Dawayne J. Thomas v. State of Indiana ( 2014 )

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this
Memorandum Decision shall not be Apr 10 2014, 9:21 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
RUTH JOHNSON GREGORY F. ZOELLER
DARREN BEDWELL Attorney General of Indiana
Marion County Public Defender Agency
Appellate Division LARRY D. ALLEN
Indianapolis, Indiana Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
DAWAYNE J. THOMAS, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 49A05-1309-CR-452
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Mark D. Stoner, Judge
Cause No. 49G06-1210-FB-69821
April 10, 2014
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
KIRSCH, Judge
Dawayne J. Thomas appeals his conviction following a jury trial for unlawful
possession of a firearm by a serious violent felon (“SVF”)1 as a Class B felony, contending
that his request for bifurcated proceedings should have been granted.
We affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY2
On the evening of October 8, 2012, at about 9:30 p.m., Officers Michael Kavanaugh
and Kevin Larussa, of the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department, responded to a
call from a resident reporting an incident involving a potentially armed man sitting in a
white Chevrolet Tahoe. When the officers arrived on the scene, they approached the
Tahoe. A man, who was later identified as Thomas, was sitting in the passenger seat of the
vehicle.
Officer Kavanaugh approached the Tahoe from behind, while Officer Larussa
shined his spotlight on Thomas and walked toward the Tahoe from the front. As Officer
Larussa approached, he saw Thomas reach down into the vehicle. Thomas then cracked
open the passenger side door and dropped something on the ground. The officers heard
something like a heavy, metal object hit the ground. Officer Larussa drew his service
weapon and ordered Thomas out of the vehicle. Thomas promptly exited the Tahoe and
1
See Ind. Code § 35-47-4-5.
2
The record on appeal in this case was prepared pursuant to the Indiana Supreme Court’s “Order
Establishing the Indiana Court Reporting Pilot Project for Exploring the Use of an Audio/Visual Record on
Appeal[,]” issued on September 18, 2012, and effective on July 1, 2012. See In Re Pilot Project for
Audio/Visual Recordings In Lieu of Paper Transcripts In the Preparation of the Record and Briefing on
Appeal, 976 N.E.2d 1218 (Ind. 2012). We are grateful for the ongoing cooperation of the Honorable Mark
D. Stoner of Marion Superior Court, the Marion County Public Defender Agency, and the Office of the
Indiana Attorney General in the execution of this pilot project.
2
complied with Officer Larussa’s orders to lie down on the ground.
While handcuffing Thomas, Officer Kavanaugh saw a Ruger 9mm caliber handgun
on the ground directly under the Tahoe passenger door from which Thomas had exited.
The handgun was loaded, with a round in the chamber. There was nothing else on the
ground. The officers then searched Thomas’s person and found a box of 9mm caliber
ammunition in his coat pocket. (A/V Rec. No. 1; 07/22/13; 3:28:07-15). The officers also
recovered an unloaded, black, AR-15 style rifle in the Tahoe, as well as a box of
ammunition for the rifle.
Thomas was arrested and subsequently charged with robbery, pointing a firearm,
carrying a handgun without a license, and unlawful possession of a firearm by an SVF.
The State, citing the inability to locate an essential witness, moved to dismiss three of the
counts. Appellant’s App. at 51. The trial court granted the State’s motion and tried Thomas
only on the SVF charge.
Prior to trial, Thomas filed a motion in limine asking the trial court to bifurcate the
proceedings “to prevent prejudice to Defendant that is likely to result from the jury hearing
that the Defendant is a ‘Serious Violent Felon’ with a Class A felony Cocaine Dealing
conviction.” Appellant’s App. at 65. At the commencement of trial, the trial court heard
the parties’ arguments regarding Thomas’s motion and then denied it. Recognizing the
validity of Thomas’s concern about potential unfair prejudice, however, the trial court
ordered that the term “serious violent felon” not be used in the charging information
presented to the jury, in any instructions, or in the State’s argument. (A/V Rec. No. 1;
07/22/13; 9:33:18-9:34:01).
3
During trial, the officers testified regarding the circumstances of Thomas’s
possession of the gun. The State also introduced, and the jury heard, the recording of a
telephone call that Thomas made from prison to an “unknown female.” State’s Ex. 8. In
that conversation, Thomas is heard to say, “I mean everything [is] a little bit beatable except
carrying a hand gun [sic] without a license and all that.” State’s Ex. 8. During the
proceedings, the jury never heard the phrase “serious violent felon.” Following trial, the
jury found Thomas guilty of unlawful possession of a firearm by an SVF, and the trial court
sentenced him to ten years executed. Thomas now appeals.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
On appeal, Thomas touches on two issues. First, he argues that the trial court denied
him a fair trial when it refused his motion to bifurcate the trial. Appellant’s Br. at 5, 6.
Second, Thomas maintains that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his
motion to bifurcate the proceedings.3 Id. at 6. We address these issues in turn.
Thomas’s claim that he was denied a fair trial, mirrors the issue raised by the
defendant in Spearman v. State, 744 N.E.2d 545 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied.
Spearman was convicted following a jury trial of one count of possession of a firearm by
an SVF. On appeal, he claimed that his trial, which allowed the jury to hear about his prior
felony conviction, violated his due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment to the
United States Constitution. Id. at 547. Our court disagreed. As we noted in Spearman,
Indiana Code section 35-47-4-5 prohibits those convicted of a serious violent felony from
3
Thomas does not contest the evidence from which the jury determined that he was in possession
of the handgun or rifle.
4
knowingly or intentionally possessing a firearm. “[T]he legal status of the offender is an
essential element of the crime, and the act—the possession—is illegal only if performed
by one occupying that status.” Id. at 548.
Agreeing with our decision in Spearman, our Supreme Court has recognized that
where a defendant is tried solely on the charge of unlawful possession of a firearm by an
SVF, such defendant is “not entitled to have the proceedings bifurcated . . . because the
evidence of the prior conviction is an essential element of the crime. Hines v. State, 801
N.E.2d 634, 635 (Ind. 2004) (citing Spearman, 744 N.E.2d at 548). Thomas, nevertheless,
urges this court to “exercise [its] supervisory power over trial courts to ensure that future
jury trials for SVF charges are bifurcated” to ensure fair trials. Appellant’s Br. at 5. It is
not, however, this court’s role to reconsider or declare that decisions of our Supreme Court
are invalid. Horn v. Hendrickson, 824 N.E.2d 690, 694 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005). As we
explained in Horn:
We are bound by the decisions of our [S]upreme [C]ourt. Supreme [C]ourt
precedent is binding upon us until it is changed either by that [C]ourt or by
legislative enactment. While Indiana Appellate Rule 65(A) authorizes this
[c]ourt to criticize existing law, it is not this court’s role to “reconsider”
[S]upreme [C]ourt decisions.
Id. (quoting Dragon v. State, 774 N.E.2d 103, 107 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied).
The trial court’s denial of Thomas’s motion to bifurcate was not a per se violation of his
right to a fair trial.
Thomas also contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his
motion to bifurcate. Generally, a motion to bifurcate is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.
Dugan v. State, 860 N.E.2d 1288, 1290 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied. An abuse of
5
discretion occurs where the decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and
circumstances. Id.
Several Indiana cases have discussed the problematic nature of trying SVF charges
to a jury. Specifically, these cases have wrestled with the question of how to balance a
defendant’s right to a fair trial against the requirement that each element of a crime must
be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. To prove unlawful possession of a firearm by a
serious violent felon, the State has to prove that defendant 1) was in possession of a firearm,
and 2) was a serious violent felon, i.e., that he had been convicted of one of the crimes
designated under Indiana Code section 35-47-4-5.4 Thomas was designated an SVF for
due to his prior conviction of dealing in cocaine. Ind. Code § 35-47-4-5(b)(23).
Thomas focuses on language in Spearman, where we said it was “not practical, or
even possible, to bifurcate the proceedings” where the defendant is only charged with
unlawful possession of a firearm by an SVF. Appellant’s Br. at 7. Thomas recognizes that
the majority opinion in Spearman has not been overruled; yet, he contends that more recent
appellate decisions show that it is practical to bifurcate the proceedings of an SVF count.
Id. We concede that our appellate courts found that the trial courts in Russell and Williams
did not abuse their discretion by bifurcating the SVF proceedings. See Russell v. State, 997
N.E.2d 351 (Ind. 2013) (in first stage of trial, jury heard evidence of murder and unlawful
possession of gun, and second stage, jury heard evidence of whether defendant was SVF);
see also Williams v. State, 834 N.E.2d 225, 228 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (approving of trial
4
There are twenty-seven crimes listed in Indiana Code section 35-47-4-5, the conviction of which
may result in a person being designated as a “serious violent felon”; among that list are crimes such as
murder, battery, kidnapping, and dealing in cocaine, methamphetamine, or other controlled substances.
6
court having bifurcated trial to avoid labeling defendant as SVF until after the jury had
decided possession element). However, finding no abuse of discretion in a bifurcated trial
court proceeding has no direct bearing on whether it is an abuse of discretion to proceed
without bifurcated proceedings. That question still must be decided on the facts of this
case.
In the instant case, before he denied the motion, the trial court heard extensive
argument from both parties regarding Thomas’s motion to bifurcate. Contrary to Thomas’s
assertion, we conclude for the following reasons that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in denying Thomas’s motion to bifurcate the elements of the SVF charge.
Notwithstanding his decision to deny the motion, the trial court recognized the
validity of Thomas’s concern about prejudice. To diminish prejudice to Thomas, the trial
court ordered the term “serious violent felon” not be used in the charging information
presented to the jury, in any instructions, or in the State’s argument. (A/V Rec. No. 1;
07/22/13; 9:33:18-9:34:01). The trial court gave several preliminary instructions, none of
which referred to Thomas as an SVF. Appellant’s App. at 69-93. In Preliminary Jury
Instruction Number 6, the jury was informed that Thomas was charged with unlawful
possession of a firearm by a person having been convicted of a prior felony. Appellant’s
App. at 76. This preliminary instruction also included the language of the charging
information which, again, made no mention of Thomas being an SVF. Id. at 77.
Preliminary Jury Instruction Number 14 informed the jury:
As the Court has instructed you, each element of the offense must be
considered separately by the jury. Each element must be proven
independently beyond a reasonable doubt.
7
Sometimes evidence is admitted for a limited purpose. You may hear
testimony that the Defendant had a prior conviction. That information is an
element of the offense which is separate and distinct from whether the
Defendant possessed a firearm.
You may not consider any testimony about the Defendant’s prior conviction
for any other purpose. Specifically, you may not consider the evidence as
proof of the Defendant’s character. You may not draw any inference that,
because the defendant had a prior conviction on one occasion, he must have
knowingly possessed a gun on this incident. Each element must be
considered on its own individual facts.
Id. at 86. This preliminary instruction advised the jury as to the limited use of the prior
felony conviction.
Here, allowing evidence of the prior conviction and the possession to be heard
during the same proceeding would have had little if any influence on the jury’s
determination that Thomas possessed the firearm or the rifle. During trial, the jury heard
the recording of a telephone call that Thomas made from prison to an “unknown female.”
State’s Ex. 8. In that conversation, Thomas is heard to say, “I mean everything [is] a little
beatable except carrying a hand gun without a license and all that.” State’s Ex. 8. This
admission by Thomas would have been enough for the jurors to conclude that he possessed
the handgun.
Likewise, prejudice, if any, caused by the jury learning of the prior conviction was
diminished when, during voir dire, defense counsel conceded that his client had a
qualifying prior offense: “One of the things that you’re going to hear is that Mr. Thomas
has a prior conviction from 2003.” (A/V Rec. No. 1; 7/22/13; 11:37:00). Defense counsel
told the jury that the conviction was for drug dealing. (A/V Rec. No. 1; 7/22/13; 11:37:23).
8
He then asked the jurors whether any of them would be unable to be fair and impartial
because he had a criminal history. (A/V Rec. No. 1; 7/22/13; 11:37:34-39). One potential
juror admitted that she could not. (A/V Rec. No. 1; 7/22/13; 11:37:40). By informing the
potential jurors of Thomas’s prior conviction, defense counsel was able to address, prior to
trial, the issue of juror bias.
Thomas was not denied a fair trial, nor did the trial court abuse its discretion in
denying Thomas’s motion to bifurcate the proceedings on his sole charge of unlawful
possession of a firearm by an SVF.
Affirmed.
MAY, J., and BRADFORD, J., concur.
9