Bashaw-Joy Co. v. Walsh , 187 Iowa 574 ( 1919 )

Preston, J.

The counterclaim was not submitted to the jury, but no complaint is made of this by appellant, who concedes that the only question now is that part of the contract with reference to the battery. So much of the contract or letter as is now material, and argued, is as follows:

“You can furnish us with a new set of high cap batteries, 13 plate, 40 cell, to be new throughout. The batteries to be either the same kind now used in the Detroit machine or in the Ohio. You to receive therefor |335 when installed in our machine at Clinton, Iowa, and also to receive our old batteries.”

1. Appeal and error : questions of fact, verdicts, and findings: conflicting testimony : conclusiveness of verdict. It was signed by appellant, and received by plaintiff about March 17, 1916. The two main points in the case are as to whether plaintiff performed his part of the contract, as he alleges, and as to the alleged rescission. There is a sharp conflict in the testimony on these questions. They were submitted to the jury, and their finding is, under the circumstances, conclusive. It appears that, after the contract, and in May, 1916, plaintiff did furnish the defendant a certain set of batteries, and installed the same in defendant’s car, and that plaintiff received the old batteries that were then in said car. Forty-four errors are assigned, with argument on each, but no cases are cited therein. To discuss them all separately in an opinion would take a considerable part of an Iowa Report.

2‘ "amendments: conform to proof. 1. Appellant 'complains that the court erred in striking a later amendment to defendant’s answer. The substance of this amendment is that defendant alleges that, prior to the letter of March 17th, plaintiff and defendant had verbal negotiations, to the effect that plaintiff was to furnish, with the batteries, a written guaranty by the company which furnishes the batteries, and that the batteries were to be constructed by the battery company from whom the battery was obtained, and that the batteries furnished were constructed by the plaintiff; that, when'defendant was informed thereof, heytendered the plaintiff the batteries they had placed in his car. Some of these matters had been pleaded by defendant in former pleadings. Practically all the new matter in the last amendment was as to prior verbal negotiations, and that plaintiff was to furnish a guaranty. It stated that it was an amendment to conform to the proof, and seems to have been filed near the end of the trial. The trial commenced April 8, 1918, and the amendment in question and motion to strike were filed on April 10th. The motion to strike is on the grounds that the amendment does not conform to the proof, but pleads matter attempting to vary the terms of the written contract; that it is a variance from the issue as tided, and is filed too late; that it creates a new issue. We think the motion was well taken; or at least that, under the circumstances, it was a matter of discretion. We think there are several reasons why the motion was well taken. The pleadings do not conform to the proof. The defendant did, at the very start of the trial, and at the cross-examination of the first witness, inquire as to such a guaranty, but plaintiff objected, as attempting to vary the terms of the written contract, and this was sustained. The case was then tried on the theory that that was an issue, and plaintiff seems to have relied upon the objection, without putting in proof on that question. Such amendment does not claim that the contract was partly in parol and partly in writing; it simply recited that, prior to the writing, certain things were discussed and agreed to. The general rule, though there are exceptions, is that all such are merged in the writing. There may be other reasons.

3. Appeal and error: harmless error: rulings as to Immaterial evidence. About half of the errors assigned relate to rulings on evidence. We have examined them all, and think there' is no merit in any of the objections now made thereto, and that the rulings could not have been prejudicial to appellant.

The entire situation and the conditions were gone into by witnesses for both sides in great detail. We shall refer to á few of the objections, to show their general tenor. One is:

“Q. Did you not agree to give a written guaranty from the Philadelphia Battery Company that the battery was made by them, and O. K. ?

“Q. The Philadelphia Battery Company send with every battery they sell a written guaranty, do they not?”

Plaintiff’s objections to these two questions were sustained. We have already referred to them. Plaintiff’s first witness, Bashaw, was asked, in chief:

“Q. Was Mr. Walsh advised by you that you were going to assemble the battery in Davenport? (Objected to, as calling for incompetent, irrelevant, and immaterial testimony, and to vary the terms of a written contract, which called for new batteries. The contract calls for a new battery throughout, and don’t call for a rebuilt battery. Overruled. Defendant excepts.) The plates are put in the container with special insulators, and there is nothing about the acid that is different when assembled in Philadelphia than when assembled in New York. The jars are the same wherever they are assembled.”

The answer is really not responsive to the question, and the witness does not say whether Mr. Walsh was advised or not; but plaintiff made no objection on that ground. The answer is more in the nature of a description of what was done, and of conditions. We are unable to see how the answer is in any way prejudicial to the defendant. Appellant’s argument is that the answer to this question does hot vary the terms of the written contract, and that the court erred in refusing to permit the witness to answer that question. We do not'understand appellant’s position as to this. We have set out the record exactly as it is, from appellant’s abstract, and appellant’s assignment of error recites that the objection was overruled. We at first thought that possibly appellant had mistakenly stated in the abstract that the objection was overruled, and that it might be it was intended to say that it was sustained; but it was appellant’s objection, and he excepted to the ruling. ’ If his objection was sustained, he could not, of course, assign the ruling as erorr. Defendant objected because the question does vary the terms of the written contract, and the argument is that it does not; that the contract is silent, except as the appellant claims that the proper construction of the contract did require a new battery, constructed by the Philadelphia Battery Company, and that there is no dispute, under the evidence, that the battery which was placed in defendant’s car was a Philadelphia battery. Furthermore, the court did not refuse to permit the witness to answer, but the defendant’s objection was overruled, and the ’ record shows that-the witness did answer.

Another ruling complained of by appellant is: “Q. Did you assemble Philadelphia batteries?” Defendant objected, and it was overruled. The defendant excepted, and the answer was, “Yes, sir.” The argument on this is that the contract in this case did not call for a Philadelphia battery assembled by the plaintiff, but it called for a battery new throughout, and a battery that is new throughout is not one that is shipped in parts and assembled by some parties other than the manufacturer.. Clearly, the question and answer are not prejudicial to defendant, but, on the contrary, are in defendant’s favor. Defendant was claiming that the battery was to be a Philadelphia battery, but claimed that it should have been assembled where made, and that it should not have been assembled in Davenport. So that the question and answer proves for the defendant that the batteries were assembled in Davenport, and that is what defendant wanted to prove, because it was claiming that they should have been assembled elsewhere, and in the place where they were made. This last question was propounded to one of the plaintiffs, testifying for plaintiff on re-exainination.

2. It is complained by appellant that counsel for appellee was guilty of misconduct in argument to the jury. Appellants objected to this argument by appellee’s counsel.

4. Trial: argu•ment and conduct of counsel : nonprejudicial argument. “Why, of course, that is most ridiculous, although they had one man come here and say nothing was new unless it came from Philadelphia. Well, now, I submit to you, gentlemen, that, if a witness can testify— but I believe that the average juror is not going to swallow any such statement as that. They said he is undisputed. Well, I hope that man, if he is undisputed, remains undisputed the balance of his life.

“Mr. Wolfe: If the court please, the witness did not testify to anything of the kind. The witness testified it wouldn’t be a Philadelphia battery unless it was made at Philadelphia. If he assembled it, it would be his battery.

“By the Court: That is a question for the jury to pass on.”

Then follow two or three pages in the abstract, showing discussion between counsel for both sides and the court, appellant contending that he had a right to interrupt and make objections where he claims opposing counsel were stating the evidence incorrectly. The court stated that he would instruct the jury that they must return the verdict according to the evidence, and that it was for the jury to say what the evidence was, and not what the lawyers say in argument; and the court did so instruct the jury. We see nothing prejudicial in the argument, in any event.

Trial : requested instructions : matters otherwise covered. 3. The defendant offered eight instructions, which were refused, and error is assigned as to each. Some of them are quite lengthy, but, so far as they stated the law correctly, they were given by the court in its own charge. Appellant complains also of the instructions given by the court, Nos. 8 and 9, more particularly No. 9. The eighth instruction is as follows:

6. Trial : instructions : issues and theories in general : right of buyer to rescind. “8. If you find, from a preponderance of the evidence, that the plaintiff did furnish the defendant a new set of high cap batteries, 13 plate, 40 cell, new throughout, of the same kind then used in the Detroit machine, and that plaintiff installed the same in defendant’s electric car in accordance with said contract, then you are to allow the plaintiff the sum of $335, the contract price for same; but if he, the plaintiff, has failed so to establish his case, and you find that the defendant did rescind the said contract, as explained in the next paragraph of these instructions, then you are not to allow the said $335 for the plaintiff.”

The question of rescission was an important matter in the case. Appellee contends that, the defendant having used the car about a year, and for a considerable time after it is claimed defendant discovered the matters about which defendant complains, and under the entire record, the coui*t • should have sustained plaintiff’s motion for a directed verdict on this question. But the matter was submitted to the jury, and under an instruction, the substance of which is that, before the defendant could rescind the contract on account of the failure, if any, of the plaintiff to furnish the batteries contracted for, he, the defendant, must tender back to the plaintiff the battery furnished, and do so within a reasonable time after he discovered that they were not the batteries contracted for, if they were not, and that defendant could not keep and use and retain control over the batteries as his own, after making such discovery and tender, and, at the same time, claim a rescission; and that, if the jury should find that defendant, after making said discovery, and tendering hack to the plaintiff the batteries, as claimed by him, continued to keep and use and retain control over them as his own, then there was no rescission of the contract, and that the jury should so find. But if the jury should .find that the batteries furnished were not the batteries contracted for, and that, within a reasonable time after the defendant discovered such to be the fact, he tendered the same back to plaintiff, and that, thereafter, defendant did not keep and use and retain control over the same as his own, after making such discovery and tender, then, and in that event, there was a rescission of the contract by the defendant, and the jury should so say. As said, no cases are cited by appellant, and it appears to us that this is a correct statement of the law, as applied to the facts of this case.

After examining the entire record, we reach the conclusion that no prejudicial error appears.

7. costs : taxation: unnecessarily lengthy additional abstract. Appellant has filed a motion to strike appellee’s additional abstract, or, if that be overruled, to tax four fifths of the cost of such additional abstract to appellee. The original abstract contains 60 pages, and appellee’s additional abstract, 80 pages. The appellee has, we think, set out more in his ad-x ditional abstract than he should have. We are aware of the fact that counsel have their own ideas as to how they desire to present their case, and allowance is made for that; but there is much repetition in the amended abstract, and objections to evidence and the rulings thereon are set out which cannot be reviewed: for instance, some objections made by appellant that were sustained; also rulings made against appellee, and the like. It is difficult to say just how much of the additional abstract should be taxed to appellee, but we have concluded that one half the cost thereof should be, and it will be taxed to appellee. The judgment is — Affirmed.

Ladd, C. J., Evans and Salinger, JJ., concur.