Crary v. Kurtz , 132 Iowa 105 ( 1906 )

Ladd, J.

1 Parties: substitution: pleadings. Suit was begun by Obarles A. Buckwalk and F. S. Widl, creditors of Jospeb Kurtz, on August 20, 1903, to enforce contribution by the latter as co-surety with them on certain promissory notes of the Kurtz Wagon Company which they had paid. Besides judgment for Kurtz’s pro rata share, plaintiffs prayed that a certain conveyance of about two hundred and eight acres of land, executed August 11, 1902, by Kurtz to his wife Teresa, be set aside and the judgment be enforced against the same. The defendants filed separate answers October 20, 1903, and on January 11, 1904, Geo. E. Crary, as trustee in bankruptcy of the estate of Joseph Kurtz, moved that he be substituted as party plaintiff in the suit instead of Buckwald and Widl. Attached to the motion was a copy of a petition to the referee in bankruptcy, praying for authority to prosecute the suit to the end that the lien and security acquired by these creditors be preserved for the benefit of the estate, and the order of the referee directing the trustee to procure himself to be substituted as plaintiff and prosecute the case. The court sustained the motion, and ordered that “ Geo. E. Crary, trustee in bankruptcy is substituted party plaintiff.” But no amendment to the petition nor supplemental pleading was filed, and for this reason appellant insists that plaintiff’s petition should have been dismissed. Section 3459 of the Code declares that “ every action must be prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest,” and section 3476 that “ no action shall abate by the transfer of any1 interest therein during its pendency, and new parties may be brought in, as may be necessary.” The method of bringing in new parties is not pointed out, but, where the cause of action has been transferred, this is ordinarily by motion of the party desiring to be substituted as plaintiff. Ferry v. Page, 8 Iowa, 455; Lindsey v. Lindsey, 28 Ga. 169; Chicago Legal News Co. v. Browne, 103 Ill. 317; Firman v. Bateman, 2 Utah, 268; 20 Ency. of Pl. & Pr. 1050. And, as a general rule, the substituted party takes up the prosecution or defense at the point where the original party left it, assuming the burdens as well as receiving the benefits. Bixby v. Blair, 56 Iowa, 416; Fannon v. Robinson, 10 Iowa, 272; 20 Ency. Pl. & Pr. 1061.

There is some difference of opinion, however, as to whether any additional pleading is essential. In Campbell v. West, 93 Cal. 653, (29 Pac. 219), a supplemental pleading was held to be necessary, and in Ford v. Bushard, 116 Cal. 273, (48 Pac. 119), the court adjudged that “the assignee is entitled to be substituted upon a showing of probable cause, but the defendant is not thereby precluded from denying such assignment; and, if he does so, the fact must be determined by the preponderance of evidence, as in the case of other issues.” But in Campbell v. Irvine, 17 Mont. 476 (43 Pac. 626), the court, construing a statute of that state, approved a ruling that the action might be continued by the successor in interest without additional pleading. In Virgin v. Brubaker, 4 Nev. 31, after a careful consideration of the question, the court concluded that, as the substitution is with the original plaintiff’s consent, supplemental pleadings are unneccessary, saying: “ Usually an agsignee must allege and prove the assignment to sustain an action in his own name. If it were not so, a pretended assignee might recover a judgment, and afterwards the original owner of the claim recover a second judgment for the same demand. But this could not be in the case where the orginal plaintiff assents to the substitution. The issues are between the original parties, and no change of pleading is required. If the judgment goes for plaintiff, it is simply entered up in the name of the assignee, instead of being entered for the original plaintiff, and then assigned after judgment, as it would have been under the old practice.”

In Smith v. Zalinski, 94 N. Y. 519, the court in construing the statutes of that State held that unless the court in ordering substitution directs the amendment of the pleadings, the right to be substituted cannot thereafter be raised. It is not to be doubted that in every case-the defendant is entitled at some time and in some way to contest, if he shall please, the title of the transferee, but, if he is granted that opportunity, he has no right to complain, if refused it a second time. Such a transfer of interest is usually a formal matter in which the defendant has no concern, except to be protected from á double claim. • In all other respects the issues in litigation ordinarily remain unchanged, and they only are to be tried. The application for substitution raises the issue as to whether there has been a change in ownership such as is alleged, and, unless this is admitted, it must be established by competent evidence before the order of substitution will be entered. Chisholm v. Clitherall, 12 Minn. 375 (Gil. 251); Smith v. Harrington, 3 Wyo. 503, (27 Pac. 803); Kemper v. King, 11 Mo. App. 116; Smith v. Zalinski, 94 N. Y. 519. This may be upon terms, and, where the right of substitution is contested, the court may well require the new party to file a supplemental pleading alleging the facts upon which the transfer of the original party’s interest is predicated. If these are put in issue by the answer, or the transfer is questioned therein or by amendments thereto, in the absence of a supplemental pleading, the substituted party’s right to maintain the action must be established the same as any other issue. Ferry v. Page, 8 Iowa, 455; Ford v. Bushard, 116 Cal. 273, (48 Pac. 119).

But where the transfer of interest is admitted, or at least not disputed in the hearing on the motion, and no objection thereto is thereafter raised, we perceive no reason for not regarding the ruling on the application for substitution as an adjudication of the qfiestion, and thereafter treating the substituted party as standing in the place and stead of the original party. In Firman v. Bateman, 2 Utah, 268, an assignee in bankruptcy was substituted for the original plaintiff. On the trial evidence of the assignment in bankruptcy was objected to, but j;he court held such proof unnecessary, as no objection had been made to the order of substitution. To the same effect see Virgin v. Brubaker, 4 Nev. 31. Also see Keller v. Miller, 17 Ind. 206.

In the case at bar the applicant for substitution was a trustee in bankruptcy. His right thereto was purely one of law. The court in ruling on the- motion necessarily determined first that Kurtz, the debtor, had been adjudged bankrupt, and, second, that Geo. E. Crary had been duly appointed the trustee of his estate. No more than the bare allegation of'his representative capacity would in any event have been necessary, and this could not have been put in issue, save by pleading the facts relied on. Sections 3621, 3628, Code. The order determined the legal capacity in which the trustee was substituted as plaintiff, and in the absence of any subsequent question as the correctness of the ruling we think it should be regarded as final.

2. Fraudulent Conveyances: insolvency. II. Exception is taken to the omission of an allegation in the petition that Kurtz was insolvent at the time he executed the conveyance to his wife. This was unnecessary. Rounds v. Green, 29 Minn. 139 (12 N. W. 454. Kain v. Larkin, 141 N. Y. 144 (36 N. E. 9). Nor was it necessary to prove insolvency at that time. Banning v. Purinton, 105 Iowa, 642. Such evidence, however, is often very material in ascertaining the purpose of the conveyance.

3. Same: presumptions: burden of proof. III. The conveyance of the land by Kurtz to his wife was without consideration. At that time he _ was liable as surety on the notes of Kurtz Wagon Company. The payment of these by his co-sureties is presumed , 7 to nave been upon ins implied request and promise to contribute .his just portion, and therefore the debt due them grew out of, and in a sense was, a continuation of a part of his original obligation as surety. This being true, and it appearing from the adjudication that he was a bankrupt, that he was insolvent at the time of the trial, the conveyance is presumed to have been fraudulent. In other words, a voluntary conveyance which, if allowed to stand, will defeat the collection of an indebtedness existing at that time, because of the present insolvency of tbe debtor, is presumed, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, to have been executed for that purpose. Strong v. Lawrence, 58 Iowa; 55; Elwell v. Walker, 52 Iowa, 256; Carson v. Foley, 1 Iowa, 524. Tbe burden of proof was upon tbe defendant to show that Kurtz retained ample means after the conveyance to satisfy all his debts, and that the gift was not unreasonable in view of his financial situation. No evidence of the kind was introduced, and for this reason tbe presumption as to tbe fraudulent character of tbe transfer prevails.

4. Fraudulent conveyances: action by trustee in bankruptcy to set aside. IV. Tbe claims of Buckwald and Widl were never reduced to judgment. Evidence tending to establish Kurtz’s indebtedness to them and others was introduced, but, as judgment could not bave been entered in fa-vor trustee, there was no necessity of interposing a defense, even though one ex-isted. Nor was it made to appear that tbe claims of any creditors bad ever been filed or allowed in tbe bankruptcy court. Tbe proposition that, before tbe validity of a transfer of property by'the debtor to a third person can be questioned, tbe creditor or bis representative must have completed bis title at law, has always been recognized in this State. “ Tbe reason of tbe rulé,” said Wright, C. J., in Buchanan v. Marsh, 17 Iowa, 494, “ is that until tbe creditor has established bis title, or his debt, by tbe judgment of a court, be has no right to interfere; for, unless be has a certain claim upon tbe property of tbe debtor, be has no concern with bis frauds.” Clark v. Raymond, 84 Iowa, 251; Goode v. Garrity, 75 Iowa, 713. And ordinarily tbe judgment must be such as to constitute a lien on tbe debtor’s property. Peterson v. Gittings, 107 Iowa, 306. This latter rule, however, is not inexorable, for in some cases a judgment against the .debtor cannot be obtained, as where be is dead. Cooley v. Brown, 30 Iowa, 470; Harlin v. Stevenson, 30 Iowa, 371; Doe v. Clark, 42 Iowa, 123. Or, where the debtor has assigned for the benefit of creditors, his assignee cannot obtain judgment. Schaller v. Wright, 70 Iowa, 667; Mehlhop v. Ellsworth, 95 Iowa, 657. Other exceptions are noted in Smith’s Eq. Rem. section 167.

A trustee in bankruptcy is in a like situation. By section 11 of the act of Congress approved July 1, 1898 (30 Statute 549, chapter 541 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, 3426]), all actions founded on claims which a discharge in bankruptcy would release, pending at the time of the petition, are to be stayed until after the adjudication or the dismissal of the petition; and, if such person be adjudged a bankrupt, such suits are to be stayed until twelve months after the date of such adjudication, or if, within that time, such person applies for discharge, then until the question of such discharge is determined. If, then, the creditor had not obtained a judgment before petition filed, he cannot do so until after the discharge. But sucfi discharge releases the bankrupt from all probable debts, except such as are mentioned in section 17, 30 Statute 550, 551 [U S. Comp. St. 1901, 3428]. In the meantime the trustee is vested, by section 70 (30 Statute 565; 566 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, 3452]), with all the rights the creditors had to avoid transfer made by the debtor. The creditors could not sue and obtain judgment pending the bankruptcy proceedings. No such authority is conferred on the trustee. In short, the creditors are prevented by the paramount act of Congress from obtaining judgment upon which to base the right to attach the conveyance of their debtor. This obviates the necessity of obtaining judgment as a condition precedent to the demand by the trustee that a transfer of the debtor’s property be set aside as fraudulent. Mueller v. Bruss 112 Wis. 406 (88 N. W. 229); Blackman v. Baxter, 125 Iowa, 118; In re Pekin Plow Co., 112 Fed. 308, (50 C. C. A. 257); Chesapeake Shoe Co. v. Seldner, 122 Fed. 593, (58 C. C. A. 261); In re Ducker, 134 Fed. 43, (67 C. C. A. 117.)

5. Same But this does not obviate the necessity of the administrator, assignee, or trustee in bankruptcy in such a case alleging and proving that claims of creditors have been filed and a^owe<^ as- contemplated by law. He may question the bona tides of the transfer

of the debtor’s property in the interest of those creditors only to whom he may distribute the estate which shall come into his hands. That outstanding obligations exist is not enough. Unless these are established and allowed, as authorized by statute or the act of Congress, he has no authority to pay them from moneys that may come in his hands, to say nothing of the property the debtor has transferred to others. And, unless it appears that the representative of the creditors may appropriate the proceeds of property in the hands of third parties to the satisfaction of the debtor’s obligations, setting aside transfers to them as fraudulent would be of no practical advantage. Section 57 of the bankruptcy act (30 Statute 560, 561 [U. S. St. Comp. St. 1901, 3444]) provides for -the proof, adjudication, and allowance of the claims of creditors, and section 65 (30 Statute 563, 564 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, 3448]) directs the declaration of dividends “ on all allowed claims.” Where no claims are allowed, there are no dividends to be paid by the trustee, and therefore no occasion to interfere with property in the hands of third persons. To entitle the trustee to relief, the assets must appear insufficient to satisfy the claims of creditors. Deland v. Miller, 119 Iowa, 371. In the absence of any claims, the sufficiency of the assets is manifest.

Because of the omission to prove that any claims had been established against the estate, the decree of the district court must be, and is, reversed.

Thursday, October 25, 1906.

Supplemental opinion.

Per Curiam.

—The words “ alleging and,” found in the first sentence of the last division of the opinion heretofore filed, are ordered stricken therefrom, the point not being involved in the decision of this case; and with this modification the petition for rehearing is overruled.