State Of Iowa Vs. Thomas Leonard Campbell ( 2006 )

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
No. 90 / 04-0396
Filed May 19, 2006
STATE OF IOWA,
Appellee,
vs.
THOMAS LEONARD CAMPBELL,
Appellant.
On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, Lawrence
H. Fautsch, Judge.
Defendant convicted of four counts of burglary as an habitual
offender appeals challenging an alleged denial of his right to speedy trial
and limitations placed on his cross-examination of a State’s witness. The
court of appeals affirmed. DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS VACATED;
DISTRICT COURT JUDGMENT REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Linda Del Gallo, State Appellate Defender, and David Arthur Adams,
Assistant State Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Bruce Kempkes, Assistant
Attorney General, and Joel Dalrymple, Assistant County Attorney, for
appellee.
2
CARTER, Justice.
Defendant, Thomas Leonard Campbell, convicted of four counts of
burglary as an habitual offender, appeals, challenging an alleged denial of
his right to a speedy trial and the district court’s limitation of his cross-
examination of a State’s witness. 1 The court of appeals affirmed
defendant’s conviction. After reviewing the record and considering the
arguments presented, we find that defendant’s right to a speedy trial was
not violated. We do conclude, however, that the district court committed
reversible error by improperly restricting his cross-examination of a State’s
witness. We vacate the decision of the court of appeals. The district court’s
judgment on the burglary charges is reversed and the case remanded to the
district court for a new trial on those charges.
On June 14, 2003, a neighbor of Hope Voshel, defendant’s girlfriend,
heard glass breaking in the vicinity of Voshel’s residence. She had recently
observed defendant arriving at the residence. The neighbor approached
Voshel’s home and observed that a window had been broken. At about this
time, she witnessed defendant driving away from the residence. She then
telephoned Voshel, who was at her brother’s house. The neighbor informed
Voshel of the broken window and defendant’s apparent involvement in the
matter.
Voshel returned home to inspect the broken window. She then went
to the police station to report what had happened and defendant’s
involvement in the incident. While she was at the police station, she
received a cell phone call from defendant in which he admitted that he had
broken the window. Voshel told the police of defendant’s conduct with
regard to her broken window and also informed them that defendant had
1Defendant was also convicted of the offense of criminal mischief in the third degree.
We will dispose of that conviction summarily at the conclusion of our decision.
3
been involved in four recent burglaries in Waterloo involving a jewelry store,
a clothing store, a hair salon, and an antique gallery. She told police that
defendant had shown her a television set he had stolen from the hair salon.
After speaking with Voshel, the police became aware that defendant
was at the home of Tangala Saffold. They went to that residence and placed
defendant under arrest. Saffold informed them that defendant and Voshel
occasionally stayed at her home, and when this occurred, they occupied one
particular room. At the time of defendant’s arrest, police officers seized a
coat identified as belonging to defendant. In the pockets, they discovered a
mask and a pair of gloves. Additionally, acting with the consent of Saffold,
the police searched the room in which defendant and Voshel sometimes
stayed and seized a fur coat, a bag of shoes, several antique books, and an
antique radio, all of which were later identified as items taken in recent
burglaries. Later the same day, Voshel delivered to the police several items
of jewelry, which she claimed defendant had taken in a burglary at Newton’s
Jewelry Store in Waterloo. In a trial information filed on June 27, 2003,
defendant was charged with four counts of burglary involving the jewelry
store, clothing store, hair salon, and antique gallery. He was also charged
with malicious mischief in the third degree as a result of allegedly breaking
a window at Voshel’s home. He entered a plea of not guilty on all counts
and demanded a speedy trial.
The speedy-trial deadline was September 25, 2003. Trial of all
charges was initially scheduled for September 2. At the request of
defendant’s counsel, it was rescheduled for September 9. On September 5
counsel for defendant advised the court that time was required to hear
certain undisclosed legal issues to be raised by him. Although those issues
were ultimately never asserted, the trial date was delayed to September 16
in anticipation that they would. On September 8 the State filed a notice of
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additional minutes of testimony, listing several new witnesses against
defendant. On September 10 defendant requested in writing that the court
remove his court-appointed counsel, David Fiester. On September 12
defendant filed a pro se motion to suppress evidence of the items seized at
Tangala Saffold’s residence. On September 13 attorney Fiester noted that
he had a conflict of interest with a jailhouse informant listed as a witness
against defendant in the additional minutes of testimony that had recently
been filed. He requested permission to withdraw for this reason.
A hearing was held on September 15, 2003. With regard to the
matter of defendant’s request for the removal of his court-appointed
counsel, the presiding judge asked defendant whether he wanted to be
represented by attorney Fiester. Defendant replied that he did not. In
response to that answer, the judge told him, “Okay. Now you understand,
I’m not saying what I’m going to do, but if you get a new lawyer your trial is
going to be continued for probably three, four weeks. You can’t have a new
lawyer come in and be ready to go to trial in a week.” Defendant responded
by asking how long it would take to receive a ruling on his motion to
suppress because he claimed that he was prepared to defend himself. The
following colloquy then took place:
THE COURT: Well, I mean, the only problem with that,
sir, is you filed a motion to suppress. We can’t have a motion
to suppress before the trial tomorrow. That’s just humanly
impossible. And representing yourself, I have yet to see
anybody who has done that effectively. Even people who have
a college education and extensive education past that and
understanding of the Rules of Criminal Procedure and the
laws.
What I’m willing to do is grant your request to have a
new attorney appointed to represent you because of the conflict
that exists between – or the predicament that Mr. Fiester
[defendant’s court-appointed attorney] is in. So I’m willing to
appoint a new attorney to represent you, but that’s going to
necessitate continuing your trial. If you want to represent
yourself your trial is going to have to be continued too because
5
there would have to be a hearing on your motion to suppress
because that can’t be held today. It can’t be held before your
trial tomorrow.
THE DEFENDANT: Okay. Well, why is it being assessed
to me when he’s the one that – the prosecuting attorney filed a
trial information on September 8th when he had this
information on June 14th?
THE COURT: The trial information can be filed and
amended any time up to and including the date of the trial.
And the alternative is to either allow the amended
minutes or to grant a continuance. If the amended minutes
are granted, if that’s allowed, then the remedy for a defendant
is to have the trial continued, but you’d be requesting the trial
be continued plus there’s a problem with your attorney who
would run into an ethical problem because you don’t want him
to represent you since he represents a guy that’s gonna testify
against you. And presumably the guy who’s going to testify
against you probably doesn’t want him to represent him
because he represents you as well. So like I said, you know, I’ll
get you a new lawyer, but —
THE DEFENDANT: So if I drop my request for a motion
of – to suppress and I state that I want to go to trial tomorrow
and represent myself can I do that?
THE COURT: Well, you may be able to, but I think it
wouldn't be wise. . . .
THE DEFENDANT: I’ll take my chances. I’m prepared to
come to trial tomorrow. . . .
THE COURT: I’ll let you represent yourself, but it won't
be tomorrow. I’ll appoint a standby attorney to be present in
case you have questions that have to go through that lawyer.
And I’ll reset your trial. I’ll give you until the end of the week to
rethink representing yourself because the standby counsel
won’t represent you. They’ll only be there if there’s a problem.
Otherwise —
THE DEFENDANT: I’m fine with that.
THE COURT: Otherwise it would be up to you to
represent yourself, to ask the potential jurors the questions
that they need to be asked, to determine which of the people
will serve on the jury, to make objections to questions in an
appropriate form, to determine what the jury instructions
should say, whether you have any objections to those, all those
decisions would have to be made on your own. Standby
counsel wouldn’t have anything to do with that.
THE DEFENDANT: All right.
THE COURT: So what I’ll do is indicate that Mr. Fiester
is allowed to withdraw; I’ll appoint a standby attorney; I’ll reset
6
your trial; I’ll indicate that you’re going to represent yourself
and you have until the end of the week, which would be the
19th, to reconsider that because I think to be – I don’t know
anything about you, sir, but I think it would be a silly, foolish
decision to attempt to represent yourself on a case that you
could face 62 years in prison on. There’s a mandatory
minimum three on each of the habituals. If all those are run
consecutive you may have a mandatory minimum of 12 years
in prison before you’d be eligible for parole. And that’s my own
opinion and you don’t have to listen to that. I’ll do an order in
conformity with what we’ve talked about. Do you want to have
a hearing on your motion to suppress before your trial is
scheduled in a couple of weeks?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes.
THE COURT: Okay.
THE DEFENDANT: Wait a minute. If my trial is going to
be scheduled in a couple of weeks what’s the purpose of me
going pro se?
THE COURT: That’s kind of what I’m trying to tell you,
sir. We can’t have a standby attorney for you tomorrow
morning. That just can’t be done. And so your trial is going to
have to be reset.
THE DEFENDANT: So if I drop my motion to suppress
then I can go to trial tomorrow?
THE COURT: No, sir. You have to have a standby
attorney to help you in this case. There won’t be an attorney
available tomorrow.
THE DEFENDANT: So I’m going to have to end up
having to wait for an attorney anyway?
THE COURT: Well, what I’m trying to tell you is you
ought to have an attorney, but if you insist on representing
yourself I’ll appoint somebody as a standby attorney.
THE DEFENDANT: My goal was to go to trial tomorrow.
THE COURT: Well, you’re not going to go to trial
tomorrow.
THE DEFENDANT: Well, then I withdraw my request to
be my own lawyer because I might as well wait for a lawyer.
THE COURT: All right. So I’ll appoint another attorney
to represent you . . . .
On the day following the September 15 hearing, the district court
allowed attorney Fiester to withdraw as defendant’s counsel and appointed
attorney Tammy Banning to represent defendant. In this order, the trial
7
was rescheduled for October 7. Attorney Banning met with defendant at the
jail on September 23 and, after introducing herself, was told by defendant
that he did not wish her to represent him. She filed a motion to withdraw,
and defendant appeared in court in support of that motion on October 3.
Attorney Banning’s motion to withdraw was granted on the ground of
irreconcilable differences with her client, and Brandon Adams was
appointed to represent defendant. In the order approving this change of
counsel, defendant’s trial was rescheduled for November 4. The trial
actually commenced on November 5, 2003, due to the illness of defendant’s
new counsel.
At the trial Hope Voshel testified for the State and indicated that
defendant had admitted to her that he had committed the burglaries with
which he was charged. During her cross-examination, defendant’s counsel
attempted to question her concerning an accusation that defendant had
made implicating Voshel’s nephew, Justin, as the perpetrator of the
burglaries and defendant’s threat to turn Justin in to the police. That
confrontation supposedly took place on the night before the events
surrounding Voshel’s broken window and her trip to the police station to
accuse defendant of the burglaries. The trial court sustained the State’s
objection to this testimony and refused to allow defendant’s counsel to
pursue it in front of the jury. Additional facts will be discussed in our
consideration of the legal issues presented.
I. The Speedy-Trial Issue.
A. Scope of review. We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to
dismiss based on speedy-trial grounds for an abuse of discretion. State v.
Nelson, 600 N.W.2d 598, 601 (Iowa 1999); State v. Todd, 468 N.W.2d 462,
470 (Iowa 1991). However, that discretion is a narrow one, as it relates to
8
circumstances that provide good cause for delay of the trial. State v.
Winters, 690 N.W.2d 903, 907-08 (Iowa 2005).
B. Speedy trial provisions of Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure
2.33(2)(b). After defendant’s trial was continued beyond the original ninety-
day speedy-trial deadline of September 25, his counsel filed a motion to
dismiss the prosecution based on a denial of speedy trial. Defendant later
filed a pro se motion asserting the same request. On the opening day of
trial, immediately prior to the jury selection, the district court denied those
motions in a ruling that was dictated into the record. The substance of the
ruling was that the delay in trial was attributable to the defendant.
Defendant urges on appeal that this ruling was in error. In particular he
asserts that the delay caused by the withdrawal of attorney Fiester was not
attributable to defendant but, rather, was attributable to the State’s late
filing of additional minutes of testimony that produced a conflict for Fiester.
Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.33(2)(b) provides:
If a defendant indicted for a public offense has not waived the
defendant’s right to a speedy trial the defendant must be
brought to trial within 90 days after indictment is found or the
court must order the indictment to be dismissed unless good
cause to the contrary be shown.
In applying this rule, we have recognized that, if trial does not commence
within ninety days of the filing of the charging instrument, the charge must
be dismissed “unless the State proves (1) defendant’s waiver of speedy trial,
(2) delay attributable to the defendant, or (3) ‘good cause’ for the delay.”
Nelson, 600 N.W.2d at 600; accord Winters, 690 N.W.2d at 908. In
determining whether there is good cause for a delay, we focus only on one
factor, the reason for the delay. Nelson, 600 N.W.2d at 601. The attending
circumstances bear on that inquiry only to the extent they relate to the
sufficiency of the reason itself. Id.
9
In holding that the State showed sufficient reason for the delay in the
present case, the court of appeals stated:
Defendant’s August 28 request for a continuance from the
original trial date of September 2 caused seven days of delay,
as the trial was rescheduled to September 9. This delay must
be attributed to defendant. Defendant’s September 5 request
for further proceedings caused seven more days of delay, as
trial had to be rescheduled to September 16, even though
defendant later withdrew the request for further proceedings.
This delay must also be attributed to defendant. These two
delays, which are attributable to defendant, caused fourteen
days of delay.
Defendant may not cause delay and later take advantage of
that delay. Thus, we extend defendant’s original speedy trial
deadline of September 25 by fourteen days; the result being
defendant’s speedy trial deadline was actually October 9.
Trial would have occurred on October 7, which was within the
recalculated speedy trial period. However, defendant and his
attorney had “irreconcilable differences,” which resulted in
defendant’s attorney seeking to withdraw and defendant
agreeing that the attorney should withdraw. Thus, the delay
from the October 7 trial date to November 4 must also be
attributed to defendant. . . . Therefore, we conclude that with
certain delays properly attributed to defendant and good cause,
defendant’s trial occurred within the speedy trial period.
The court of appeals did not consider it necessary to determine whether the
delay caused by attorney Fiester’s withdrawal was attributable to the
defendant or to the State.
We are not persuaded that the court of appeals employed the proper
rationale in reaching its conclusion on the speedy-trial issue. In
considering whether a delay of trial beyond the ninety-day period provided
in Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.33(2)(b) warrants dismissal of the
prosecution, we do not deem it appropriate to identify a certain number of
days related to events that are believed to have impeded the progress of the
case, attribute those events to the defendant or to other good cause, and
then extend the speedy-trial deadline by a like number of days. Evaluation
of the delay may not be made in such a mechanical fashion because it is
10
not accurate to assume that pretrial events consuming a measurable
amount of time will force a delay in the trial of a like amount of time. The
decisive inquiry in these matters should be whether events that impeded
the progress of the case and were attributable to the defendant or to some
other good cause for delay served as a matter of practical necessity to move
the trial date beyond the initial ninety-day period required by the rule. In
making that inquiry in the present case, we conclude that this question
must be answered in the affirmative.
Defendant may not attribute the period of delay caused by the
withdrawal of attorney Fiester to the State’s addition of a new witness to the
minutes of testimony that worked a conflict for Fiester because defendant
had actively sought Fiester’s removal as his counsel for other reasons prior
to the time that the alleged conflict of interest had surfaced. It is impossible
to conclude from the present record that there would not have been a
change of counsel irrespective of the alleged conflict of interest. The delay
required for Fiester’s replacement to become familiar with the case was the
precipitating cause of moving the trial date beyond the original ninety-day
speedy-trial period. Thereafter, defendant’s own conduct was a substantial
factor in the withdrawal of his new lawyer, necessitating yet another change
in counsel and an additional period of time for new counsel to achieve
familiarity with the case. The time allowed in each instance for counsel to
gain familiarity with the case was well within the discretion of the trial
court. In considering the totality of the events that occurred, the delay in
bringing defendant to trial was for reasons that preclude a finding that his
speedy-trial rights were violated.
II. Exclusion of Evidence Relating to Witness Bias.
Hope Voshel testified on behalf of the State. She indicated that, on
the night defendant broke out the windows in her apartment, she had
11
stayed at her brother’s home because she and defendant had argued. In
questioning her as to this matter on cross-examination, the following
occurred:
Q. Now, that argument that you had with Mr. Campbell,
was your nephew’s name, Justin, brought up? A. Yes, sir.
Q. Now your nephew Justin, is he in a training school
up in Eldora?
At this point, the State objected as follows:
PROSECUTING ATTORNEY: Your Honor, I’m going to
object. I believe it’s essentially 404(b) evidence that is not
relevant to this case.
The colloquy then took place outside of the jury, and defendant made the
following offer of proof:
DEFENDANT’S COUNSEL: Your Honor, the substantive
facts that I believe that we will get from Ms. Voshel herself is
that the argument that was had between Mr. Campbell and
Ms. Voshel was concerning this nephew in particular by the
name of Justin in conjunction with other nephews accusing
him of doing something because they were, in fact, confronted
by Mr. Campbell himself as that they shouldn’t be doing it,
meaning the burglaries themselves, and so that’s the
information that we expect to get from Ms. Voshel, that she will
testify that Mr. Campbell, in fact, indicated that these nephews
shouldn’t be doing this and that they believed that they were,
that he was going to turn them in, and, in fact, reported this to
Ms. Voshel. That’s what I believe at least the substantive facts
are that I believe will come out.
The district court sustained the State’s objection, stating its ruling as
follows:
Nevertheless, if the only evidence that these other individuals
may be responsible for these crimes is the defendant’s
statement of such to this—to Ms. Voshel, then I do believe that
it’s nothing more than mere suspicion and there are no
substantive facts, and so I agree with the state in its
analysis. . . . I further agree with the state that this—that this
is hearsay as it stands and for both those reasons, I will not
allow the defendant to get into that . . . .
12
In seeking to uphold the district court’s ruling on appeal, the State
relies on two propositions. First, it urges that Iowa Rule of Evidence
5.404(b) applies so as to exclude the proffered evidence of other bad acts
and, second, that evidence offered by a defendant tending to incriminate
another must be confined to substantive facts and create more than a mere
suspicion that another person committed the offense. Defendant argues
that neither of these theories justifies the denial of cross-examination of
Voshel designed to show her bias as a result of defendant’s intention to turn
her nephew or nephews in for the same burglaries with which he was
charged. We agree.
Defendant is correct in contending that rule 5.404(b) has no
application to the present evidentiary problem. Perhaps some of the blame
for the State’s reliance on that rule is attributable to unnecessary language
contained in State v. Roth, 403 N.W.2d 762 (Iowa 1987). In Roth we held
that a second-degree murder conviction could not be used to impeach a
witness under a rule of criminal procedure that, at the time, limited
impeachment based on prior convictions to only those offenses showing
dishonesty or false statements. In making that determination, an
unnecessary reference was made to Iowa Rule of Evidence 404(b) (now
5.404(b)), and with respect thereto, we stated:
Although the principle codified in Iowa Rule of Evidence 404(b)
has surfaced frequently with respect to the conduct of accused
persons in criminal trials, this rule is equally applicable to
witnesses generally.
Roth, 403 N.W.2d at 765. This was clearly a misstatement of the
applicability of rule 5.404(b). It is not a rule pertaining to witnesses, but,
rather, a rule pertaining to evidence of past conduct in order to prove
subsequent conduct. Moreover, it only relates to proof of the conduct that
is at issue in the case. See United States v. Morano, 697 F.2d 923, 926
13
(11th Cir. 1983) (evidence of extraneous bad acts of those not on trial do not
implicate the policy of Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b)); United States v.
Krezdorn, 639 F.2d 1327, 1332-33 (5th Cir. 1981) (same).
The second proposition on which the State relies is misapplied. As
the State notes, we have previously determined that evidence offered by a
defendant tending to incriminate another must be confined to substantive
facts and create more than a mere suspicion that such other person
committed the offense. State v. Wilson, 406 N.W.2d 442, 447 (Iowa 1987);
State v. Harrington, 349 N.W.2d 758, 761 (Iowa 1984). We are satisfied,
however, that this was not the primary purpose sought to be accomplished
through the cross-examination of Voshel. The evident purpose of the
attempted cross-examination was to show bias in the sense that the witness
was motivated to protect her nephews from defendant’s accusations and
intentions to inform the police. As stated by a leading evidence text:
Case law recognizes the slanting effect on human
testimony of the witness’s emotions or feelings toward the
parties or the witness’s self-interest in the outcome of the case.
Partiality, or any acts, relationships, or motives reasonably
likely to produce it, may be proved to impeach credibility. . . .
In criminal cases the defendant has a qualified constitutional
right to show the bias of government witnesses.
1 John W. Strong, McCormick on Evidence § 39, at 144-45 (5th ed. 1999)
(citing Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 316-18, 94 S. Ct. 1105, 1110-11, 39
L. Ed. 2d 347, 354-55 (1974)) (footnotes omitted). In State v. Rowe, 238
Iowa 237, 26 N.W.2d 422 (1947), this court reversed a criminal conviction
in which the trial court limited cross-examination of a state’s witness on
matters aimed at affecting the credibility of a witness. Rowe, 238 Iowa at
242, 26 N.W.2d at 425. In so doing, we stated:
We hold that cross-examination along the line of that offered
should have been permitted as bearing on the interest and
activities of witness, Conaway, and we think that the court
14
erred in so ruling. It is a well-established rule of law that in a
criminal case the ill-will or hostility of a witness testifying
against one charged with the commission of a crime may be
shown and that it is proper to do so by cross-examination.
15
Such evidence may be considered by the jury in testing the
credibility of such witness.
Id.
Applying these principles to the issue now before us, we are
convinced that the district court erred in limiting the cross-examination of
Hope Voshel on the subject of defendant’s accusation of her nephews. If the
facts were as suggested in defendant’s offer of proof, they would provide a
plausible motive for Voshel to attribute guilt for the burglaries to defendant
in order to protect her nephews. This would not be any less the case
because the defendant was the source of her knowledge of the nephews’
involvement and defendant’s intention to turn them in.
Voshel was a critical witness for the State, testifying to admissions by
the defendant concerning the burglaries and identifying some of the stolen
property as having been under defendant’s control. Her credibility was
certainly not beyond reproach. She provided an entirely unsatisfactory
explanation of the source of the jewelry that she produced for the police and
attributed to a burglary by defendant. 2 We are convinced that the trial
court’s restriction of the cross-examination of Voshel produced a sufficiently
high potential for prejudice that defendant should be afforded a new trial.
2Her testimony in that regard was as follows:
Q. Where did you get this jewelry from? A. From the back of a
building.
Q. In the back of what? A. A building.
Q. How did you know this jewelry was there? A. It been put there.
....
Q. Who put it there, do you know? A. No.
Q. How did you know that that jewelry was there? A. I been told.
Q. Who told you it was there? Ms. Voshel, who told you that the
jewelry was there? A. A guy.
Q. Who? A. A guy.
Q. Who is it? A. I don’t know sir.
16
III. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel.
Because the issue might again arise in further proceedings in the
case, we consider defendant’s contention that his trial counsel was
ineffective in failing to seek suppression of the evidence obtained in the
search conducted at Tangala Saffold’s residence. We are satisfied that the
record on direct appeal is sufficient to resolve that legal issue at this stage.
Defendant, as a frequent overnight guest at Saffold’s home, enjoyed
an expectation of privacy in the room where he kept some personal
belongings. That expectation of privacy, however, is applicable only to the
unwarranted actions of government actors. It does not ensure the guest’s
possessions will not be disturbed by the host and those persons for whom
the host allows entry. Minnesota v. Olson, 495 U.S. 91, 99, 110 S. Ct. 1684,
1689, 109 L. Ed. 2d 85, 94 (1990); United States v. Oates, 173 F.3d 651,
656 (8th Cir. 1999); United States v. Wright, 971 F.2d 176, 180 (8th Cir.
1992). A motion to suppress the evidence obtained at Saffold’s residence
would have been unavailing. Consequently, counsel’s failure to file such a
motion did not constitute ineffective assistance.
We have considered all issues presented and conclude that the
judgments of conviction on the four burglaries must be reversed.
Consequently, the decision of the court of appeals is vacated. Because the
State has prevailed on the only issues affecting the conviction for criminal
mischief in the third degree, that conviction is affirmed. The case is
remanded to the district court for further proceedings not inconsistent with
this opinion.
DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS VACATED; DISTRICT COURT
JUDGMENT REVERSED AND REMANDED.