State v. Seery , 129 Iowa 259 ( 1906 )

McClain, C. J

Defendant was put on trial for murder in the first degree, alleged to have been committed by striking one Moynihan on the head with a long round piece of iron, inflicting a mortal wound, from which said Moynihan soon after died. The evidence tended to show that defendant accosted the deceased on the street in the village of Walford with some reference to a difficulty which had occurred between them the preceding day on Moynihan’s farm near the village, and invited him to throw down some pieces of iron implements which he was carrying on his arm and engage in personal combat; that Moynihan declined the invitation to combat and threw one of the pieces of iron at the defendant; that defendant then exclaimed in an angry manner that he would “ get something that will fix you,” and ran about forty’feet to where there was an old horse power standing near to a building occupied by defendant for the storing of some kind of agricultural implements or fixtures, and picked up a piece of iron rod about five feet long, with which he returned to Moynihan and struck him on the head, causing him to fall to the. ground; that defendant carried the rod back and threw it down near where he had got it, and then returned to where Moynihan was rising, and struck him with his fist; that the parties then separated and during the next day Moynihan died as the result of a fracture of the skull caused by the stroke from the iron rod. These are the principal facts disclosed by the evidence. Other details will be referred to in the discussion of the errors assigned by counsel.

1. murder: e-vidence. I. A witness of the affray testified that defendant came out of a bank building near where Moynihan was standing in the street talking with witness’ companion, who was sitting in a buggy, and was asked by defendant’s counsel, on cross-examination, whether defendant was frequently in the habit of going to the frame building across the street near to which he subsequently picked up the iron rod with which he struck Moynihan. The object of the question, no doubt, was to rebut any inference the jury might draw that defendant came out of the bank building and started across the street with the purpose of having a fight with Moynihan, and counsel no doubt desired to argue before the jury that the defendant’s intent to have a fight with Moynihan was only formed after he came from the building and started across the street toward the frame building in which he kept his farm implements. But in the first place we think it wholly immaterial whether defendant came out of the bank building for the purpose of accosting Moynihan, or for the purpose of going to his store-house. It sufficiently appears that he did, without immediate provocation, accost Moynihan and invite him to fight. There could have been no prejudice, therefore, in excluding the testimony as to defendant’s habit in going to his store building. ' In the second place, as it appears from the record, the question was not objected to until after the answer was given, so that, although the objection was sustained, the answer was already before the jury, and counsel did not ask to have it stricken out.

2. SAME. II. The same witness was cross-examined as to his testimony at the coroner’s inquest, and was asked whether he testified to a certain matter' on that occasion, and answered that he told what was asked of him. Counsel for defendant moved to strike out this answer, and the motion was overruled, with a remark on the part of the court that counsel could not make the witness say “ Yes ” or “ No.” The cross-examination was continued as to what the witness said on the inquest, and we cannot see that the ruling made could have in any wav prejudiced defendant’s case. The defendant was not deprived of the opportunity to impeach the witness by proof of contradictory statements made before the coroner’s jury.

3. SAME. III. Some complaint is made as to limiting the cross-examination of a witness who testified that the injury inflicted on Moynihan by- defendant caused his death; but, as we understand the record, the court simply refused to allow counsel to go into the question whether some particular form of surgical operation might have saved Moynihan’s life, and, in the absence of evidence tending to indicate any other cause of death, we cannot see how it was at all material what might have been the result of some other method of treatment of the wound. State v. Edgerton, 100 Iowa, 63; State v. Wood, 112 Iowa, 411.

4. CROSS EXAMI-NAIION. IV.' The sheriff who arrested defendant testified as to. his conduct at and after the time of his arrest, and counsel for defendant sought on cross-examination to impeach him by showing that he had taken a great interest in securing the conviction of the defendant. It was, of course, entirely competent for counsel to thus cross-examine the witness with reference to his interest in the case and any unfriendly feeling he may have entertained against the defendant; but we are unable to discover that the court unreasonably restricted counsel in this cross-examination. Tt was not competent for counsel to unduly extend such cross-examination by inquiring into the details of conversations between tbe witness and other persons with reference to tbe case. Tbe trial court seems to have thought-that counsel Avere attempting to prove to tbe witness rather than to the jury that his answers with reference to not being prejudiced against the defendant Avere untrue, and Ave think the court was justified in the view which was taken of the questions asked, so far as objections were sustained, and that the rulings were not erroneous. They Avere certainly in no way prejudicial, for' the material facts relating to the prejudice of the witness were fully developed. There must be some limit to tbe extent to which collateral matters can bei dragged into a cross-examination, and we do not think that the court exceeded the proper exercise of its discretion.

5. Evidence: deadiy weapon. V. A piece of iron rod was introduced in evidence over objection for defendant, which, as the testimony tends to show, was the rod with which defendant struck the deceased. Counsel for defendant contend that the identi£ca^jon was not sufficient, and that it was

error to admit the rod in evidence. But the witnesses testified that this piece of rod was picked up at about the place where defendant threAv down the rod with Avhieh deceased had been struck, and that it corresponded in length and thickness with the one defendant used. Even if it Avas not sufficiently shown to be the identical piece of iron used, it served to illustrate the act of defendant, and no prejudice could have resulted from its introduction. State v. Tyler, 122 Iowa, 125; State v. Gray, 116 Iowa, 231. The rod introduced in evidence was not relied upon in any way as tending to connect the defendant with the crime, and therefore the case is clearly distinguishable from State v. Phillips, 118 Iowa, 660.

6. Examination of state’s witness: scope. VI. Objection was made that one witness, who was examined before the grand jury, and the minutes of whose testimony were returned Avith the indictment, was alloAved to testify to a matter not referred to in the minutes of his testimony. But this objection was without merit, and was. •properly overruled. We have frequently held , . - • t ", that a witness may be examined as to any and . , . 1 all matters within his knowledge, material to the case, although some particular fact as to which he testifies is not referred to in the minutes of his testimony. State v. Wrand, 108 Iowa, 73.

7. Instructions. VII. After instructing the jury as to the charge against defendant and the defendant’s plea, and as to the burden being upon the prosecution to establish beyond a reasonable doubt the allegations in the indict- # y ment as to the commission of the crime, the court gave an instruction as follows: “ In this ease, if you find from the evidence, as you are instructed you must, and under the law as given you herein, that the defendant is guilty of a crime of which he can be convicted under this indictment, you must then determine of what degree or included crime he is guilty.” Tt is argued that by this instruction the jurors were told that they must convict the defendant under the evidence. The language of the instruction is perhaps unfortunate; but it is perfectly plain that the jury could not have understood it as a direction that the evidence required a conviction, for the court proceeded to instruct fully as to the crime with which the defendant was charged, and as to the two degrees of murder and the included crime of manslaughter, of any one of which they might find the defendant guilty, or of which he might be acquitted, as they should find under the evidence. The jury must have understood that the court did'not intend to say that the defendant should be convicted of some one of these three crimes, for the forms of verdict submitted to them included a form of verdict of not guilty. The instruction complained of can properly be so read as to be consistent with the other instructions given, and we are justified in assuming that the jury so understood. it. As so understood, it is not open to the objection that it interferes with the full exereise on the part of the jury of the right to pass upon the facts; nor, as so understood, does it give any indication to the jury as to the conclusion with reference to the facts which should be reached by them.

8. same: intent to kill. VIII. Two other instructions are complained of because, in defining murder in the second degree, they omit the requirement of intent to kill. But there is no merit in tMs objection, for the instructions relate, not in general to intent to kill (which, however, is not essential to murder in the second degree), but to the' specific intent to kill which the court instructs is essential in murder in the first degree, and not in murder in the second .degree. In this respect the instructions were clearly correct. State v. Gillick, 7 Iowa, 287, 311; State v. Decklotts, 19 Iowa, 447; State v. Morphy, 33 Iowa, 270; State v. Mewherter, 46 Iowa, 88; State v. Keasing, 74 Iowa, 528.

9. Same: deadly weapon. The same instructions are objected to on the ground that they,assume that the rod of iron used by the defendant in making the assault was a deadly weapon. It is true that tib-e question whether the weapon used in an assault resulting in death is a deadly weapon depends on the testimony, and is a question for the jury; but the court correctly defined the term in another instruction, and left it to the jury to determine whether it was a deadly weapon or not.

10. Same: seifdefense. ■ IX. The court did not submit to the jury any question as to whether the assault by defendant was excusable as committed in self-defense, but we think that there was nothing in the evidence requiring the submission 0£ questjon_ There is not the slightest pretense that after the deceased threw the piece of iron at defendant he attempted to pursue him or continued any effort to inflict injury, or that the defendant, after going forty feet away and picking up the iron rod, had any occasion in the defense of his person from apparent danger to return with it and strike the deceased on the head. The uncontradicted facts plainly exclude the possibility that the defendant was acting in the reasonable apprehension of danger from deceased at the time he procured his weapon and returned to the assault.

n. murder in FIRST degree: submission, X. It is urged that the court committed error in submitting to the jury the question whether defendant was guilty of murder in the first degree; but we think that there is in the record sufficient evidence of willful- . . ness and premeditation to justify the submission of the question, and to have sustained a verdict of murder in the first degree, had the jury so found; and we have no occasion to interfere with the conviction on this ground.

i2. new trial: misconduct. XI. Misconduct of counsel for prosecution is relied upon as ground for new trial; the contention being that counsel referred indirectly to the fact that defendant had not testified as a witness, in violation of the express provisions of Code, sec. 5484. It appears that such. indirect reference as was claimed to have been made to ■ the fact that defendant was not a witness was in remarks of counsel made to the court not in the presence of the jury. But it is contended that the statute prohibits any such reference “ during trial,” and that the prohibition extends therefore to remarks of counsel addressed to the court as fully as to remarks made to the jury. In State v. Ryan, 70 Iowa, 154, it was held that such reference in argument to the court in the presence of the jury was prohibited, and this is plainly in accordance with the statute, the policy of which is to prevent- the privilege given to the defendant to testify being turned into a weapon of attack upon defendant by bringing to the jurors’ attention directly or indirectly the fact that defendant has not availed himself of this privilege. But there is nothing in the policy of the statute to justify the inference that it was intended that a new trial should be granted merely on the ground that counsel, in arguing some collateral matter before the court, not in the presence of the jury, has assumed tbe fact, perfectly evident to the judge and necessarily .already within his mind, that the defendant has not testified. That fact could not in any way be prejudicial to the defendant in the mind of the court. We are, we think, justified in assuming that the court understood the law, and that, he would not be biased in the discharge of his duty by a fact which, by statute, is not to be given any weight. In view of the manifest purpose of the statute, it is clear that the reference which is prohibited is any reference which may come to the notice of the jury to the fact, that the defendant has not seen fit to become a witness in his own behalf.

Some objections to instructions not already specifically noticed are made in argument, but -we are satisfied, on the reading of the instructions referred to, that they are not open to the objections made.

Finding no error in the record, the conviction of defendant and sentence imposed upon him by the trial court are affirmed.