In the Matter of the Termination of the Parent-Child Relationship of R.C. (Minor Child) and B.C. (Mother) v. Indiana Department of Child Services (mem. dec.) ( 2020 )


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  • MEMORANDUM DECISION
    Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
    this Memorandum Decision shall not be
    FILED
    regarded as precedent or cited before any                              Jul 20 2020, 10:21 am
    court except for the purpose of establishing                                CLERK
    Indiana Supreme Court
    the defense of res judicata, collateral                                    Court of Appeals
    and Tax Court
    estoppel, or the law of the case.
    ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
    Valerie K. Boots                                          Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
    Marion County Public Defender Agency                      Attorney General of Indiana
    Indianapolis, Indiana
    Monika Prekopa Talbot
    Deputy Attorney General
    Indianapolis, Indiana
    IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
    In the Matter of the Termination                          July 20, 2020
    of the Parent–Child Relationship                          Court of Appeals Case No.
    of R.C. (Minor Child)                                     20A-JT-270
    Appeal from the Marion Superior
    and                                                       Court
    The Honorable Marilyn A.
    B.C. (Mother),                                            Moores, Judge
    Appellant-Respondent,                                     The Honorable Scott B. Stowers,
    Magistrate
    v.                                                Trial Court Cause No.
    49D09-1907-JT-605
    Indiana Department of Child
    Services,
    Appellee-Petitioner.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JT-270 | July 20, 2020                    Page 1 of 18
    Bradford, Chief Judge.
    Case Summary
    [1]   B.C. (“Mother”) is the biological mother of five children, including R.C.
    (“Child”).1 The Department of Child Services (“DCS”) became involved with
    Mother and Child due to concerns of drug use by Mother during pregnancy.
    DCS filed a petition alleging that Child was a child in need of services
    (“CHINS”) after discovering unsafe living conditions in the family’s home.
    Child was initially left in Mother’s care after he was determined to be a CHINS.
    However, Child was ultimately removed from Mother’s care due to ongoing
    concerns of Mother providing an unsafe and unstable living environment.
    Mother was ordered to complete certain services both prior to and following
    Child’s removal. DCS eventually petitioned to terminate Mother’s parental
    rights to Child after Mother failed to successfully complete the ordered services.
    Following an evidentiary hearing, the juvenile court granted DCS’s termination
    petition. On appeal, Mother contends that DCS failed to present sufficient
    evidence to support the termination of her parental rights. We affirm.
    Facts and Procedural History
    1
    This appeal only concerns the termination of Mother’s parental rights to Child as she has voluntarily
    relinquished her parental rights to her other four biological children. In addition, the parental rights of
    Child’s biological father have previously been terminated and Child’s biological father does not participate in
    this appeal.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JT-270 | July 20, 2020                       Page 2 of 18
    [2]   In April of 2015, DCS Family Case Manager (“FCM”) Amanda McCullough
    became involved with Mother while investigating a report that Mother had
    delivered a baby and that both Mother and the baby had tested positive for
    marijuana. Mother admitted to FCM McCullough that she had used marijuana
    while pregnant. Mother also informed FCM McCullough that she had been
    evicted from her apartment and did not have anywhere to live. Mother
    eventually secured housing by moving in with a friend.
    [3]   DCS opened an informal adjustment case for the family, pursuant to which
    Mother was required to participate in random drug screens, participate in
    home-based case management, complete a substance-abuse assessment, allow
    an FCM into her home, and keep in contact with DCS. During the Fall of
    2015, DCS received reports that the family had no electricity, Child and his
    siblings played by an open second-story window, the youngest sibling slept in
    unsafe conditions, Child and one of his siblings had missed many days of
    school, there was no furnace in the home, and one of Child’s siblings had
    bedbug bites.
    [4]   FCM Charla Davis started working with Mother in November of 2015. On
    December 4, 2015, DCS filed a petition alleging that Child was a CHINS. The
    same day, DCS removed Child from Mother’s care. After five days, DCS
    returned Child to Mother’s care after Mother corrected the issues leading to
    Child’s removal. Even though DCS returned Child to Mother’s care, there
    were continuing concerns about the family’s living environment because there
    were clothes and trash covering the floor, there were kitchen knives within the
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JT-270 | July 20, 2020   Page 3 of 18
    reach of Child and his siblings, there was not much food in the home, and
    Mother dried clothes in the oven with the oven door open. On February 10,
    2016, the juvenile court adjudicated Child a CHINS and entered a dispositional
    order and a parental participation order. Among other things, the trial court
    ordered Mother to participate in individual therapy and home-based case
    management.
    [5]   In October 2016, FCM Davis visited the family’s residence and, upon arriving,
    saw Child and his siblings playing in a fully-open upstairs window. At the
    time, Mother and her boyfriend were sleeping downstairs and the house was in
    complete disarray. Child and his siblings were dirty, and the youngest sibling
    was only wearing a very soiled diaper. When Mother woke up, she told FCM
    Davis that she had not realized the window was open. In light of her
    observations and the condition of the home, FCM Davis decided to again
    remove Child and his siblings from Mother’s care. The Children’s permanency
    plan was subsequently changed to adoption after Mother failed to successfully
    complete the agreed-upon court-ordered services.
    [6]   On July 1, 2019, DCS filed a petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights to
    Child. On December 3, 2019, the juvenile court held an evidentiary hearing on
    DCS’s petition. During this hearing, DCS presented evidence outlining
    Mother’s failure to make any significant progress towards providing Child with
    a safe and stable living environment. Following the conclusion of the evidence,
    the juvenile court took the matter under advisement. On December 23, 2019,
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JT-270 | July 20, 2020   Page 4 of 18
    the juvenile court entered its order terminating Mother’s parental rights to
    Child.
    Discussion and Decision
    [7]   The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the
    traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their children. Bester v.
    Lake Cty. Office of Family & Children, 
    839 N.E.2d 143
    , 147 (Ind. 2005). Although
    parental rights are of a constitutional dimension, the law allows for the
    termination of those rights when parents are unable or unwilling to meet their
    parental responsibilities. In re T.F., 
    743 N.E.2d 766
    , 773 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001),
    trans. denied. Parental rights, therefore, are not absolute and must be
    subordinated to the best interests of the child. 
    Id.
     Termination of parental
    rights is proper where the child’s emotional and physical development is
    threatened. 
    Id.
     The juvenile court need not wait until the child is irreversibly
    harmed such that his physical, mental, and social development is permanently
    impaired before terminating the parent–child relationship. 
    Id.
    [8]   In reviewing termination proceedings on appeal, this court will not reweigh the
    evidence or assess the credibility of the witnesses. In re Involuntary Termination
    of Parental Rights of S.P.H., 
    806 N.E.2d 874
    , 879 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). We only
    consider the evidence that supports the juvenile court’s decision and reasonable
    inferences drawn therefrom. 
    Id.
     Where, as here, the juvenile court includes
    findings of fact and conclusions thereon in its order terminating parental rights,
    our standard of review is two-tiered. 
    Id.
     First, we must determine whether the
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JT-270 | July 20, 2020   Page 5 of 18
    evidence supports the findings, and, second, whether the findings support the
    legal conclusions. 
    Id.
    [9]    In deference to the juvenile court’s unique position to assess the evidence, we
    set aside the juvenile court’s findings and judgment terminating a parent–child
    relationship only if they are clearly erroneous. 
    Id.
     A finding of fact is clearly
    erroneous when there are no facts or inferences drawn therefrom to support it.
    
    Id.
     A judgment is clearly erroneous only if the legal conclusions made by the
    juvenile court are not supported by its findings of fact, or the conclusions do not
    support the judgment. 
    Id.
    I. Mother’s Challenge to Juvenile Court’s Findings
    A. Findings 26, 38, 39, 43, and 44
    [10]   Mother asserts that findings 26, 38, 39, 43, and 44 (“the challenged findings”)
    should not be considered because they “unfairly characterize the Fall 2018
    change in Mother’s participation in services as non-compliance when in fact the
    reason for the change was that Mother had consented to [Child’s] adoption.”
    Appellant’s Br. p. 20. The challenged findings provide:
    26. Following a mediation in September 2018, [Mother]
    stopped participating in therapy in in October 2018, [Home-
    based Therapist Anita] Adams closed out [Mother].
    ****
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JT-270 | July 20, 2020   Page 6 of 18
    38. After [Mother] signed adoption consents as to [Child] and
    his siblings in September 2018, she stopped participating in
    services.[2]
    39. [Mother] has not submitted to a drug screen since
    September 2018.
    ****
    43. FCM Davis made services available until [Mother]
    decided not to participate.
    44. Throughout the duration of the CHINS case, [Mother’s]
    participation took on a repetitive pattern of participation
    followed by disengagement in services, until October 2018, when
    she disengaged in services entirely.
    Appellant’s App. Vol. II pp. 15–16. Mother concedes that the juvenile court
    “does acknowledge elsewhere in its findings that [she] initially consented to
    adoption,” but claims that the juvenile court’s findings do not “connect the date
    of the consent, September 11, 2018, with her ending participation in services
    thereafter.” Appellant’s Br. p. 20. Thus, Mother claims that “[t]he inference in
    [the challenged findings] that Mother chose to disengage from services in place
    after October 2018 ignores the fact that DCS was not providing services for
    Mother at this time–other than possibly visitation.” Appellant’s Br. p. 21.
    [11]   Reading the juvenile court’s findings together as a whole, we cannot agree with
    Mother that the juvenile court failed to connect the date that Mother consented
    to the children’s adoptions with the end of DCS offering and Mother
    participating in services. The juvenile court’s findings are clear that DCS
    2
    Mother revoked her adoption consent as it related to Child after a prior pre-adoptive placement “fell
    through.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 15.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JT-270 | July 20, 2020                      Page 7 of 18
    stopped offering, and Mother stopped participating in, services only after
    Mother consented to the children’s adoption. As such, we cannot agree that the
    juvenile court’s findings unfairly characterize the change in Mother’s
    participation as non-compliance or ignores the fact that DCS stopped offering
    most services to Mother.
    B. Finding 24
    [12]   Mother also asserts that Finding 24 “is not fairly supported by the evidence.”
    Appellant’s Br. p. 22. Finding 24 provides: “[Mother] made minimal progress
    with Ms. Adams. She was able to obtain stable housing for a couple of months.
    However, she was unable to maintain stable housing for an extended period of
    time.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 15. In challenging this finding, Mother
    claims that the evidence establishes that she once obtained stable housing for a
    six-month period and that the words “minimal progress” “implies fault or lack
    of effort.” Appellant’s Br. p. 22. The evidence established that throughout the
    CHINS and termination proceedings, Mother never maintained stable housing
    for more than a six-month period. The trial court did not err in finding that
    Mother had failed to maintain stabling housing for an extended period of time.
    In addition, the juvenile court’s finding that, with regard to securing and
    maintaining stable housing, Mother made “minimal progress” is supported by
    the record and we cannot agree that the juvenile court’s use of the words
    “minimal progress” implies any unfair fault of or lack of effort by Mother.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JT-270 | July 20, 2020   Page 8 of 18
    II. Sufficiency of the Evidence
    [13]   Mother contends that the evidence is insufficient to sustain the termination of
    her parental rights to Child. In order to support the termination of Mother’s
    parental rights to Child, DCS was required to prove, inter alia, the following:
    (B) that one (1) of the following is true:
    (i) There is a reasonable probability that the
    conditions that resulted in the child’s removal or the
    reasons for placement outside the home of the
    parents will not be remedied.
    (ii) There is a reasonable probability that the
    continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a
    threat to the well-being of the child.
    (iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions,
    been adjudicated a child in need of services;
    (C) that termination is in the best interests of the child.
    
    Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4
    (b)(2). Mother claims that DCS failed to present sufficient
    evidence to establish the statutory requirements by clear and convincing
    evidence.
    A. Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B)
    [14]   It is well-settled that because Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) is written
    in the disjunctive, the juvenile court need only find that one of the conditions
    listed therein has been met. See In re C.C., 
    788 N.E.2d 847
    , 854 (Ind. Ct. App.
    2003), trans. denied. Therefore, where the juvenile court determines that one of
    the above-mentioned factors has been proven and there is sufficient evidence in
    the record supporting the juvenile court’s determination, it is not necessary for
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JT-270 | July 20, 2020   Page 9 of 18
    DCS to prove, or for the juvenile court to find, either of the other factors listed
    in Indiana Code section 31-34-2-4(b)(2)(B). See In re S.P.H., 
    806 N.E.2d at 882
    .
    In this case, DCS had to prove either that (1) the conditions resulting in
    removal from or continued placement outside Mother’s home will not be
    remedied or (2) the continuation of the parent–child relationship poses a threat
    to Child.
    [15]   The juvenile court determined that the evidence established a reasonable
    probability that the conditions that resulted in Child’s removal from and
    continued placement outside Mother’s care would not be remedied. When
    making a determination as to whether the conditions leading to placement
    outside a parent’s care are likely to be remedied, juvenile courts “should judge a
    parent’s fitness at the time of the termination hearing, considering any change
    in conditions since the removal.” Lang v. Starke Cty. Office of Family & Children,
    
    861 N.E.2d 366
    , 372 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). “The trial court can also consider
    the parent’s response to the services offered through the DCS.” 
    Id.
     “‘A pattern
    of unwillingness to deal with parenting problems and to cooperate with those
    providing social services, in conjunction with unchanged conditions, support a
    finding that there exists no reasonable probability that the conditions will
    change.’” 
    Id.
     (quoting In re L.S., 
    717 N.E.2d 204
    , 210 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999),
    trans. denied).
    [16]   In addition to the findings discussed above, the juvenile court made numerous
    other findings in support of its determination that the evidence established a
    reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted in Child’s removal from
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JT-270 | July 20, 2020   Page 10 of 18
    and continued placement outside Mother’s care would not be remedied. These
    additional findings include:
    15. Ashley Minor of Family and Community Partners was
    assigned to provide home based case management to [Mother]
    beginning in July 2017.
    16. Ms. Minor established goals for [Mother] of obtaining
    housing; obtaining employment; improving her parenting skills;
    and budgeting.
    17. While working with Ms. Minor, [Mother] resided in three
    (3) different homes.
    18. [Mother] was employed at Subway for approximately
    three (3) months while working with Ms. Minor.
    19. [Mother’s] budgeting was usually off in that she had
    insufficient funds to cover her expenses.
    20. In April 2018, Ms. Minor unsuccessfully discharged
    [Mother] due to non-compliance.
    21. [Mother] is currently undocumented and is unable to
    receive a Social Security Card.
    22. Anita Adams of Family and Community Partners was
    assigned to provide individual therapy for [Mother] in June 2017.
    23. Ms. Adams established goals for [Mother] of becoming
    stable and self-sufficient.
    ****
    25. [Mother’s] biggest obstacles to stability were insufficient
    financial resources and her undocumented status.
    ****
    35. [Mother] does not currently have her own home. She is
    residing with a friend.
    36. [Mother] has not had any parenting time with the child
    since July 2019.
    37. [Mother] claims that she has been working on her
    immigration status for the past four (4) years. However, her
    status remains undocumented.
    ****
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JT-270 | July 20, 2020   Page 11 of 18
    41. After the child was removed from [Mother’s] care and
    custody in October 2016, he has not been returned.
    42. Since the child was removed from [Mother’s] custody, her
    parenting time has been inconsistent. She initially had parenting
    time two (2) times per week. Then it was reduced to once per
    week. Then it was reduced to once per month.
    ****
    45. [Mother] has also been inconsistent in providing her
    contact information to FCM Davis.
    [17]   Appellant’s App. Vol. II pp. 15–16. Based on its findings, the juvenile court
    concluded
    There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted
    in the child's removal and continued placement outside of the
    home will not be remedied by his mother. [Mother] has had four
    years to put forth an effort and has made little progress. Stability
    and sobriety remain major concerns. [Mother] has provided a
    number of excuses for her inconsistency but is in largely the same
    position she was in when the CHINS case began four (4) years
    ago.
    Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 16.
    [18]   In claiming that the evidence is insufficient to prove that the conditions that
    resulted in Child’s removal from her care are unlikely to be remedied, Mother
    asserts that concerns for her sobriety are unjustified, the suggestion that she has
    put forth little effort to improve her situation is erroneous, and while she was
    unable to provide the necessary care for all five of her children, she has
    voluntarily terminated her parental rights to four of her children and DCS has
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JT-270 | July 20, 2020   Page 12 of 18
    failed to establish that she would be unable to provide the necessary care for
    Child. We disagree with all three of Mother’s assertions.
    [19]   Minor provided home-based case-management services to Mother. Minor
    testified that Mother failed to maintain stable housing and that Mother “moved
    around a lot,” living in three different residences in less than one year. Tr. Vol.
    II p. 17. Mother did not meet her home-based case-management goals of
    obtaining and maintaining stable housing, did not maintain stable employment,
    and her budget “was really off a lot.” Tr. Vol. II p. 19. Minor provided Mother
    with names and numbers of individuals who could help her resolve the issues
    surrounding her immigration status but did not know if Mother followed
    through with any of the contacts. Mother’s home-based case management was
    ultimately closed unsuccessfully for non-compliance “because of inconsistency
    and then sometimes it was hard to get ahold of [Mother].” Tr. Vol. II p. 19.
    [20]   Adams, Mother’s home-based therapist, testified that while Mother made
    progress in some aspects of her treatment, Mother was never able to maintain
    stable housing for longer than six months. Adams testified that Mother put
    forth the effort to try to improve her situation but was also unable to obtain
    stable employment. Adams indicated that Mother’s immigration status
    contributed to her struggles. Adams further indicated that at some point,
    Mother spoke to an attorney about her options for resolving the issues
    surrounding her immigration status. Adams and Minor both acknowledged
    that while Mother loved Child, she was unable to complete the steps necessary
    for providing a safe and stable environment for Child.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JT-270 | July 20, 2020   Page 13 of 18
    [21]   FCM Davis testified that DCS “worked really hard” with Mother. Tr. Vol. II
    p. 68. DCS offered Mother various services, making referrals for home-based
    case management, home-based therapy, parent aid, drug screens, and visitation.
    FCM Davis opined that reunification was not a possibility at the time of the
    evidentiary hearing because Mother had displayed a pattern of inconsistency
    throughout the underlying CHINS case and had not successfully completed any
    services. Specifically, FCM Davis explained that reunification was not possible
    because while she had not had much recent contact with Mother,
    we have been at this for four years … it just seems like she is still
    in the same position that she was in the last time that we spoke.
    We left the referral open for her to visit with her kids and her last
    visit was in July, so even just getting her to be consistent with
    visits hasn’t been successful. So I don’t see reunification
    happening in the near future for her.
    Tr. Vol. II p. 71–72.
    [22]   In addition, Child’s guardian ad litem (“GAL”) Joyce Box testified that Mother
    had ongoing issues with stability and had failed to successfully complete
    services. She explained that
    At the time that the plan had changed, there was still positive
    screen for Marijuana, which had been an issue on and off
    throughout the case. Mother would start to engage in services
    and then she would become inconsistent and same thing with
    parenting time and visitation. She would interact well with
    [Child] for a period of time and then she would be inconsistent
    and it would impact [Child] in a negative way. We had worked
    with mom for such a long period of time.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JT-270 | July 20, 2020   Page 14 of 18
    Tr. Vol. II p. 88. GAL Box indicated that Mother would need to address these
    ongoing issues before GAL Box could recommend placement of Child back
    into Mother’s care, explaining that
    Mother would need to secure and be able to maintain stable
    employment and housing for a period of time because that has
    been an issue on and off throughout the case, being able to
    maintain employment and housing in addition to sobriety;
    maintaining sobriety, and engaging in services, mental health
    treatment, by engaging in home-based therapy and then we
    would need to see positive recommendations from those service
    providers.
    Tr. Vol. II p. 88.
    [23]   The record indicates that Mother has demonstrated a pattern of making short-
    term progress with services only to later regress and has failed to make long-
    term progress toward remedying the conditions that led to Child’s removal. As
    such, we conclude that the evidence is sufficient to support the conclusion that
    there is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted in Child’s
    removal from Mother’s care would not be remedied. Mother’s claim to the
    contrary amounts to nothing more than an invitation for this court to reweigh
    the evidence, which we will not do. See In re S.P.H., 
    806 N.E.2d at 879
    .
    B. Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(C)
    [24]   We are mindful that in considering whether termination of parental rights is in
    the best interests of the children, the juvenile court is required to look beyond
    the factors identified by DCS and look to the totality of the evidence. McBride v.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JT-270 | July 20, 2020   Page 15 of 18
    Monroe Cty. Office of Family & Children, 
    798 N.E.2d 185
    , 203 (Ind. Ct. App.
    2003). In doing so, the juvenile court must subordinate the interests of the
    parents to those of the children involved. 
    Id.
     “A parent’s historical inability to
    provide a suitable environment along with the parent’s current inability to do
    the same supports a finding that termination of parental rights is in the best
    interests of the children.” Lang, 
    861 N.E.2d at 373
    . Furthermore, this court has
    previously determined that the testimony of the case worker, GAL, or a CASA
    regarding the children’s bests interests supports a finding that termination is in
    the children’s best interests. 
    Id. at 374
    ; see also Matter of M.B., 
    666 N.E.2d 73
    , 79
    (Ind. Ct. App. 1996), trans. denied.
    [25]   The juvenile court concluded that termination of Mother’s parental rights was
    in Child’s best interests, stating as follows:
    Termination of the parent-child relationship is in [Child’s] best
    interests. Termination would allow him to be adopted into a
    stable and permanent home where his needs will be safely met.
    The child has received therapy since his removal from his
    Mother’s custody and has become much more outgoing and his
    school performance has improved. The child is placed with his
    biological sisters which is where he desires to be.… The
    Guardian ad Litem agrees with the permanency plan of adoption
    as being in the child’s best interests.
    Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 16. The juvenile court’s conclusion is supported by
    the testimony of FCM Charla Davis, GAL Box, and Child’s home-based case
    manager.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JT-270 | July 20, 2020   Page 16 of 18
    [26]   During the evidentiary hearing, Lonnie Jones, Child’s home-based case
    manager, testified to the vast improvements Child had made since being placed
    in a stable living environment. Specifically, Jones testified that when he first
    met Child, Child did not really interact with him, was “very quiet,” and did not
    really have many interests. Tr. Vol. II p. 33. Jones testified that Child has
    made significant progress, describing Child as “[t]he opposite” because he talks
    and “likes all kinds of stuff.” Tr. Vol. II p. 33. Child will play games, order his
    own food, and speak to people in public. Jones indicated that Child “has
    grown a lot” socially. Tr. Vol. II p. 33. Child is more confident and outgoing.
    Jones further testified that Child “really wanted to be with his” sisters and “has
    been happy” in his current pre-adoptive placement. Tr. Vol. II pp. 34, 35.
    [27]   In addition, both FCM Davis and GAL Box testified that termination of
    Mother’s parental rights was in Child’s best interests. FCM Davis testified that
    termination of Mother’s parental rights was in Child’s best interests, explaining
    that adoption would be “the next best permanency plan” for Child because
    reunification failed, establishing a guardianship “wasn’t an option,” and Child
    “is not old enough” for APPLA.3 Tr. Vol. II p. 73. GAL Box testified that
    termination of Mother’s parental rights was in Child’s best interests, explaining
    that
    3
    “APPLA” stands for “another planned permanent living arrangement,” which replaced the term “long-
    term foster care.” https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/outofhome/foster-care/oppla-appla/ (last visited
    July 7, 2020). APPLA is a “permanency option only when other options such as reunification, relative
    placement, adoption, or legal guardianship have been ruled out.” 
    Id.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JT-270 | July 20, 2020                Page 17 of 18
    [Child] deserves permanency; this case has been open for a really
    long time. It has been four years. We have worked with mother
    for four years now and we have been unable to return [Child] to
    her care. [Child] deserves permanency where he can, you know,
    be long term and he is doing very very well in his placement. He
    has been wanting to go with his siblings for quite some time and
    so he is with them now and he is doing well.
    Tr. Vol. II p. 89. Mother does not challenge either FCM Davis’s or GAL Box’s
    testimony. Instead, she challenges the juvenile court’s conclusion that
    termination of her parental rights was in Child’s best interests, arguing that the
    juvenile court’s conclusion “runs counter to clear guidance repeatedly given by
    this Court and our Supreme Court.” Appellant’s Br. pp. 39–40. We disagree.
    [28]   Considering FCM Davis’s and GAL Box’s testimony regarding Child’s best
    interests together with the evidence regarding Mother’s failure to successfully
    complete services or remedy the reasons for Child’s removal from her care and
    Jones’s testimony regarding Child’s developmental progress, we conclude that
    the juvenile court’s determination that termination of Mother’s parental rights is
    in Child’s best interests is supported by sufficient evidence. Mother’s claim to
    the contrary again amounts to nothing more than an invitation for this court to
    reweigh the evidence, which we will not do. See In re S.P.H., 
    806 N.E.2d at 879
    .
    [29]   The judgment of the juvenile court is affirmed.
    Najam, J., and Mathias, J., concur.
    Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A-JT-270 | July 20, 2020   Page 18 of 18