State v. Hoover ( 1907 )

Weaver, C. J.

I. It is argued in behalf of the appellant that the evidence on part of the State was insufficient to justify the trial court in submitting a charge of assault with intent to commit rape to the finding of the jury. Without 'attempting to rehearse the testimony of the witnesses, we have to say that while the case made by the State in this respect does not seem to have been very strong or conclusive, there was not, in our opinion, such an. entire absence of evidence in support of the charge as to require the court to withdraw it from the jury, and this assignment of error cannot therefore be sustained.

1. Rape corrobation: when immaterial. II. As the appellant was convicted of simple assault, the verdict of the jury operates as an acquittal of the graver charge of assault with intent to commit rape. This result of necessity eliminates all question of any alleged error on part of the trial court in its ,. . . rulings and instructions concerning the necessity of corroborating the testimony of the prosecuting witness. No corroboration was required in order to uphold conviction of simple assault.

2. Same. evidence: statement prosecutrix. III. According to the story of the prosecuting witness, she was on her way home from school, and while crossing a bridge at a point about a mile from the schoolhouse she was accosted by a young man who proposed sexual intercourse, and took hold of her and attempted to draw her under the bridge, when she broke away and ran to a neighboring house where she complained of the assault. No other person witnessed the transaction. The girl had no acquaintance with the appellant prior to this time, but had seen him on several occasions. She says that she did not at first recognize him as the person who assaulted her, but after she had broken away from him she did recognize him as the appellant, and spoke to him, saying, “ If I know you, your name is Carl Hoover,” and that the person thus addressed answered saying that it was not his name. It may be further stated that the entire evidence of this witness as well as the statement made by her before the court tend strongly to show that she was quite uncertain as to the identity of her assailant. If to this we add the further fact that the defense was based very largely upon an alleged alibi, the importance of the evidence to which we are about to refer will become very apparent. Soon after the alleged assault the defendant was arrested and taken to the office of the county attorney where he was confronted with the prosecuting witness. On the trial in the court below, the complaining witness being on the stand, her attention was called to her meeting with the appellant to which we have just referred as having taken place in the office of the county attorney, and she was asked to state the conversation which there took place. Much of this matter was admitted in testimony over objection on the part of appellant.

To make clear the point and force of these objections we quote the testimony, questions, • and answers, omitting only the specific objections and exceptions which were all properly preserved. Referring to this interview, the county attorney asked the witness: “ Q. What did you say to him ? A. Why, I didn’t say anything to him down in your office. Q. Just think about that, Lena, do you remember whether at that time, whether you told him that he was the one, or not ? A. I didn’t tell him; but I told you that it was him. Q. Do you know whether you told me that in his presence,' or not? A. I told him when he was in there. I told you when he was in there. Q. Do you remember what he said ? A. Why, he said to you that he didn’t. That all he had to say that he could prove where he had been. Q. Do you know whether or not he said that he was not the one ? A. I didn’t know whether he said that. I don’t think he ■ said that. Q. Did you hear him say it ? A. No, sir. Q. When you were in my office there and Carl Hoover was there did you, or did you not, then know whether that he was the person that you saw down at the bridge on Friday night, October 6, 1905,' and that you say had hold of you? A. Yes; that was him that was in-your office that stopped me down on the bridge.”

The effect of these rulings was to enable the State to get before the jury the statements made by the complaining witness to the county attorney charging the appellant with being the person who had assaulted her. Under the rule recognized by this court in the case of State v. Egbert, 125 Iowa, 443, the admission of this testimony was prejudicial error. It would, we think, have been entirely competent to have shown, if snch was the fact, that when the appellant was confronted by the complaining witness she recognized and identified him as her assailant, or that when accused by her of the alleged assault he admitted his guilt or made statements tending to compromise him in that respect; but, in the absence of words or conduct on his part having a tendency to point him out as the guilty person, the State should not be permitted to prove the unsworn and hearsay'statements of the complainant or of any other person. In the Egbert case to which reference is above made the prosecuting witness was permitted to testify that when the sheriff brought the accused into her presence she not only recognized him as the man who assaulted her but that she declared to others that she so recognized him. In holding that the admission of these statements as evidence was unauthorized we said: “We know of no authority for admitting proof of the declaration of the prosecuting witness not constituting part of the res gestee with reference to the identity of the defendant with the person committing the crime. Certainly it is not competent to thus build up a case against the defendant by proving declarations of the prosecuting witness with reference to his identity. Of course, the fact of complaint by prosecutrix may be shown, and no doubt as a witness she may testify that she recognized the defendant as the person who committed the crime, but what she said is not in itself competent evidence on the question of identity.”

It will be observed by reference to the testimony which we have above quoted from the record that it was only after some urging and suggestive questions by the county attorney that the prosecuting witness was brought t0‘ state the conversation which the prosecutor wished to bring out. Even then she does not testify to any admission made by the appellant, but, on the contrary, says in effect that he denied his guilt. There was nothing whatever in that interview so far as it is brought out in this testimony which in any manner tends to corroborate the story of the witness or to identify the appellant as the person who assaulted her. Her story upon the stand that the appellant was the person who assaulted her was, of course, competent, but she cannot be allowed to give weight to that statement by proving that at some other time or place, not in court, she pointed him out as the guilty person. This rule will be understood, of course, as being subject to an exception where the statements sought to be proved were made at the time and place of the alleged crime, or so closely connected therewith as to be a part of the res gestee.

3. Hearsay evidence. IY. Among the witnesses examined on the part of the State was Andrew Anderson, a boy of eight years of age, who testified in substance that he knew the appellant, and that he once saw him going along the street past house where witness resided in the direction of the bridge where the assault is claimed to have been committed. He did not attempt to fix the date of this occurrence. On cross-examination he said that he did not know which is east, west, north, or south; did not know the month or the year at the time of the trial; did not know the date of his birth-day; did not remember the time when he saw the appellant go by the house, nor the month in which it occurred, nor whether it was last summer; but did remember that it was on Friday. He further stated that he did not know what was meant by an oath, nor what was meant by being a witness; and did not know whether the occurrence to which he testified took place last summer or last spring, but that he told his mother at the time he saw the appellant pass in the road. Objection to this testimony and motions by the defendant to strike it out as irrelevant and hearsay were overruled, and the state thereupon introduced the mother of the boy as a witness, and she was permitted to testify that on Friday, October 6, 1905, the date of the alleged assault, and about the hour of its occurrence, she saw some man whom she did not know going along the road north past her home, and she asked her little son, the young witness just referred to, who the person was, and that he replied to her inquiry that it was Mike Hoover, the appellant being sometimes called or known as Mike. In overruling the objections to this testimony the trial court said that the evidence was not received for the purpose of establishing the truth of what the boy said; but for the purpose of showing the boy had made some remark of that character, but not as to the truth of the remark, or to the fact that it was Carl Hoover. We are of the opinion that this evidence 'should not have been admitted, and that the qualifications which the court sought to attach thereto were not sufficient to- cure the error. It is to be admitted that hearsay statements are sometimes competent as evidence, when used simply for the purpose of -fixing the date of some pertinent fact or transaction. But such limitation was not clearly attached-to the admission of the evidence now under consideration. State v. Dunn, 109 Iowa, 750; People v. Mead, 50 Mich. 229 (15 N. W. 95); Stewart v. Anderson, 111 Iowa, 329; Agulino v. Railroad Co., 21 R. I. 263 (43 Atl. 63); Hill v. North, 34 Vt. 616; Earle v. Earle, 11 Allen (Mass.) 1.

Had the testimony in this case and the restrictions put on it by the trial court come fairly within this exception to' the general rale, there would have been no error in the ruling of which the appellant complains. The exception, however, is one that should be applied with considerable hesitancy because of the evident danger that the jury will, in spite of the caution by the court, give effect to such evidence as substantive proof of the fact embodied in the hearsay statement and. not limit its effect to its' legitimate purpose of fixing a disputed date. It should be further stated that it is ordinarily sufficient for such purpose to prove the fact that a conversation was had upon the subject without relating to the jury the statements made in such conversation, unless same be called for upon cross-examination by the party against whom the evidence is offered. In the case at bar, the very evident inexperience and immaturity of the boy witness was such as to entitle his testimony to very little weight or influence with the candid mind, and his attempt to relate an event which took place several months before, unaccompanied by any particular fact or circumstance to fix it in his mind, is so indefinite and unsatisfactory that standing alone no court would have any hesitation in pronouncing it entirely incompetent. The testimony of the boy’s mother was scarcely more definite than his own. After first answering that she did not remember whether she saw anyone go past her house on the afternoon or evening referred to, and being further interrogated she answered she did see some one go by her house on Friday afternoon, October 6, 1905. She did not recognize him and could not tell whether he was an old or young man, and she did not notice how he was clothed, whether he wore a hat or a cap; but she claims to remember that she asked her boy who the person was, and received from him the answer that it was Mike Hoover.

It must be conceded, we think, by the State that the testimony of neither of these witnesses taken by itself offers any evidence whatever tending to support the theory of the prosecution, and, in our judgment, the effect is in no manner strengthened or increased when we come to consider them together. We might be inclined to say that the admission of this testimony was error without prejudice, if the record as a whole seemed to make a strong and convincing case against appellant; but the story of the prosecuting witness, while entirely credible and candid as to the fact of the assault upon her at the time and place mentioned, is nevertheless marked by much uncertainty as to the identity of the defendant as the guilty person, while, on the other hand, the abili set up in his behalf is supported by such a large number of witnesses of whose credibility there seems to be no fair reason to doubt, that it seems entirely possible that the objectionable evidence to which we refer may have been directly effectual in bringing about a conviction. Some other alleged errors have been-argued by counsel, but the points thus raised are covered by the questions we have just considered, or are of such a character as not to be liable to arise on a new trial.

Nor the reasons stated, a new trial must be ordered, and for that purpose the judgment of the district court is reversed.