Manning v. Poling , 114 Iowa 20 ( 1900 )

Ladd, J.

1 Poling bought the land of Ferguson December, 31, 1891, and on the same day executed a mortgage thereon securing the payment of a certain note. Ferguson sold this note to Manning, guaranteeing its payment. ■ Poling was then indebted to Nichols & Shepard Company on a judgment rendered against him in 1885, which also became a lien on the land. Manning began foreclosure proceedings on the mortgage April 12, 1894. Decree was entered against Poling and Ferguson, as prayed, and the premises sold thereunder to Ferguson July 10, 1894. Nichols & Shepard Company filed a cross petition averring that the judgment was a lien superior to the mortgage, and, when Manning dismissed his action as to that company, it procured a decree to be entered so declaring. Thereupon Ferguson, as guarantor of the' mortgage debt, asked .that the decree be set aside as to him, -and so modified as that the mortgáge be adjudged the prior lien. On May 16, 1895, the default was- set aside and the cross petition dismissed as to Ferguson, but he was held not to be entitled to other relief. On appeal this order was reversed; the opinion having been filed October 28; 1891, and a hearing with respect to priorities directed. Manning v. Ferguson, 103 Iowa, 561. ’In the meantime, however, July 10, 1895, Ferguson had obtained a sheriff’s deed under the foreclosure sale, and in virtue of a general execution issued on the judgment the land was sold on the tenth of September, 1895, to Nichols & Shepard Company. On September 9, 1896, Ferguson paid into the hands of the clerk, under protest, the amount necessary to redeem from this last sale and it was paid over to the Nichols & Shepard Co. After the reversal mentioned, Ferguson filed a cross petition, in which he averred that the mortgage was executed to secure the purchase price of the land, and therefore was a lien prior to that of the judgment, and also the facts with reference to the redemption, and asked for the restoration of the money paid. Decree was entered as prayed, and it is the appeal therefrom we are now considering. The superiority of the lien of the mortgage was conclusively established, and the correctness of that portion of the decree is not questioned.

,2 I. The only point now made is that the payment in redemption of the judgment sale was voluntary, and may not, for that reason, be recovered. ■ It will be observed that Nichols & Shepard Company, but for the redemption, would have been entitled to a sheriff’s deed- September 10, 1896, and, as the district court had declared the judgment the superior lien, might have obtained posses-, sion thereunder, and held it at least up to the time the order refusing to open the decree was reversed, on ■ the twenty--eighth of October, 1897. The possession of this land, then, for more than one year, was involved. Statements to the effect that there can be no duress with respect to realty may be found in some of the earlier cases. Thus, in Fleetwood v. City of New York, 2 Sandf. 475, the court remarked that “the reasons for the rule are wholly inapplicable to real estate, and we are not aware of any instance in which it has been applied to that species of property.” But the later authorities ignore mere distinctions in kinds of property, and invariably rest their conclusions on the answer tó the one question, “Was the payment voluntary?” and rightly hold it immaterial whether the duress be of goods, or of real property, or of the person. Pemberton v. Williams, 87 Ill. 15; Stephan v. Daniels, 27 Ohio St. 527; Gas Co. v. Galveston Co., 54 Tex. 287; Mariposa Co. v. Bowman, Deady, 231 Fed. Cas. No. 9089; White v. Heylman, 34 Pa. St. 142; Close v. Phipps, 7 Man. & G. 586; Joannin v. Ogilvie, 49 Minn. 564 (52 N. W. Rep. 217, 32 Am. St. Rep. 581). In the last case it was laid down as a rule sustained by modern authorities generally “that such pressure or constraint as compels a man to go against his will, and virtually takes away his free agency, and destroys the power of refusing to comply with the unlawful demand of another, will constitute duress”; or, as more concisely put further on, “The real and ultimate fact to be determined in every case is whether or not the party really had a choice — whether he had his freedom of exercising his will.” Payment of the amount illegally demanded on a mechanic’s lien, to enable the owner of the land to borrow money thereon in order to satisfy an overdue mortgage of $63,000, on which foreclosure proceedings were threatened, was there held to have been involuntary. In Lyman v. Lauderbaugh, 75 Iowa, 484, “this court 'declared, “Such payment must not have been simply an unwilling payment, but a compulsory one; and the compulsion must have been illegal, unjust, and oppressive.” It is often difficult to determine wliat will amount to coercion sufficient to render payments involuntary. A very accurate, and at the same time comprehensive, statement of the rale will be found in Brumagim v. Tillinghast, 18 Cal. 265 (79 Am. Dec. 176), by Justice Field: “It may be said in general that there must be some actual or threatened exercise of power possessed, or supposed to be possessed, by the party exacting or receiving the payment, over the person or property of the party making the payment, from which the latter has no other means of immediate relief than by advancing the money.” To the same effect, see York v. Hinkle, 80 Wis. 624 (50 N. W. Rep. 895, 27 Am St. Rep., 73); Swift Co. v. U. S.; 111 U. S. 22 (4 Sup. Ct. Rep., 244, 28 L. Ed. 341); Robertson v. Frank Bros. Co., 132 U. S. 17 (10 Sup. Ct. Rep., 5, 33 L. Ed. 236); Stover v. Mitchell, 45 Ill. 213; Mayor, etc., v. Lefferman, 45 Am. Dec. 145, note. The result of all the authorities is that the party making payment must be put to his choice between the comparative evils of the inconvenience and loss by the detention of his property, and the payment of an unjust and illegal demand. See note to Guetzkow Bros. Co. v. Breese, 96 Wis. 591 (65 Am. St. Rep. 83, s. c. 72 N. W. Rep., 45.) For, if there be other adequate means of escaping the imminent infringement of property rights, these should be resorted to, rather than that litigation be postponed by the payment of the controverted claim. If, then, Ferguson was forced to choose between making redemption from the judgment sale, and yielding possession of the land, his payment ought not to be regarded as voluntary. The cases relied on by appellant are not in point. Payment of a judgment appealed from necessarily concedes-its correctness, and estops the party making it from asserting error. This is all that appears from Hipp v. Crenshaw, 64 Iowa, 404, and like decisions. In Morris v. County of Sioux, 42 Iowa, 416, and Sears v. Marshall County, 59 Iowa, 603, redemption of land from void tax sale was adjudged voluntary because the owner was not put .to his choice; the title not being in peril, and no payment required for its protection. No question was made in Thayer v. Coldren, 57 Iowa, 112, but that the attempt to redeem was voluntary. In Weaver v. Stacey, 93 Iowa, 689, the land had been decreed subject to the lien of Stacey’s judgment, and,, having been sold thereunder, Weaver (the alleged fraudulent grantee), pending an appeal from the decree, redeemed from the sale; and the payment was adjudged voluntary, although this court subsequently declared the conveayance from the judgment defendant to Weaver valid. This was-put on the ground that no interest Weaver had in the land was affected by the sale, and redemption was unnecessary to protect his title. The doctrine of caveat emptor applies to sheriffs’ sales, and here, as in Weaver’s Case, if Ferguson rested his contention on the proposition that payment was essential to protect his title he would have no standing in court. His payment was, however, not to protect title, but possession, and on this point Weaver’s case is- silent. It was neither presented by the record nor raised in argument.

3 4 II. But was Ferguson driven to the stress of redeeming or being ousted of his possession? The appellant asserts that two other remedies were open to him. It seems that, soon after.the execution on the judgment had issued, Ferguson sued out a temporary writ of injunction, restraining the sale of the land; and afterwards, on motion, this was dissolved, and his petition dismissed. The correctness of this decision is too apparent for discussion. It was merely an attempt to re-lit igate the issues raised in the order refusing to modify the decree. But it is said that an appeal with a supersedeas bond would have continued the temporary writ in force. The order of the court dissolved that eo instanti. No process was essential. The order itself ended the previous restraint of the temporary writ, and stood, under the statute, unaffected by appeal or stay. Code, section 4128; Watson v. Richardson, 110 Iowa, 673. Such orders are self-executing, and are not superseded by the filing of a bond. Jayne v. Drorbaugh, 63 Iowa, 711; Allen v. Church, 101 Iowa, 116. Besides he was not required to press a suit without merit in order to avoid payment.

5 III. But Ferguson might have protected his possession by a restraining order from this court. The very point involved in the appeal was determinative of whether his judgment wns the superior lien, and of his right to the possession under the -sheriffs deed. If he, as guarantor, could raise the issue as to. ¡iriority, then the decree must necessarily be opened, and the company might be prevented from distmhing his possession pending the litigation. No doubt is entertained of this court’s authority, by appropriate orders, to continue the parties, rvith respect to the property in litigation, in statu quo, while the action is pending here on appeal. Otherwise, the very objects of an appeal might be defeated in many cases, or the rights of the parties often impaired. Norris v. Tripp, 111 Iowa, 115; Luce v. Fensler, 85 Iowa, 596. Such power, as it is essential to enable an appellate court to accomplish the high purposes of its existence, comes into being with the. court itself. Besides, the authority to “issue all writs and processes necessary for the exercise and enforcement of- its appellate juridiction” is expressly conferred by statute (Code, section 4109). In Kent v. Mahaffy, 2 Ohio St. 498, the court, speaking through Thurman, J\, declared: That an injunction may be allowed “in a case pending in this court upon an appeal is very clear. An injunction may be the very object of the suit, — the final decree sought, — and so a provisional injunction during the pendancy of the suit may be necessary for the purposes of justice. The power to allow these is a part of the appellate jurisdiction, the grant of which is authorized by the constitution, and has been made by the law.” The supreme court of Indiana, in Leech v. State, 78 Ind. 579, took a similar view, saying that “in many cases in this court restraining orders have been issued to prevent advantage being taken of a judgment below until the determination of the cause here.” And this may be said to have been tlie practice in this court for many .years. When no other means of protection is afforded by the law, this court does not hesitate to restrain either party to the appeal from jeopardizing the fruits of the litigation before a final decision is rendered. We do not overlook Hicks v. Michael, 15 Cal. 114, where the authority to issue a restraining order in a case pending on appeal, in the absence ■of statutory enactment, was denied. The question, however, seems to have received but scant consideration; and the fundamental principle that all courts of last resort have certain inherent powers, implied from the very act of their creation, appears to have been entirely overlooked. See Elliott, Appellate Practice, section 512.

On giving the security which may have been required, Ferguson’s possession could have been fully protected by a restraining order from this court. As this avenue was open to him, his payment was voluntary, and he cannot recover.— •Modified and Affirmed.

Granger, O. J., not sitting.