State v. Caine ( 1907 )

McClain, J.

I. The indictment, in two counts, was as follows:

The grand jury of the county of Woodbury, in the name and by the authority of the State of Iowa, accuse D. F. Caine and Charles McGuire of the crime of conspiracy, committed as follows:

Count I. The said D. E. Caine and. Charles McGuire and divers other persons to the grand jury unknown, on or about the 1st day of August, 1904, in the county of Wood-bury and State of Iowa, unlawfully, willfully, and feloniously did conspire, agree, and confederate together with the fraudulent and malicious intent and purpose wrongfully, feloniously, and unlawfully to injure the person of H. H. Hawman, S. A. Huntley, Ned Brown, John Stausberry, William Eberline, E. E. Haight, John Limebach, George Buckland, and Charles A. Wagner, and divers other persons to the grand jury unknown, by as aforesaid unlawfully assaulting, striking, beating, and wounding the said H. H. Hawman, S. A. Huntley, Ned Brown, John Stausberry, William Eberline, E. E. Haight, John Limebach, George Buckland, and Charles Wagner, and divers other persons to the grand jury unknown.

Count II. And the grand jury of the county of' Woodbury, in the name and by the authority of the State of Iowa, with no intent or purpose of charging any offense or crime other than the offense and crime charged in count I above, but solely in order to meet the testimony, further alleges: That the said D. E. Caine and Charles McGuire, together with divers other persons to the grand jury unknown, on or about the 1st day of August, 1904, in the county of Woodbury and State of Iowa, unlawfully, willfully, and feloniously did conspire, confederate, and agree together with the fraudulent and malicious intent and purpose wrongfully to do an act injurious to the public police, and to injure the business, property, and rights of the property of the Cudahy Packing Company, a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Illinois and doing business at Sioux City, Iowa, in the killing of live stock and the packing and preserving of the products thereof, the particular means agreed upon to carry out, execute, and accomplish said conspiracy as aforesaid, by the said D. E. Caine and Charles McGuire, and said divers other persons to the grand jury unknown, being to unlawfully beat, wound, strike, assault, inflict bodily injury and harm upon, and threaten with bodily harm and injuiy, and to use profane and vulgar and indecent language toward, all persons in the employ of the said Cudahy Packing Company, or who might seek employment of or from the said Cudahy Packing Company, or who might have business engagements with the said Cudahy Packing Company, at their place of business in Sioux City, Iowa, or who might have business engagements in or around the building or property of the said company at Sioux City, and especially to use and employ the particular means above set out toward one C. W. Jackson, who was then and there sheriff of the said county, and H. H. Hawman and S. A. Huntley, who were then and there deputy sheriffs of said county, all of said officers being then and there- engaged in güarding and protecting as peace officers the property and employes of the said Cudahy Packing Company at Sioux City, Iowa, all of said means so agreed upon by said defendants and divers other persons to the grand jury unknown, being with the malicious purpose and intent and design on the part of the said Charles McGuire, D. F. Caine, and divers other persons to the grand jury unknown, wrongfully to harass and annoy said company and to frighten its said employes and prospective employes from entering or remaining in the employ of said company, and thereby prevent said company from successfully carrying-on its said business, causing loss of property and damage to the business of said company, and with the malicious intent, purpose, and design to hinder, delay, and prevent said company from hiring or securing employes, and from successfully carrying on their said business.

The court overruled a motion for defendant made after the impaneling of the jury and before the introduction of-evidence requiring the State to elect upon which count of the indictment it would proceed, and error is assigned on this ruling. The ground relied on in the motion was that the counts charged different and separate acts, and that it was not made to appear by averment that the acts charged in the first count and those charged in the second count were parts of one and the same offense or transaction, as required by Code, section 5284, which prohibits the charging of more than one offense in the same indictment, but permits one offense to be “ charged in different forms to meet the testimony.” Each count charges a conspiracy. If the two counts charge different conspiracies, the indictment is bad for duplicity, and defendant was entitled to have the State elect on which of them it would proceed; while if they charge the same conspiracy, in different forms, the motion was properly overruled.

1. Conspiracy: indictment: duplicity: The first count charges an agreement and confederation to injure the persons of'certain named individuals by assaulting, beating, and wounding them. Tbe second count charges an agreement and confederation to do an act , . . injurious to the public police, and to injure the business and property of a corporation named, by assaulting, beating, wounding, threatening with bodily harm, and using profane and vulgar language toward certain persons named and others described, by classes, as persons employed by, seeking employment from, and having business engagements with said corporation. The two counts are substantially identical in charging the offense alleged in each- as that of conspiracy to assault, beat, and wound certain persons. The offenses of conspiracy thus charged may be the same as to the fact of agreement and confederation, for in each count the confederation is charged to have been with McGuire and divers other persons to the grand jury unknown. The identity of such other persons could be established by the same evidence under either count. The offenses may be the same, also, as to the acts contemplated, for under each evidence would be admissible to show a purpose to assault, beat, and wound Iiawman, Huntley, and others who are specifically named or described to the grand jurors as unknown in the first count, and named or described as belonging to certain described classes of persons in the other. Proof of assaulting, beating, and wounding Hawman or Huntley would tend to establish the purpose of the conspiracy charged in either count. Further identity as to the persons to be thus injured or as to the nature of the injuries to be inflicted was not necessary, provided the same confederation was pointed out in the two counts, for under either of them proof that the purpose included other injuries to other persons would simply enlarge the scope of the purpose. The ultimate object of the confederacy to injure is different, but that is immaterial, for the primary object of injuring in a specified manner certain persons would make the confederation criminal regardless of what the ultimate object may have been. Under either count the State might therefore have proceeded to prove a confederation to assault, beat, and wound Eawman and Huntley, and an election between the two counts could not properly have been required. Moreover, various intents are specified in the alternative in Code, section 5059, defining the crime of conspiracy, and all or any two or more of these might be charged conjunctively in one indictment, and there is no objection to charging one or more of such intents in one count, and others in another, if the same act of confederation is referred to in each. Therefore, even though the intent stated in the second count was different from that stated in the first count, it does not necessarily follow that there was duplicity in the indictment requiring an election.

The real controversy before us, then, as counsel on the two sides agree, is as to whether the two counts refer to one and the same confederation, for if but one confederation is. alleged, the object to be - accomplished and thé means to be employed may be any of those specified in the section of the Code, provided, of course, they are sufficiently described to bring them within the statutory definition of the offense. Identity of description in the two counts would not alone relieve the State of the duty to elect, for even under one count the State could not proceed to prove two different objects or purposes, although each might be within the statutory definition.' On the other hand, dissimilarity of object or purpose would not necessitate election before the introduction of evidence, for the State would have the right to proceed to prove any one of the objects or purposes charged and could be required to elect only when it appeared that it was seeking to prove two or more distinct acts of confederation. The words relied’ on by the State, as showing that the confederation charged in the second count is the same as that charged in the first, are the following, at the beginning of second count: “ And the grand jury, . . . with no intent or purpose of charging; any offense or crime other than the offense and crime charged in Count I, above, but solely in order to meet the testimony, further alleges.” We think the plain and evident purpose in using these words was to advise defendant that the act of conspiracy described in the second count was the same act of conspiracy charged in the first. The only possible ambiguity is in the use of the words “ offense or crime.” As here used, these words are synonymous. Either may, in general, be used to describe a class of acts defined as a crime of one name or description, as burglary, larceny, or conspiracy, or one act within any such class. But as here used, either word must be understood as referring- to a particular act, and not any one of a class of acts constituting a crime of the same name. The offense or crime referred to, as charged in the first count, is not any act constituting the crime of conspiracy in general, but the specific confederation charged in the first count, as constituting a conspiracy. State v. Kennedy, 63 Iowa, 197.

It is true that the language of an indictment is to be carefully scrutinized to determine whether it does with sufficient definiteness state the facts constituting the offense charged, i. e., whether it does charge the facts “ in such manner as to enable a person of common understanding to know what is intended.” Code, sections 5280, 5289. But the language of the indictment “ is properly to be construed in the sense in which the party framing the charge must be understood to have used it, if he intended his accusation to be consistent.” 1 Bish. New Cr. Proc. section 510, quoting from 1 Chitty, Crim. Law, 231. And see State v. Grant, 86 Iowa, 216, 223; State v. Dow, 73 Iowa, 587. We reach the conclusion, therefore, that the two counts do not necessarily refer to separate acts of confederation, but may relate to the same act, and that defendant must have understood from the language used that they were intended by the pleader to refer to one and the same act; and the State was not therefore bound to elect before any evidence was introduced, upon which of the two counts it would rely for conviction.

2. Conspiracy: proof. II. The sufficiency of the evidence to establish a conspiracy is questioned by counsel for appellant. The evidence tended to show that during a strike of the employes of the Cudahy Packing Company, defendant, who -was then keeper of a saloon near the company’s packing house, acted in conjunction with certain of the strikers in threatening violence to and inflicting injuries upon other employés of the company. Proof of concert of action in carrying out a criminal purpose or plan is circumstantial evidence of a confederation to effect such purpose or join in such plan. State v. Gadbois, 89 Iowa, 25; State v. Stevens, 67 Iowa, 558; Kelley v. People, 55 N. Y. 565 (14 Am. Rep. 342). An actual agreement to enter into a conspiracy need not be proven by direct evidence to warrant conviction for such crime. State v. Crab, 121 Mo. 554 (26 S. W. 548). Counsel for appellant rely on what was said by this court in State v. Weaver, 57 Iowa, 730; State v. Walker, 124 Iowa, 414; State v. Crofford, 121 Iowa, 395. But those cases related to the admissibility as against defendant of acts and declarations of another without sufficient evidence to make out a prima facie case of conspiracy. Here a prima facie case of conspiracy was made out by proof of acts and declarations of defendant himself. The question as to whether there was a conspiracy was therefore properly submitted to the jury, and there is no complaint as to- the correctness of the instructions.

3. Evidence: acts of co-conspirators. III. Many rulings of the court as to the admissibility of evidence tending to show acts of violence not committed in defendant’s presence are questioned. But when a prima facie case of conspiracy is made out, evidence 0f a(qs an(j declarations of the conspirators, though not in the presence of each other, if in the carrying out of the common purpose, is admissible. State v. McGee, 81 Iowa, 17; State v. Row, 81 Iowa, 138; Sand v. Commonwealth, 21 Grat. 871; Chapman v. State, 45 Tex. Cr. R. 479 (76 S. W. 477); 12 Cyc. 436. When large numbers of persons are engaged in carrying out the purpose of a conspiracy to which the defendant is a party, the acts of each in carrying ont that common purpose may be shown.

4. New trial: misconduct of jurors. IV. In support of a motion for new trial, affidavits of jurors and others were presented showing'beyond question that while the trial was in progress, members of the jury, while not in the jury box, read the local news- ° ** ' papers containing long accounts of the trial, and at least to some extent read these accounts, especially the headlines; and it was contended that this was such misconduct as to require the setting aside of the verdict. By Code, section 5383, relating to criminal proceedings, the court is required to admonish the jury, whether allowed to separate or not, “ that it is their duty not to permit any person to speak to or communicate with them on any subject connected with the trial '. . and that they should not converse among themselves on any subject connected with the trial, or form or express an opinion thereon, until the cause is finally submitted to them.” The reading of newspaper accounts of and comments upon the trial is thus prohibited by the letter and the spirit of the statute. The accounts were written in a somewhat sensational manner, though not perhaps objectionable as news intended for the general public. They, were not confined to verbatim reports of the testimony of the witnesses, but to a large extent consisted of condensed accounts of what was testified to by the witnesses, and statements of the facts involved, some of them not shown by any evidence in the case. However fair these accounts may have been, and for the' most part they were unobjectionable as a current report of the proceedings, they were communications with reference to the case which the jurors should not have received. The only discussion of the evidence which the jurors should have an opportunity to consider before they are secluded for deliberation on their verdict are discussions in open court by the attorneys of each party in the presence of those for the other, in which errors of statement may be corrected and improper inferences may be controverted. Tbe jurors should not subject themselves to the danger of misconception and error which must exist if outside persons, without the checks incident to an orderly trial and discussion in court, are allowed to sum up the evidence, emphasize its particular features, and suggest the conclusions to be drawn therefrom. It is scarcely necessary to cite authorities in support of so plain a proposition. New trials have frequently been granted for such misconduct. A few cases are sufficient to show the views of courts in general on the question. State v. Walton, 92 Iowa, 455; Cartwright v. State, 71 Miss. 82 (14 South. 526); People v. Leary, 105 Cal. 486; (39 Pac. 24); People v. Stokes, 103 Cal. 193 (37 Pac. 207, 42 Am. St. Rep. 102); People v. McCoy, 71 Cal. 395 (12 Pac. 272); Walker v. State, 37 Tex. 366; Carter v. State, 9 Lea (Tenn.) 440; State v. Robinson, 20 W. Va. 713 (43 Am. Rep. 799); Farrer v. State, 2 Ohio St. 54; Mattox v. United States, 146 U. S. 140 (13 Sup. Ct. 50, 36 L. Ed. 917); Meyer v. Cadwalader (C. C.), 49 Fed. 32.

Affidavits of the jurors were introduced on the part of the State to show that they were not influenced in their action by the accounts they read; but it was not sufficient to show by them that they were not consciously influenced. The unconscious influence of such accounts would be far more likely to affect the result than an influence of which they were conscious, and which they might the more readily resist.

The motion for a new trial on the ground of misconduct of the jury should have been sustained, and the judgment must therefore be reversed, and the case remanded for a new trial. — ■ Reversed and remanded.