel renewed his motion for a
mistrial “based on the testimony of [Investigator] Dickerson and the fact that at
some point, [his] client [had been] taken into custody.” (Tr. Vol. 5 at 4). Trial
counsel specifically argued as follows:
I do believe that’s extremely prejudicial, and the jury heard the
fact that at some point, he was brought into custody in this case
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and essentially arrested or taken to the jail. The fact that that
testimony was heard by the members of the jury, I think, it is too
prejudicial to overcome, and based on some of the questions they
asked following [Investigator] Dickerson’s testimony, I do think
it’s something that has infiltrated the jury panel, so at this point, I
would just renew our motion for a mistrial based on that
testimony.4
(Tr. Vol. 5 at 4).
[16] The trial court denied the motion and asked trial counsel if he “ha[d] some kind of
curative statement for the . . . motion.” (Tr. Vol. 5 at 6). During a bench
conference, the parties discussed the language that should be included in a limiting
instruction and agreed that the trial court would instruct the jury that “[t]he fact
that the defendant may have been taken into custody is not proof of guilt and
should not be taken into consideration during your deliberations.” (Tr. Vol. 5 at 6-
8; App. Vol. 2 at 118). When the trial court asked trial counsel if the instruction
was “[g]ood[,]” trial counsel responded that the instruction was “[p]erfect.” (Tr.
Vol. 5 at 8).
[17] The jury convicted Jarrett of murder, felony murder (murder while attempting to
commit a robbery), and Level 5 felony attempted robbery. In a separate
proceeding, Jarrett admitted that he had used a firearm while committing each of
the three offenses.
4
Apparently two jurors submitted written questions asking when Jarrett was taken into custody. These
questions were not posed to Investigator Dickerson.
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[18] At the December 2019 sentencing hearing, the State presented evidence that Jarrett
was on probation for another robbery offense at the time he murdered Marquand.
During that offense, Jarrett “saw a man carrying a handgun with a permit and
decided to attempt to take that gun from that man’s person.” (Sentencing Hearing
Tr. Vol. 2 at 17). In addition, the State presented evidence that, at the time of his
arrest for Marquand’s murder, Jarrett “was wanted on the original warrant for a
separate armed robbery, the allegations for which include[d] holding a gun to an
infant’s head to threaten a mother to turn over money in a home invasion.”
(Sentencing Hearing Tr. Vol. 2 at 15-16). The State also pointed out that although
Jarrett’s criminal history included just one felony, “part of the reason for that [was]
that he [had been] able to evade justice for more than two years with the original
warrant for that robbery [described above], and in this instant case, although he
was charged in November of 2016, he wasn’t arrested until May of 2017.”
(Sentencing Hearing Tr. Vol. 2 at 16).
[19] At the end of the sentencing hearing, the trial court found the following
aggravating factors: (1) Jarrett’s prior felony conviction; (2) the nature and
circumstances of the offense, which “was a crime of opportunity, spur of the
moment, he just saw it and did it[;]” and (3) Jarrett was on probation at the time he
murdered Marquand. (Sentencing Hearing Tr. Vol. 2 at 27). The trial court
considered Jarrett’s age to be a mitigating factor.
[20] Thereafter, the trial court vacated Jarrett’s felony murder (murder while attempting
to commit a robbery) conviction. The trial court sentenced Jarrett to an enhanced
fifty-seven (57) year sentence for the murder conviction and a three (3) year
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advisory sentence for the Level 5 felony attempted robbery conviction. The trial
court further enhanced Jarrett’s three-year sentence for the attempted robbery
conviction by five (5) years because Jarrett used a firearm during the attempted
robbery. The trial court then ordered the fifty-seven (57) year sentence for murder
to run consecutively to the enhanced eight (8) year sentence for Level 5 felony
attempted robbery, for a total executed sentence of sixty-five (65) years.
[21] Jarrett now appeals his convictions and sentence.
Decision
[22] Jarrett argues that: (1) his convictions for murder and Level 5 felony attempted
robbery violate Indiana’s prohibition against double jeopardy; (2) the trial court
abused its discretion when it denied his two separate motions for mistrials; and (3)
the trial court erred in sentencing him. We address each of his contentions in turn.
1. Double Jeopardy
[23] Jarrett first argues that his convictions for murder and Level 5 felony attempted
robbery violate Indiana’s prohibition against double jeopardy under the actual
evidence test established by our supreme court in Richardson v. State, 717 N.E.2d 32
(Ind. 1999). However, while Jarrett’s case was pending on appeal, the Indiana
Supreme Court “expressly overrule[d] the Richardson constitutional tests in
resolving claims of substantive double jeopardy” and adopted an analytical
framework to be applied where, as here, “a single criminal act or transaction
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violates multiple statutes (rather than a single statute)[.]” Wadle v. State, 151
N.E.3d 227, 235 (Ind. 2020).5
[24] Our supreme court summarized the Wadle analytical framework as follows:
[W]hen multiple convictions for a single act or transaction
implicate two or more statutes, we first look to the statutes
themselves. If either statute clearly permits multiple punishment,
whether expressly or by unmistakable implication, the court’s
inquiry comes to an end and there is no violation of
substantive double jeopardy. But if the statutory language is not
clear, then a court must apply our included-offense statutes to
determine whether the charged offenses are the same. See [IND.
CODE] § 35-31.5-2-168. If neither offense is included in the other
(either inherently or as charged), there is no violation
of double jeopardy. But if one offense is included in the other
(either inherently or as charged), then the court must examine the
facts underlying those offenses, as presented in the charging
instrument and as adduced at trial. If, based on these facts, the
defendant’s actions were “so compressed in terms of time, place,
singleness of purpose, and continuity of action as to constitute a
single transaction,” then the prosecutor may charge the offenses
as alternative sanctions only. But if the defendant’s actions prove
otherwise, a court may convict on each charged offense.
Wadle, 151 N.E.3d at 253.
[25] Applying the Wadle analytical framework to the facts of this case, we note that
Jarrett was convicted of murder pursuant to INDIANA CODE § 35-42-1-1, which
5
Powell v. State, 151 N.E.3d 256, 263 (Ind. 2020), on the other hand, established the framework to be applied
“when a single criminal act or transaction violates a single statute and results in multiple injuries.”
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provides that “[a] person who: knowingly or intentionally kills another human
being . . . commits murder, a felony.” Jarrett was also convicted of Level 5 felony
attempted robbery. The relevant statutes are INDIANA CODE §§ 35-42-5-1 and 35-
41-5-1. INDIANA CODE § 35-42-5-1 provides that “a person who knowingly or
intentionally takes property from another person or from the presence of another
person: (1) by using or threatening the use of force on any person; or (2) by putting
any person in fear; commits robbery, a Level 5 felony.” INDIANA CODE § 35-41-5-
1 provides that “[a] person attempts to commit a crime when, acting with the
culpability required for commission of the crime, the person engages in conduct
that constitutes a substantial step toward commission of the crime.” These statutes
do not clearly permit multiple punishments, either expressly or by unmistakable
implication.
[26] With no statutory language clearly permitting multiple punishments, we move to
the second step of the analysis: determining whether either offense is included in
the other (“either inherently or as charged”) under the included offense statute,
INDIANA CODE § 35-31.5-2-168. See Wadle, 151 N.E.3d at 227. If not, there can be
no double jeopardy. See id.
[27] INDIANA CODE § 35-31.5-2-168 defines “included offense” as an offense that:
(1) is established by proof of the same material elements or less
than all the material elements required to establish the
commission of the offense charged;
(2) consists of an attempt to commit the offense charged or an
offense otherwise included therein; or
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(3) differs from the offense charged only in the respect that a less
serious harm or risk of harm to the same person, property, or
public interest, or a lesser kind of culpability, is required to
establish its commission.
[28] Subsection (1) is not implicated here. Murder is not established by proof of Level 5
felony robbery because murder requires a killing and Level 5 felony attempted
robbery does not. In addition, Level 5 felony attempted robbery is not established
by proof of murder because attempted robbery requires a substantial step toward
the taking of property and murder does not.
[29] Subsection (2) also does not apply here. Pursuant to the statute, an attempt crime
is an included offense of the completed crime. Ledesma v. State, 761 N.E.2d 896,
899 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (citing State el rel. Camden v. Gibson Circuit Court, 640
N.E.2d 696, 701 (Ind. 1994) and INDIANA CODE § 35-41-1-16(2), a prior version of
the included offense statute that also defined an included offense as one that
“consists of an attempt to commit the offense charged or an offense otherwise
included therein”)). See also INDIANA CODE § 35-41-5-3 (stating that “[a] person
may not be convicted of both a crime and an attempt to commit the same crime”).
Here, Jarrett was convicted of murder but not attempted murder and Level 5
felony attempted robbery but not Level 5 felony robbery.
[30] Lastly, subsection (3) does not apply here. This is because murder and Level 5
felony attempted robbery differ in more respects than just the degree of harm of
culpability required. Specifically, murder requires a killing and Level 5 felony
attempted robbery requires a substantial step toward the taking of property.
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[31] Because neither murder nor Level 5 felony attempted robbery is included in the
other, Jarrett’s convictions do not constitute double jeopardy under Wadle. See
Diaz v. State, 2020 WL 5858609 (Ind. Ct. App. Oct. 2, 2020) (holding that Diaz’s
convictions for murder and Level 5 felony robbery did not constitute double
jeopardy under Wadle). We therefore need not further examine the specific facts of
the case under the third step of the Wadle analytical framework. See id.
2. Motions for Mistrial
[32] Jarrett next argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his two
separate motions for mistrials. The denial of a motion for a mistrial rests within
the sound discretion of the trial court, and we review the trial court’s decision only
for an abuse of discretion. Brittain v. State, 68 N.E.3d 611, 619 (Ind. Ct. App.
2017), trans. denied. The trial court is entitled to great deference on appeal because
the trial court is in the best position to evaluate the relevant circumstances of a
given event and its probable impact on the jury. Id. at 620. To prevail on appeal
from the denial of a motion for mistrial, a defendant must demonstrate that the
statement in question was so prejudicial that he was placed in a position of grave
peril. Id. The gravity of the peril is measured by the challenged conduct’s probable
persuasive effect on the jury’s decision, not the impropriety of the conduct.
Mickens v. State, 742 N.E.2d 927, 929 (Ind. 2001). The question is not whether the
absence of this persuasive effect would lead to an acquittal instead of a conviction,
but rather whether “the evidence is close and the trial court fails to alleviate the
prejudicial effect.” Everroad v. State, 571 N.E.2d 1240, 1244 (Ind. 1991). Granting
a mistrial “is an extreme remedy that is warranted only when no other action can
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be expected to remedy the situation.” Kemper v. State, 35 N.E.3d 306, 309 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2015), trans. denied.
[33] Jarrett first contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his
motion for a mistrial regarding Investigator Dickerson’s testimony that he had not
submitted Jarrett’s DNA for analysis because such testing is not feasible until a
suspect is taken into custody. Jarrett argues that based on this testimony, jurors
“may have been wondering about whether Jarrett took flight after the killing of
Marquand.” (Jarrett’s Br. 22). Jarrett further argues that “where the jury was left
with this mistaken impression, and the trial court did not admonish them, let alone
grant the motion for mistrial, [he] was put in grave peril and his convictions should
be reversed.” (Jarrett’s Br. 22).
[34] First, we agree with the State that “Jarrett has failed to demonstrate any prejudice
other than his speculative and self-serving statement that this testimony may have
left the jury ‘wondering about whether Jarrett took flight after the killing of
Marquand.’” (State’s Br. 19). Investigator Dickerson’s testimony did not place
Jarrett in grave peril, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying his
motion for a mistrial. See Hill v. State, 137 N.E.3d 926, 941 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019)
(stating that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the defendant’s
motion for a mistrial where the defendant “ha[d] failed to demonstrate any
prejudice other than his speculative and self-serving statement that [an officer’s]
testimony likely impacted the jury’s impression of [the defendant]”), trans. denied.
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[35] We further note that although Jarrett argues that the trial court did not admonish
the jury, our review of the record reveals that the trial court did give the jury a
limiting instruction. Specifically, the trial court instructed the jury that “[t]he fact
that the defendant may have been taken into custody is not proof of guilt and
should not be taken into consideration during your deliberations.” (Tr. Vol. 5 at 6-
8; App. Vol. 2 at 118). In addition, Jarrett’s trial counsel told the trial court that
the instruction was “[p]erfect.” (Tr. Vol. 5 at 8).
[36] Thus, even if Investigator Dickerson’s testimony had placed Jarrett in grave peril,
the trial court’s limiting instruction would have dispelled it and justified the denial
of Jarrett’s motion. See Banks v. State, 761 N.E.2d 403, 405 (Ind. 2002) (finding
that the trial court’s admonishment to the jury to disregard a witness’ remark about
the defendant’s prior unrelated criminal act sufficiently dispelled any grave peril
and justified denial of the defendant’s motion for a mistrial). The trial court did
not abuse its discretion in denying Jarrett’s motion for a mistrial regarding
Investigator Dickerson’s testimony.6
[37] Jarrett also contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his
motion for a mistrial after Jarrett wished the trial court judge a happy birthday.
Jarrett specifically argues that “the judge’s comments that she was uncomfortable,
6
In his reply brief, Jarrett acknowledges that the trial court gave the jury a limiting instruction and argues
that the instruction “did not address [trial] counsel’s concern[.]” (Jarrett’s Reply Br. 9). However, trial
counsel told the trial court that the instruction was “[p]erfect.” (Tr. Vol. 5 at 8). Further, a party cannot raise
an issue for the first time in a reply brief. Curtis v. State, 948 N.E.2d 1143, 1148 (Ind. 2011).
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even though she said she could be fair, placed Jarrett in grave peril.” (Jarrett’s Br.
23).
[38] However, as stated above, “[t]he gravity of the peril is measured by the probable
persuasive effect of the statement on the jury.” Smith, 140 N.E.3d at 373. (emphasis
added). Here, the trial court judge’s statements about Jarrett’s birthday remarks
were made outside the presence of the jury and could have had no persuasive effect
on the members of the jury. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying
Jarrett’s motion for a mistrial after Jarrett wished the trial court judge a happy
birthday.7
3. Sentence
[39] Lastly, Jarrett argues that the trial court erred in sentencing him. Jarrett
specifically contends that: (1) the trial court abused its discretion when it imposed
consecutive sentences for his murder and attempted robbery convictions; and (2)
the trial court improperly applied INDIANA CODE § 35-50-2-11 (“the Firearm
Enhancement Statute”) to enhance his sentence for attempted robbery for using a
7
In a related cursory argument, without citation to authority, Jarrett contends that “the fact that [the trial
court judge] was uncomfortable and apparently felt threatened indicates that she could no longer be unbiased
and unprejudiced after Jarrett made the unsolicited and unwelcomed remarks to her.” (Jarrett’s Br. 23).
However, the law presumes that a judge is unbiased and unprejudiced. Garland v. State, 788 N.E.2d 425, 433
(Ind. 2003). “To rebut that presumption, the defendant ‘must establish from the judge’s conduct actual bias
or prejudice that places the defendant in jeopardy.’” Perry v. State, 904 N.E.2d 302, 307 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009)
(quoting Smith v. State, 770 N.E.2d 818, 823 (Ind. 2002)), trans. denied. Jarrett has failed to allege or establish
any such bias or prejudice that placed him in jeopardy, and we find no error.
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firearm in the commission of the offense. We address each of his contentions in
turn.
[40] Jarrett first argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it imposed
consecutive sentences for his murder and attempted robbery convictions.
Sentencing decisions rest within the sound discretion of the trial court. Anglemyer
v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 490 (Ind. 2007), clarified on reh’g, 875 N.E.2d 218 (Ind.
2007). So long as the sentence is in the statutory range, it is subject to review only
for an abuse of discretion. Id. An abuse of discretion occurs if the decision is
clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court
or the reasonable, probable, and actual deductions to be drawn therefrom. Id. at
491. A trial court may abuse its discretion in a number of ways, including: (1)
failing to enter a sentencing statement at all; (2) entering a sentencing statement
that includes aggravating and mitigating factors that are unsupported by the record;
(3) entering a sentencing statement that omits reasons that are clearly supported by
the record; or (4) entering a sentencing statement that includes reasons that are
improper as a matter of law. Id. at 490-91.
[41] Jarrett specifically contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it
ordered his sentences for murder and attempted robbery to be served consecutively
to each other because “[t]here is no statement of the reasons why the trial court
ordered the sentences to be served consecutively[.]” (Jarret’s Br. 19). Jarrett
appears to believe that the trial court was required to state separate reasons for
imposing the enhanced sentences for murder and attempted robbery and for
ordering the sentences to be served consecutively. He is mistaken.
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[42] The Indiana Supreme Court has explained that “there is neither any prohibition
against relying on the same aggravating circumstances both to enhance a sentence
and to order it served consecutively, nor any requirement that the trial court
identify the factors that supported the sentence enhancement separately from the
factors that supported consecutive sentences.” Blanche v. State, 690 N.E.2d 709,
716 (Ind. 1998).
[43] Here, the trial court found three aggravating factors at the sentencing hearing: (1)
Jarrett’s prior felony conviction; (2) the nature and circumstances of the offense,
which “was a crime of opportunity, spur of the moment, he just saw it and did
it[;]” and (3) Jarrett was on probation at the time he murdered Marquand.
(Sentencing Tr. Vol. 2 at 27). These aggravating factors support the imposition of
Jarrett’s enhanced and consecutive sentences, and the trial court was not required
to restate them in support of its imposition of consecutive sentences. See id.
Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in imposing consecutive
sentences for Jarrett’s murder and attempted robbery convictions.
[44] Jarrett further contends that the trial court improperly applied the Firearm
Enhancement Statute to enhance his sentence for attempted robbery for using a
firearm in the commission of the offense. As we stated in Howell v. State, 97
N.E.3d 253, 266 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018), trans. denied, this argument raises a question
of statutory interpretation.
When interpreting a statute, our primary goal is to fulfill the
legislature’s intent. [T]he best evidence of that intent is the
statute’s language. If that language is clear and unambiguous,
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CR-59 | November 30, 2020 Page 19 of 27
we simply apply its plain and ordinary meaning, heeding both
what it does say and what it does not say.
Id. at 267 (quoting Mi.D. v. State, 57 N.E.3d 809, 812 (Ind. 2016) (citations and
quotation marks omitted)).
[45] The Firearm Enhancement Statute provides as follows:
(b) As used in this section, “offense” means:
(1) a felony under IC 35-42 that resulted in death or serious
bodily injury;
(2) kidnapping;
(3) criminal confinement as a Level 2 or Level 3 felony.
* * * * *
(d) The state may seek, on a page separate from the rest of a
charging instrument, to have a person who allegedly committed
an offense sentenced to an additional fixed term of imprisonment
if the state can show beyond a reasonable doubt that the person
knowingly or intentionally used a firearm in the commission of
the offense.
* * * * *
(g) If the jury (if the hearing is by jury) or the court (if the hearing
is to the court alone) finds that the state has proved beyond a
reasonable doubt that the person knowingly or intentionally used
a firearm in the commission of the offense under subsection (d),
the court may sentence the person to an additional fixed term of
imprisonment of between five (5) and twenty (20) years.
* * * * *
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(i) A person may not be sentenced under subsections (g) and (h) 8 for
offenses, felonies, and misdemeanors comprising a single episode of
criminal conduct.
INDIANA CODE § 35-50-2-11. (emphasis added).
[46] Jarrett does not dispute that his attempted robbery conviction qualifies as an
“offense” for the purposes of the Firearm Enhancement Statute pursuant to
subsection (b). Rather, his sole argument is that pursuant to subsection (i), the
statute cannot be applied to him because his offenses constitute a single episode of
criminal conduct. In other words, Jarrett interprets subsection (i) to bar a
sentencing enhancement for an offense when that offense was committed with
other offenses comprising a single episode of criminal conduct.
[47] We addressed this issue in Howell, 97 N.E.3d at 267. Therein, a jury convicted
Howell of voluntary manslaughter, attempted robbery, and auto theft. Howell
admitted that he had used a firearm in the commission of voluntary manslaughter.
The trial court sentenced Howell to twenty-five years for his voluntary
manslaughter conviction, enhanced by fifteen years for using a firearm in the
commission of the offense. The trial court also sentenced Howell to fifteen years
for his attempted robbery conviction and two years for his auto theft conviction.
[48] On appeal, Howell did not dispute that his voluntary manslaughter conviction
qualified as an “offense” for the purposes of the Firearm Enhancement Statute
8
Subsection (h) deals with pointing and discharging a firearm in the commission of felonies and
misdemeanors against police officers.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CR-59 | November 30, 2020 Page 21 of 27
pursuant to subsection (b). Id. Rather, he argued that the statute could not be
applied to him because his offenses constituted a single episode of criminal
conduct. In other words, Howell, like Jarrett, interpreted subsection (i) to bar a
sentencing enhancement for an offense when that offense was committed with
other offenses comprising a single episode of criminal conduct. We disagreed and
responded to Howell’s argument as follows:
By its plain language, subsection (i) states that a person may not
be sentenced under subsection (g) for offenses - plural -
comprising a single episode of criminal conduct. Thus,
subsection (i) prohibits a trial court from imposing a sentence
enhancement on more than one conviction where a defendant is
convicted of multiple offenses comprising a single episode of
criminal conduct, even if more than one of the offenses would
otherwise be eligible for a sentencing enhancement. To read
subsection (i) as Howell suggests would lead to the absurd result
that a person who was convicted of committing a single
qualifying offense, say voluntary manslaughter, would be subject
to a sentencing enhancement, but a person who committed
voluntary manslaughter as part of an episode of criminal conduct
could not be subject to a sentencing enhancement. Accordingly,
we conclude that subsection (i) simply means that not more than
one offense in a single episode of criminal conduct is subject to
the sentencing enhancement. Thus, even if Howell’s offenses can
be said to comprise a single episode of criminal conduct, the
Firearm Enhancement Statute permits a sentencing enhancement
of one of his offenses (as long as that offense meets the definition
provided in subsection (b), and as noted, there is no dispute that
voluntary manslaughter qualifies).
Id. at 267-68.
[49] Here, although Jarrett admitted that he had used a firearm when he committed
both murder and attempted robbery, subsection (i) of the Firearm Enhancement
Statute prohibited the trial court from imposing an enhanced sentence on both of
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those convictions. See id. at 267. However, subsection (i) permits a sentencing
enhancement of one of Jarrett’s convictions so long as that offense meets the
definition provided in subsection (b). See id. at 268. Here, there is no dispute that
Jarrett’s attempted robbery conviction qualifies. Accordingly, the trial court did
not err in enhancing Jarrett’s attempted robbery conviction pursuant to the Firearm
Enhancement Statute.
[50] Affirmed.
[51] Bradford, C.J., concurs.
[52] Weissmann, concur with separate opinion.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CR-59 | November 30, 2020 Page 23 of 27
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Damonta Lamont Jarrett, Court of Appeals Case No.
20A-CR-59
Appellant-Defendant,
v.
State of Indiana,
Appellee-Plaintiff
[53] Weissmann, Judge, concurring.
[54] I concur in the majority opinion. I write separately, however, to address a
practical dilemma facing appellate courts, lawyers, and litigants in the wake of
Wadle.
[55] In burying the Richardson test and birthing a substantially different double jeopardy
analysis, our Supreme Court in Wadle necessarily changed the way in which
defendants will challenge their convictions and sentences. Wadle makes clear that
where, as here, convictions do not violate double jeopardy under the test it
espouses, the defendant still has other means under the Indiana Constitution and
Indiana Appellate Rule 7(B) to gain relief from multiple punishments. 151 N.E.3d
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-CR-59 | November 30, 2020 Page 24 of 27
at 250. The latter allows an appellate court to revise a sentence, either upward or
downward, where the court deems the sentence inappropriate in light of the nature
of the offense and the character of the offender. McCain v. State, 148 N.E.3d 977,
985 (Ind. 2020).
[56] The Wadle ruling begs the question: how do we proceed in cases where the
appellant’s brief was filed before Wadle and, thus, the defendant did not have the
benefit of Wadle’s acknowledgement of possible alternative relief in the absence of
double jeopardy violations? In such cases, the defendant may have refrained from
raising an alternative sentencing claim due to confidence that his multiple
convictions would be reversed based on Richardson. The Wadle test appears likely to
produce fewer findings of double jeopardy violations than the Richardson test did,
although only time will tell. If that prediction proves true, alternative sentencing
claims will be even more important to a defendant under Wadle than under
Richardson.
[57] When Richardson changed the landscape of double jeopardy claims more than two
decades ago, the Indiana Supreme Court sua sponte raised double jeopardy claims
under the new test in cases in which the appellant’s brief was filed before that
landmark decision. See, e.g., Logan v. State, 729 N.E.2d 125, 136-37 (Ind. 2000);
Marcum v. State, 725 N.E.2d 852, 864 (Ind. 2000); Wise v. State, 719 N.E.2d 1192,
1200-01 (Ind. 1999). However, this retroactive application appears limited to the
Richardson analysis itself.
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[58] The Indiana appellate courts, for instance, did not raise sua sponte Appellate Rule
7(B) claims for such defendants specifically in response to Richardson. That is not
surprising, as Richardson, unlike Wadle, did not expressly suggest alternative forms
of sentencing relief. Moreover, the Appellate Rule 7(B) standard at the time of
Richardson—“manifestly unreasonable in light of the offense and the offender”—
was so rigorous that it rarely produced sentencing relief. Reed v. State, 856 N.E.2d
1189, 1198 (Ind. 2006); see App. R. 7(B) (2002). The current version of Appellate
Rule 7(B)—authorizing revision where the sentence is “inappropriate in light of the
nature of the offense and the character of the offender”—offers a greater chance of
relief than its predecessor. See Serino v. State, 798 N.E.2d 852, 856 (Ind. 2003); see
App. R. 7(B) (effective Jan. 1, 2003). An Appellate Rule 7(B) claim thus is a much
more viable alternative to a failed double jeopardy claim under Wadle than under
Richardson.
[59] Jarrett did not raise an Appellate Rule 7(B) claim. Though the Wadle framework
does not prohibit Jarrett’s multiple punishments—consecutive sentences
amounting to 65 years imprisonment—it does preserve Appellate Rule 7(B) as a
potential alternative for defendants like him. 151 N.E.3d at 252. Alas, “[w]e do
not generally review a sentence’s appropriateness unless prompted by the
defendant.” See Wilson v. State, No. 19S-PC-548, slip op. at 20-29 (Ind. Nov. 17,
2020).
[60] Although Jarrett reasonably could not have anticipated Wadle’s quantum leap in
double jeopardy analysis, his case lacks the special circumstances which appear to
be a prerequisite for rare sua sponte review under Appellate Rule 7(B). See Wilson,
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slip op. at 20-19. Specifically, in Wilson, the defendant was 16 years old when he
committed offenses for which he was sentenced to 183 years imprisonment—
nearly three times longer than Jarrett’s sentence. Id. at 24. Moreover, the
defendant in Wilson was certain to gain relief due to specific, applicable precedent.
Id. at 22-24, 27 (finding ineffective assistance of counsel where appellant’s attorney
“was ignorant of important recent precedents” with “largely analogous” facts).
Whether Jarrett would succeed on an Appellate Rule 7(B) claim is far less clear.
As Wilson appears to bar us from sua sponte review of Jarrett’s sentence under
Appellate Rule 7(B), I concur with the majority’s opinion affirming the trial court’s
judgment.
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